Subade and Subade

Socio-Economic Conditions and Perceptions on the Conservation

of Tubbataha Reefs and Vicinity:
A Households Survey in Cagayancillo, Palawan
Rodelio F. Subade*1 and Ana Liza A. Subade2
1
Associate Professor in Economics
Division of Social Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences,
University of the Philippines in the Visayas, Miag-ao, Iloilo 5023A
2
Ph.D. Candidate and WWF-USA Russel E. Train Fellow
School of Environmental Science and Management
University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Laguna
Date submitted: March 2, 2006; Date accepted: October 12, 2006

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the results of a socio-economic monitoring survey of 110 sampled respondents/
households across the 12 barangays of Cagayancillo, using a survey instrument through personal
interviews. Findings show that on the average, the respondent was 48 years old, with 7 years of formal
education, has lived in Cagayancillo for 31 years and belonged to a family/household with 6 members.
Cagayanens had shifted to farming as the main source of their livelihood and income, while fishing was
only second. Based on their income data, Cagayanens are living below poverty threshold level of income.
Poverty incidence ranged from 67-79% of the Cagayanen households. The income data for 1999 and
2004 when compared, plus the respondents' perception that present aquatic resources are not in good
condition, somehow allude to the possibility that the Cagayanens may just easily fall on the vicious
cycle of poverty and environmental degradation.

The good news can be the increasing involvement of people in coastal resource management and
conservation. By including the people in the main Cagayancillo islands as beneficiaries of and participants
in the conservation efforts and projects, WWF-Philippines/ KKP has perhaps initiated a good momentum
for a democratized and more sustainable stakeholders management of coastal resources in Cagayancillo.
In order to sustain this momentum for continuous people's participation in coastal resource management
and conservation, and eventually the alleviation of poverty in Cagayancillo, concerned policy makers
and other entities need to consider some options, one of which is the continuation of conservation
efforts started by WWF-Philippines for another 2-3 years.

Key words: Cagayancillo, Tubbataha Reefs, socio-economic, perceptions, conservation, WWF-

Philippines

*Corresponding author

18 Science Diliman (July-December 2006) 18:2, 18-33

 Socio-economic Conditions and Perceptions on the Conservation of Tubbataha Reefs

INTRODUCTION 2. To determine changes in the over-all socio-

economic conditions in Cagayancillo, comparing
Cagayancillo (or Cagayancillo islands) is an the present conditions with those prior to the WWF-
archipelagic town of the province of Palawan, GEF-UNDP conservation project; and
consisting of 31 islands and islets. It lies approximately
320 kilometers east of Puerto Princesa and about 98 3. To assess people's perception of conservation
kilometers southwest of Panay island. It has 12 efforts in Cagayancillo, particularly during the
barangays and a population of 6,348 people or 947 WWF-GEF-UNDP five-year conservation project.
households (2000 census of the National Census and
Statistics Coordinating Board). CONSERVATION EFFORTS IN
CAGAYANCILLO
The islands of this municipality are part of an extensive
coral atoll system, hence they are of coralline origin The emergence of coastal resource management in
(Alcala, 1993 as cited by Arquiza and White, 1994). Cagayancillo can be traced from the evolution of
As the nearest town and closest human settlement to multi-sector arrangements for the conservation of
the Tubbataha reefs national marine park (TRNMP) Tubbataha Reefs which is part of the municipality
and UNESCO world heritage site, Cagayancillo covers (Figure 1). It took the initiative of one person to ring
the said reefs under its political jurisdiction. As such, the alarm bells for Tubbataha, and subsequently the
any conservation measure to protect and preserve the various effort of stakeholders non-government
TRNMP will inevitably include and consider the role organizations and government agencies, for these
of and impacts on Cagayanen people. Reefs to become a national marine park. Eventually,
these initiatives become the launch pad for coastal
Considering that Cagayancillo residents are major resource management in the whole municipality.
stakeholders in the conservation of TRNMP, the GEF-
funded Tubbataha conservation project, which was Arquiza and White (1994) discussed the evolution of
implemented by WWF-Philippines (or the Kabang multi-sector social response to the decline of marine
Kalikasan ng Pilipinas, i.e. KKP) included among environmental quality at Tubbataha Reefs mainly due
others, sustainable resource management and to illegal fishing. In 1987, a native of Palawan, Ernesto
livelihood. This component aimed at:(a) increased Sta. Cruz, who was working with Task Force Pawikan
understanding of the resource use and socio-economic wrote a request addressed to Vice Governor Ventura
factors leading to resource depletion in TRNMP, to declare Tubbataha as a marine park. In response,
Cagayancillo and Cavili; (b) implementation of the Palawan provincial legislative board passed
community-based resource management, including Resolution No. 244 on September 7, 1987, requesting
management of local reserves; (c) and setting up of the Department of Environment and Natural
community-based livelihood projects that are linked Resources (DENR) to declare Tubbataha as a marine
to conservation management (WWF-Philippines, park in order to protect its fisheries and aquatic
1999). resources. Responding to this request, President
Aquino issued Proclamation 306, which declared
As part of the end-of-project activities, WWF- Tubbataha as the first national marine park.
Philippines funded this study in order to provide
updated information on the socio-economic conditions What followed was a protracted battle on the
of households in Cagayancillo, Palawan. Specifically, establishment of Shemberg's (a private company based
this study aims: in Cebu) seaweed farm in Tubbataha, the endorsement
for which was marked with controversy and dirty
1. To assess the current socio-economic conditions in politics. Eventually, the joint efforts of various
Cagayancillo. stakeholders, initiated by Sta. Cruz whistle blow, led

