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16 Qam

This document describes a simulation of bit error rate (BER) for 16-QAM modulation using Gray coding. It generates random binary data, maps it to 16-QAM symbols using Gray coding, transmits the symbols over an AWGN channel at varying signal-to-noise ratios, detects the received symbols, and counts the bit errors to estimate the BER. It also plots the theoretical and simulated BER curves for comparison.

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Goes Teguh Brahma
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152 views3 pages

16 Qam

This document describes a simulation of bit error rate (BER) for 16-QAM modulation using Gray coding. It generates random binary data, maps it to 16-QAM symbols using Gray coding, transmits the symbols over an AWGN channel at varying signal-to-noise ratios, detects the received symbols, and counts the bit errors to estimate the BER. It also plots the theoretical and simulated BER curves for comparison.

Uploaded by

Goes Teguh Brahma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% All rights reserved by Krishna Pillai, http://www.dsplog.com


% The file may not be re-distributed without explicit authorization
% from Krishna Pillai.
% Checked for proper operation with Octave Version 3.0.0
% Author : Krishna Pillai
% Email : [email protected]
% Version : 1.0
% Date : 05 June 2008
% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% Bit Error Rate for 16-QAM modulation using Gray modulation mapping
clear
N = 10^5; % number of symbols
M = 16; % constellation size
k = log2(M); % bits per symbol

% defining the real and imaginary PAM constellation


% for 16-QAM
alphaRe = [-(2*sqrt(M)/2-1):2:-1 1:2:2*sqrt(M)/2-1];
alphaIm = [-(2*sqrt(M)/2-1):2:-1 1:2:2*sqrt(M)/2-1];
k_16QAM = 1/sqrt(10);

Eb_N0_dB = [0:15]; % multiple Es/N0 values


Es_N0_dB = Eb_N0_dB + 10*log10(k);

% Mapping for binary <--> Gray code conversion


ref = [0:k-1];
map = bitxor(ref,floor(ref/2));
[tt ind] = sort(map);

for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)

% symbol generation
% ------------------
ipBit = rand(1,N*k,1)>0.5; % random 1's and 0's
ipBitReshape = reshape(ipBit,k,N).';
bin2DecMatrix = ones(N,1)*(2.^[(k/2-1):-1:0]) ; % conversion from
binary to decimal
% real
ipBitRe = ipBitReshape(:,[1:k/2]);
ipDecRe = sum(ipBitRe.*bin2DecMatrix,2);
ipGrayDecRe = bitxor(ipDecRe,floor(ipDecRe/2));
% imaginary
ipBitIm = ipBitReshape(:,[k/2+1:k]);
ipDecIm = sum(ipBitIm.*bin2DecMatrix,2);
ipGrayDecIm = bitxor(ipDecIm,floor(ipDecIm/2));
% mapping the Gray coded symbols into constellation
modRe = alphaRe(ipGrayDecRe+1);
modIm = alphaIm(ipGrayDecIm+1);
% complex constellation
mod = modRe + j*modIm;
s = k_16QAM*mod; % normalization of transmit power to one

% noise
% -----
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(1,N) + j*randn(1,N)]; % white guassian noise,
0dB variance

y = s + 10^(-Es_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n; % additive white gaussian noise

% demodulation
% ------------
y_re = real(y)/k_16QAM; % real part
y_im = imag(y)/k_16QAM; % imaginary part

% rounding to the nearest alphabet


ipHatRe = 2*floor(y_re/2)+1;
ipHatRe(find(ipHatRe>max(alphaRe))) = max(alphaRe);
ipHatRe(find(ipHatRe<min(alphaRe))) = min(alphaRe);
ipHatIm = 2*floor(y_im/2)+1;
ipHatIm(find(ipHatIm>max(alphaIm))) = max(alphaIm);
ipHatIm(find(ipHatIm<min(alphaIm))) = min(alphaIm);

% Constellation to Decimal conversion


ipDecHatRe = ind(floor((ipHatRe+4)/2+1))-1; % LUT based
ipDecHatIm = ind(floor((ipHatIm+4)/2+1))-1; % LUT based

% converting to binary string


ipBinHatRe = dec2bin(ipDecHatRe,k/2);
ipBinHatIm = dec2bin(ipDecHatIm,k/2);

% converting binary string to number


ipBinHatRe = ipBinHatRe.';
ipBinHatRe = ipBinHatRe(1:end).';
ipBinHatRe = reshape(str2num(ipBinHatRe).',k/2,N).' ;

ipBinHatIm = ipBinHatIm.';
ipBinHatIm = ipBinHatIm(1:end).';
ipBinHatIm = reshape(str2num(ipBinHatIm).',k/2,N).' ;

% counting errors for real and imaginary


nBitErr(ii) = size(find([ipBitRe- ipBinHatRe]),1) +
size(find([ipBitIm - ipBinHatIm]),1) ;

end
simBer = nBitErr/(N*k);
theoryBer = (1/k)*3/2*erfc(sqrt(k*0.1*(10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10))));

close all; figure


semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBer,'bs-','LineWidth',2);
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer,'mx-','LineWidth',2);
axis([0 15 10^-5 1])
grid on
legend('theory', 'simulation');
xlabel('Eb/No, dB')
ylabel('Bit Error Rate')
title('Bit error probability curve for 16-QAM modulation')

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