19
Subade and Subade

to Shemberg's abandonment of the plan, the politicians 20, 1995, Presidential Fidel Ramos issued
backing off from the amendment to Proclamation 306 memorandum circular no. 128 which created the
which was to allow the seaweed farm in Tubbataha, Presidential Task Force for Tubbataha jointly headed
and the ejection of the seaweed farmers at the park per by the DENR Secretary and the chairman of the
order by the DENR. Palawan Council for Sustainable Development
(PCSD). On November 7, 1996, the co-chairmanship
In the late 1980s, conservationists, scuba divers, dive of the task force was designated to the DENR Secretary,
boat owners and Manila-based scientists, organized the Secretary of National Defense and the Governor of
Tubbataha Foundation. This Foundation worked for Palawan, representing PCSD. In this year the
the conservation and protection of Tubbataha, and was management plan for Tubbataha was drafted and
also instrumental in the discontinuation of the seaweed refined through the efforts of Coastal Resource
farm. The foundation was appointed eviction team Management Project (CRMP), Japan International
leader. In 1990, DENR signed a Memorandum of Cooperation Agency (JICA), DENR, PCSD, WWF-
Agreement with the Foundation for the protection of Philippines and the stakeholders of Palawan and
Tubbataha. From 1991-1993 the Foundation received Cagayancillo. In June 1998, the Tubbataha Protected
funds for conservation efforts through the debt-for- Area Management Board (TPAMB) was created
nature swap. However, the Foundation was perceived through the memorandum of agreement between
as lacking in networking with other groups or Governor Salvador Socrates and DENR Secretary
stakeholders. Victor Ramos. In October 13, 1999 the TRNMP
management plan was approved by the TPAMB, and
Recognizing the rich biodiversity in Tubbataha and its in November 26, 1999, the PCSD also approved the
global value/importance, the UNESCO declared it as plan. It is in this year that TRNMP was enlisted in the
a World Heritage Site on December 11, 1993. On July Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance,

Figure 1. Cagayancillo islands with Tubbataha reefs.

20
 Socio-economic Conditions and Perceptions on the Conservation of Tubbataha Reefs

and also when the GEF-supported conservation project matrix; (6) two matrixes consisting of a six-point
administered by WWF-Philippines started. Likert-type scale were used to evaluate residents
perception on changes in over-all economic conditions
It must be pointed out that most of the efforts for (7) 13 questions on residents' perception on
coastal/marine resource management have been conservation programs; (8) a martrix on respondent's
focused on the conservation of Tubbataha, and less on involvemen in conservation programs; (9) a problem-
the other Cagayancillo islands. Though the Tubbataha solution matrix in the management of coastal resources.
Foundation started some work on setting up To complement with survey data, key informant
cooperative in Cawili island in 1990, not so much were interviews were also conducted with the town mayor,
undertaken by any party for coastal resource municipal agricultural officer, some barangay captains,
management in the archipelagic municipality. It could an old age resident who have lived in the village
have been ideal to do so, but perhaps society's focus at through the years and seaweed farmers. These were
that time was glued more on the urgency to save conducted to obtain background information and
Tubbataha. As part of the 5-year GEF grant through history of the study site and conservation programs
WWF-Philippines, community organization/ implemented in Tubbataha and Cagayancillo. A focus
development work was undertaken in Cagayancillo group discussion with a group of fishermen was also
itself, in order to increase awareness and seek the undertaken to evaluate the status of coastal resources
municipality's long-term partnership in conserving and to determine problems in the management of these
Tubbataha and other marine resources of Cagayancillo. resources.

METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A perusal of available secondary materials - previous Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents

study of WWF-Philippines, municipal documents and
other research studies, was done. For primary sources Results of the study showed that on the average,
of data, a household survey was undertaken using a respondents interviewed were 47.6 years old. The
stratified random sampling of Cagayancillo households biggest age group or cohort was the age group of 40-
during the month of May 2004. Sample size was 49 years old. Seventy six percent of the respondents
computed at 95, given a 95% level of confidence. To were male while 24% were female. Average number
maximize interviewers fieldwork, a total of 102 of years of education was 7.45 years (Table 1). Almost
households were surveyed, proportionately allocated all (97.3%) of the Cagayanens were Catholic while only
across the 12 barangays of Cagayancillo. Initially, due 2.7% were Baptists. Main language spoken was the
to big waves and difficulty of reaching the islands by native Cagayanen, while many people can also speak
boat, the two sitios, Cavili and Calusa were not included and understand Tagalog, Cuyonin, Kinaray-a, Ilonggo
in the sampling. However, due to better weather, a field and Cebuano. The Cagayanen household had an
survey was undertaken in the these island sitios of Bgy. average number of 6 members.
Magsaysay. Eight (8) respondents were then sampled,
thereby increasing total sample to 110. Only 46.4% (or 51 of 110) of the respondents had lived
there since birth. A significant 23.4% or 26 people had
Eleven field interviewers from Cagayancillo were lived in the town for only 10 years or less, signifying
trained on the use of the survey instrument, and were that there have been many people who have moved
supervised on field while conducting personal into Cagayancillo for the past decade.
interviews of respondents who were usually household
heads or the spouse. The survey instrument comprised Socio-Economic Conditions of Respondents
the following sections: (1) eight demographic
questions; (2) a household composition matrix; (3) six Most household respondents owned their house and
questions on economic activities; (4) nine questions lot. Of the total respondents, 95% owned their house,
on economic conditions; (5) a appliance composition while 86% owned their lots where their house stood.

21
Subade and Subade

Characteristics Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev.

Years of Education (n=109) 1 14 7.45 2.83

Household Size 1 14 6.13 2.50

Age 25 78 47.58 13.72

Years of Residence in Cagayancillo 1 73 31.27 20.99

Age Distribution: Frequency Percent

Below 30 12 10.9%
30-39 23 20.9%
40-49 28 25.45%
50-59 24 21.8%
60-69 15 13.64%
70-above 8 7.27%

Sex Frequency Percent

Male 84 76.36%
Female 26 23.64%

Total 110 100%

Table 1. Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents

Majority (72%) of the used galvanized iron (G.I.) sheets 11:00pm among poblacion barangays. Generator, both
for their house roofing, while 17% used nipa. For their owned and others'/neighbors constitute 10% as lighting
house walling, 33% used sawali (bamboo slits), 22.7% source.
used mixture of cement and wood, 18% used lawanit
and wood and 17.3% used mainly cement. The above In terms of ownership of household appliance, majority
information may imply that Cagayanen households had (or 82%) owned at least one appliance, 23.6% owned
limited capability in house construction expenditures. two appliances, and only 12% owned three appliances.
Eighty-eight percent of households (97 of 110) had This indicates the simple or very modest living
their own toilets. Of these 97 households, 62 had water conditions of Cagayanen households. The most
sealed toilets, 17 used open pit, and 14 used closed pit common appliance owned was the radio (65.6%).
toilets. For water source, 60% were totally dependent
on installed water tanks which gather/ store rain water, Economic Activities and Livelihood
19.1% relied mainly on open wells, and combination
of the two. Income Sources and Livelihood Occupations/Jobs.

The main fuel used for cooking was wood-based (wood The distribution of jobs/ occupation of Cagayanens
or charcoal), which was cited by 69% of the sampled showed variability and less dependence on fishing as
respondents. Seventeen percent (or 19 of 110) used a source of livelihood. Compared to the results of the
combination of LPG, and wood (& charcoal), while 1999 socio-economic survey conducted by WWF-
10% used only LPG. About 3.6% used kerosene gas. Philippines that showed fishing and seaweed farming
Sources varied, but lighting were mainly sourced from as the major sources of livelihood. It is interesting to
kerosene gas (50% of households). Only few note that the leading occupation of the respondents was
households depend on electricity (23%). This is not fishing, but farming as evidenced by 27% who
attributed to the limited and insufficient electric supply, cited this as their first occupation (Table 2). This was
which lasts only for the daily period of 6:00 pm to followed by fishing, (24.5%). Other jobs were along

22
 Socio-economic Conditions and Perceptions on the Conservation of Tubbataha Reefs

Type of Job/Occupation Frequency as Frequency as

If the different main occupations/ livelihood sources
1st Job 2nd Job of all working family members are considered and
tabulated, farming remained the widest employer,
1 Fisherman 27 18
(24.5) (16.4) attributed to 63 family members, compared to 53 for
2 Seaweed Farmer 2 4 fishing, across the 110 households of respondents,
(1.8) (3.6) Furthermore, farmers would outnumber fishers, 89 vs.
3 Farmer (crops)/farming 30 13
81, respectively, if we tabulate all main and concurrent
(27.27) (11.8)
4 Teacher 3 --- second (and third) livelihood sources/ occupations of
(2.7) family members.
5 Gov't Employee 1 ---
(0.9)
6 construction workers 1 ---
Per Capita and Family Income.
(0.9)
7 carpenters 6 3 Based on the information on family members
(5.5) (2.7)
occupations/ sources of income, household or family
8 home-based livelihood 2 4
(poultry, livestock) (1.8) (3.6) income was computed. The average family (household)
9 home-based livelihood 4 3 income for Cagayanens was P3418.48 per month or
(banig making) (3.6) (2.7) P41021.760 per year. However, this figure is good for
12 Housewife/housekeeper 11 ---
(10) the average household size of 6.13 members for
15 Businessman 3 1 Cagayancillo, as found in the same survey. On a per
(2.7) (0.9) capita (per person) basis, Cagayanens earned P557.66
17 Brgy. Officia/SK 10 ---
per month or P6691.97 per year. Translating such
(9.1)
18 Day Care Worker/ 2 3 amount to a national standard of a five-member family/
Brgy Health Worker (1.8) (2.7) household, monthly household income would have
20 Retiree/pensioner 1 --- been P2788.32, while annual household income would
(0.9)
21 laborer/maid/janitor/ 3 1
be P33459.84.
security/utility worker (2.7) (0.9)
0 No Job/occupation/ none 4 60 The poverty threshold level of income for rural Palawan
(3.64) (54.5)
in year 2002, based on the National Census and
Total 110 110 Statistics Board, was a monthly income of P894.08 per
Figures in parentheses are percentage of column totals capita per person or P4470.42 per month per family/
Table 2. Respondent's Occupation/ Job household of five members. Hence, a rural person of
Palawan should then earn P10729 to be able to live at
the poverty threshold, or P53645.00/year. It is evident
construction and home-based livelihood. There were that the 2004 level of income of Cagayanens is way
very few professionals. Very few cited seaweed farming below the 2002 poverty threshold level of income, and
as their occupation/source of income, and this may be much less for 2004 since prices have gone up in 2004
attributed to the so-called "ice-ice" disease which has compared to 2002 (Note: available poverty threshold
infested farmed seaweed for the past few years. The level of income at NSCB is only for 2002). Based on
few former seaweed farmers admitted abandoning it the results of the study on the total family income
as a source of livelihood due to the said seaweed earned by Cagayanens, the poverty incidence can range
disease, which resulted to severe losses. between 67% to 79% of the population.

To upgrade/ supplement household income, 45.5% (or Perceptions on changes in the over-all socio-
50 respondents) of the respondents had a concurrent economic conditions
second job/occupation. Fishing had become a second
occupation (36%) followed by farming (26%). Others To determine perceived changes in over-all economic
were into home-based livelihood, and seaweed farming conditions, respondents were asked to compare quality
(2%). of life in 1999 with that of the present 2004 (Table 3).

23
Subade and Subade

Most of them (45.5%) mentioned that the economic

Frequency Percent
condition did not change. Only 25.5% believed that
2004 quality of life is better than that of 1999, the rest Better 28 25.5
believed other wise that 2004 was worse than 1999. Worse 28 25.5
The same 50 45.5
Can't Tell 2 1.8
In terms of household income, 49.1% believed that their
No Answer 2 1.8
income decreased in 2004 compared to that of 1999
(Table 4). Around 24% on the other hand, said that Total 110 100.0
although their income increased this year, they could Table 3. Comparing quality of life since 1999 to present
only buy less goods, due to increasing prices. Similar
to conservation programs in Belize (Alexander, 2000),
residents perceived that their living conditions hardly
improved with the establishment of the Community Frequency Percent
Baboon Sanctuary. Though many residents felt that Higher, but can buy
neither their households nor themselves were less goods 26 23.6
benefiting, majority of them did not want the Sanctuary Higher, and can
abolished and strongly supported maintaining its status. buy more goods 7 6.4
Lower 54 49.1
Can't tell 12 10.9
Moreover, several questions on perceived changes in No Answer 3 2.7
socio-economic conditions since 1999 were asked The same 8 7.3
(Table 5). On the number of students studying in
Total 110 100.0
elementary and high school, 73% of the respondents
thought they were increasing. Only 8% believed this Table 4. Comparing income since 1999 to present
indicator was decreasing, while 10% thought there were

Compare Present Higher/ Lower/ No changes Can't tell No

Conditions to that of 1999 Increasing Decreasing answers
Number of students
studying in elementary and 80 9 11 10 --
high school (72.7) (8.2) (10.0) (9.1)
Number of students in
elementary and high school 21 55 15 17 1
jwho dropped out (19.1) (50.0) (13.6) (15.5) (0.9)
Numbver of families who
can eat 3 times a day & has 49 10 42 7 2
enough food to eat (44.5) (9.1) (38.18) (6.4) (1.8)
Number of families who 58 20 17 13 1
moved out to other places (n=109) (52.7) (18.2) (15.5) (11.8) (0.9)
Number of people in Cagayancillo/ 89 7 8 5 1
population (80.9) (6.4) (7.3) (4.5) (0.9)
Number of transient fishers in
Cagayancillo from other places 12 48 14 21 13
(n=108) (10.9) (43.6) (12.7) (19.1) (11.8)
Number of migrants who settled 9 39 29 16 14
in Cagayancillo (n=107) (8.2) (35.5) (26.36) (14.5) (12.7)
Level of health sources 33 8 61 6 2
(30.0) (7.3) (55.5) (5.5) (1.8)
Frequency/number of crimes 6 29 32 18 20
(5.5) (26.4) (29.1) (16.4) (18.2)
Amount of fish catch (n=108) 15 54 24 9 6
(13.6) (49.1) (21.8) (8.2) (5.5)

Table 5. Perceptions on changes in socio-economic conditions

24
 Socio-economic Conditions and Perceptions on the Conservation of Tubbataha Reefs

no changes. On the other hand, 50% of the respondents 30.0.% say otherwise. On the other hand, more
also thought that the number of drop-out have respondents observed that aquatic resources in 1994
decreased, while 19% thought they were increasing, and in 1998 were in good condition (Figure 2).
and 13.6% said there was no change.

On another positive note, 44.5% believed that more

families can eat three times a day and have enough
food were as compared to that of 1999. Although 38%
perceived that there is no change.

As regards people's mobility/ out-migration, 53% of

the respondents thought that in 2004 higher number of
people moved to other places compared with 1999.
Moreover, despite such movements, 81% of the
respondents believed that the municipality's population
has increased.
Figure 2. Perceived condition of aquatic resources through time

Corollary to this, 36% believed that the number of

migrants who decided to settle in Cagayancillo in 2004 The primary reason for the deteriorating condition of
has decreased, while 26% said there was no change on aquatic resources is the effect of illegal/destructive
this indicator. Considering increased population, it is fishing (17.2%). It was reported in one study that one
important that health services increased in its level of blast of dynamite fishing could damage about 7.5
provision to the community. However, 56% believed square meters of coral reef area (McManus et. al.,
that there is no change, or that the level of services 1992). Considering that corals have very slow growth
remains the same compared to 1999, while 30% rate which ranges from 2-20 cm. per year depending
thought that level of health services increased for the on the life form (Wells, 1984), it would indeed be
same comparative periods. difficult for the corals to recover for a span of 10 years,
and much more difficult for just 5 years (1999-2004).
As to peace and order, 29% believed that there is no In the study of Alcala and Gomez (1979) as cited in
change in the peaceful atmosphere of the town, while Uychiaoco et. al. (1995) it was reported that recovery
26% even believed that there are even less crimes of adult coral communities from blast fishing would
nowadays than before. Only 6% believed that crimes take about 38 years, while Yap et. al. (1990) reported
have increased. a slow rate of 1-3% coral cover per year in his study.
Thus, despite the five-year conservation program in
Perhaps due to conservation/ enforcement efforts, 44% Tubbataha and Cagayancillo, and the recent fisheries
of the respondents believed that the transient fishers law enforcement in Cagayancillo, the negative effects
who come to Cagayancillo nowadays have decreased of destructive fishing are still evident, while the
compared to 1999. However, a big 19% could not really tangible effects of conservation still need to be felt by
tell if it was so, while 12% had no answer. For fish the Cagayanens. Other reasons for the deterioration
catch, 49% believed that it decreased in 2004 compared were implementation of conservation programs were
to 1999, 22% believed there is no change, while 14% not implemented throughout the municipality (1.8%),
thought it increased in 2004. due to bad weather or climate (1.8%), increasing
number of fishers (1.8%), the aquatic resource is not
Perception on the condition of aquatic resources taken cared of (0.9%) and the increasing number of
population (0.9%).
With regards to the present condition of aquatic
resources, about 46.4% of the respondents believed that On the other hand, the major reasons of those who
these resources are not in good condition and only perceived why the aquatic resources are in good

25
Subade and Subade

condition at present, are: the disappearance of illegal followed by government agency (e.g. DENR or DA)
fishing (10%), existence of coast patrols and guards at 18.2%.
(7.3%), lessening of illegal activities (5.5%), and
establishment of programs of local government unit With regards to those persons or institutions that
(3.6%) and of Kabang Kalikasan ng Pilipinas (3.6%). significantly contributed in the management and
Perception on and awareness of conservation programs improvement of marine resources, 67.27% of the
Half (50%) of the respondents were members of various respondents cited KKP-WWF. The local government
organizations. Only five respondents were officers and unit and government agency (e.g. DA and DENR) were
members at the same time. They were either chairman also mentioned with 14.54% and 8.18% respectively.
or vice-chairman of the organization. Among the The contributions of the abovementioned institutions
different organizations mentioned, fisherfolk (26.4%), are shown in Tables 7 and 8. Others mentioned are
a fishermen's organization, was the most cited PNP/Tanod, Mayor Joel Carceler, fisherfolk, Bantay
organization that the respondent was involved with. Dagat, BFARMC and individuals who in one way or
Even some of those who were no longer engaged in another helped in various activities or programs.
fishing were still members of the fisherfolk
organization. Other organizations were barangay based, The major contribution of KKP-WWF is in the
religious based and people's organizations. management and protection of marine resources. Other
Respondents (30%) involvement in the different major contributions are provision of training and
organizations were within the period of 2002-2003, seminars and assistance in addressing illegal fishing.
which is within the period when conservation programs These were also mandates of LGU and government
of KKP-WWF were on its implementation. For those agencies. It could be observed that the management
who were not yet members, majority (81%) was willing and improvement of marine resources covers wider
to be a member of an organization. tasks and needs support of different individuals and
institutions for its implementation.
Only a few respondents (12.7%) named organizations
existing before KKP-WWF implemented programs in While many of the respondents (45.5%) were not aware
the area. The aims of these organizations are shown in of any conservation project/program to protect marine
Table 6. When asked of who started conservation resources of Cagayancillo and Tubbataha, it could be
programs in Tubbataha and Cagayancillo, the noted that 40% were aware of these programs. Some
respondents (47.3%) cited KKP-WWF. This was of these programs mentioned were the KKP-WWF

Name of Organization Aim Frequency Percent

Fisherfolk 1. For the good of fishermen and seaweed farmers/growers 2 16.67

2. As guards of the sea.3. For livelihood program 1 8.33
3. For livelihood program 1 8.33

Samaka None

Marine Reserve 1. As guards of the sea. 1 8.33

BFARMC 1. For the good of fishermen and seaweed farmers/growers 1 8.33

2. To help people. 1 8.33
3. For livelihood programs 4 33.33

Cooperative 1. For the good of fishermen and seaweed farmers/growers 1 8.33

TOTAL 12 100.00

Table 6. Organizations with its aims before WWF conservation programs

26
 Socio-economic Conditions and Perceptions on the Conservation of Tubbataha Reefs

conservation project (32.56%), coastal resource Activities Frequency Percent

management e.g. establishment of marine reserves
1. Enforcement of fisheries laws 6 25
(20.93%), programs of the fisherfolks (16.28%), 2. Information dissemination of
creation of BFARMC (9.3%), and creation of Bantay management and protection
of marine resources 3 12.50
Dagat (4.65%). The activities cited by the respondents
3. Implementation of reserve
involved in the different programs are shown in Table areas per barangay 3 12.50
9. 4. Prohibition of illegal fishing
methods 3 12.50
5. Patrol of coastal waters 3 12.50
Contributions Frequency Percent 6. Planting of seaweeds or mangroves 2 8.33
Spearheaded the conservation 7. Implementation of protected areas
program 2 2.90 to enhance fish growth. 2 8.33
Helped so many and without 8. Alternative livelihood. 1 4.17
them all the corals are destroyed 2 2.90 9. Prohibition of dumping of waste
Provided projects 2 2.90 in the coastal waters 1 4.17
Provided seaweeds 1 1.45 TOTAL 24 100.00
Helped in prohibiting
illegal fishing 9 13.04 Table 9. Projects/Programs to protect marine resources
Manage & protect marine of Cagayancillo and Tubbataha
resources 33 47.83
Patrol 1 1.45
Established reserve areas 2 2.90
Helped in the right way of fishing 3 4.35 Activities involved Frequency Percent
Provided training & seminar to
obtain information 14 20.29 As part of the enforcement
of fishery laws through bantay
Total 69 100 dagat and patrolling 10 38.46
Table 7. Contributions of KKP-WWF in the management Informing the community to
and improvement of marine resources. avoid illegal activities 3 11.54
Prohibiting of illegal fishing 2 7.69
Mangrove planting 2 7.69
Seaweeds cultivating 1 3.85
Contributions Frequency Percent Reporting illegal activities 2 7.69
Participation in what ever activities 2 7.69
Helped in prohibiting illegal Assisting in monitoring of coastal
fishing 8 57.14 resources 1 3.85
Manage and protect marine Paying due fees e.g. fishing
resources 1 7.14 license 1 3.85
Helped in the right way of fishing 1 7.14 Attending trainings and seminars 2 7.69
Provided training and seminar to
obtain information 3 21.43 TOTAL 26 100.0
Patrol 1 7.14
Table 10. Residents' contribution to conservation
Total 14 100 program.
Table 8. Contributions of LGU in the management and
improvement of marine resources.
With regards to whether the conservation programs
benefited the Cagayancillo community, majority of the
Among these activities, only 29.1% of the respondents respondents who were aware of or involved in these
participated in these projects and programs. The level programs (93.18%) answered yes. A number of them
of participation of the residents is quite higher than in (61.70%) also believed that the mechanisms on how
other areas in the country. Uychiaoco and Aliño (1995) these conservation programs were implemented were
estimated that only a small proportion of the population not contradictory to their indigenous culture and
(less than 10% of fishers in a given area) participate in tradition. Table 11 shows how the conservation
a community-based coastal resource management programs benefited the Cagayancillo community. The
programs in the Philippines. Among those who perceived benefits from conservation programs were
participate, their contributions to these programs are interrelated, e.g. the lessening of illegal fishing
shown in Table 10. activities (17.%%) could be due to the presence of

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Subade and Subade

Most (98%) of those involved in conservation programs

Benefits Frequency Percent
agreed that these should be continued for a number of
Alternative livelihood 1 2.5 reasons (Table 12).
Informal education 3 7.5
Illegal activities were lessen 7 17.5
Perceived problems in the management of coastal
Able to catch fish 1 2.5
resources
Increased fish growth 4 10
Presence of Bantay Dagat and patrols 3 7.5
Conservation of the marine resources 6 15 The use of illegal fishing methods seems to be a major
Implementation of reserve areas 1 2.5 problem in Cagayancillo. This is further exacerbated
People source of income 4 10 by the lack of patrol in area and intrusion of outsiders
KKP gives fry and fingerlings/capital using illegal fishing. Solutions given were to increase
to the community 2 5 patrol and to report and arrest illegal fishers. According
Increase knowledge/information
to Fiscal Julius Conception, the problem with illegal
about the conservation of marine
fishing is the lack of witnesses to testify against those
resource 3 7.5
Helping the poor 3 7.5
illegal fishers. In most cases, the illegal fishers were
The mangroves planted became the acquitted due to lack of witnesses (Table 13).
spawning grounds of fishes 1 2.5
Gives satisfaction to the people 1 2.5 To address problems on illegal fishing in Tubbataha,
TOTAL 40 100.0
the Tubbataha Management Office had encouraged its
support groups and stakeholders to help in the
Table 11. Perceived Benefits of the Cagayancillo
community from conservation program enforcement of laws. In particular, the Navy and the
Coast Guard have been mobilized to enforce park rules
in Tubbataha, in addition to the TMO's hired park
Bantay Dagat and patrols (7.5%). This in turn could rangers and logistical inputs. In addition, the local
have resulted to increased fish growth (10%) and thus government of Cagayancillo and the Provincial
could be one of the people sources of income (10%). Government have deputized the Kilusan Sagip
Another benefit is the increase in people awareness Kalikasan (KSK) to help in the enforcement of local
and information regarding marine resources.This
benefit could be due to the information and education
campaign activities of the WWF. Reasons Frequency Percent
For the good and development
There were only two reasons cited by those who of the community in Cagayancillo. 22 50.00
perceived that the community did not benefit from The program is now operating/
conservation programs. First, programs were not has started. 1 2.27
To encourage growth of fishes and
realized and second people were not able to benefit the marine resources 4 9.09
from the programs of KKP-WWF. It would be To control illegal fishing 4 9.09
politically naïve to conclude that all forms of So that marine resources and
spawning grounds will not
participation are always beneficial to the participants. be destroyed 3 6.82
In most cases, it would take some time for the To give the people of Cagayancillo
community to enjoy the benefits of conservation enough income 3 6.82
Provided seaweeds for cultivation
programs considering that it would take years for the and materials needed. 3 6.82
natural resources to recover. Nevertheless, the To be able to help the poor like us 1 2.27
community's contribution in the programs through the To inform and spread the programs
of KKP to develop our locality 2 4.55
provision of their peoples' labor is worth noting. The The intentions are good 1 2.27
enlistment of members of the community, often on a
TOTAL 44 100.0
voluntary basis, is a good form of participation. Later,
some may act as catalysts for other community Table 12. Reasons why conservation programs should
development effort. be continued

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 Socio-economic Conditions and Perceptions on the Conservation of Tubbataha Reefs

Problems Frequency Solutions Frequency

Lack of patrol 8 Police should patrol always 3
Increase patrol 2
Poverty 3 Go fishing 1
Use of illegal fishing 17 Avoid use of illegal fishing 12
Increase patrol 4
Report and arrest illegal fishers 7
Give due punishment to illegal fishers 4
To stop outsiders in using illegal fishing 3 Prohibit intrusion of outsiders to fish 3
Lack of access to Tubbataha 1 To make a resolution to allow fishing
in Tubbataha 1
The sea is deteriorating 2
Intrusion of outsiders 5 Authorities should make inspection 2
Prohibit intrusion of outsiders to fish 3
Death of sea weeds 5 Ask help from the government 3
No means of transportation 1 Provide vehicle 1
Lack of funds for fishery, seaweeds and others 11 Help, assist, provide funds for
livelihood/jobs 3
Look for funding for seaweeds farming 1
Lack of fish net 2 Provide credit 1
Lack of nylon 1
Lack of boat 2 To work hard in order to earnHelp, assist,
provide funds for livelihood/jobs 11
Loss of octopus 1
Insufficient/lack of products e.g. fish. Guard the fish, seaweeds and other
sea weeds etc. 11 marine resources 2
Lack of patrol boats 6 Ask support from the NGO/government
for a vehicle to patrol 5
Lack of weapons for patrol guards 1 Request weapons from the National
Government 1
Lack of radio communication in patrolling 1 Provide radio communication 1
Lack of information 3 Information education through training
and seminar 3
Lack of source of income/livelihood 2 To pray for the development of
seaweed project 1
Help, assist, provide funds for livelihood 1
Lack of fishing tools and equipment 2
Lack of transportation vehicle 1 Provide rice that could be bought in
Cagayancillo 1
Lack of sufficient fish to catch 1 Avoid destroying corals 1
Destroyed coral reefs 1 Avoid destroying corals 1
Lack of information regarding KKP 1 Information education through training
and seminar 1
Table 13. Problems with solutions in the management of coastal resources

and national fishery laws in coordination with the local area. In addition, despite being a pristine area, only
government and other agencies. upper level tourist can afford to travel and dive in
Cagayancillo particularly in Tubbataha.
Another major problem is the lack of fund or financial
support for fishery and other livelihood in the area. Changes in the over-all socio-economic conditions
Funding is quite difficult to obtain considering that
Cagayancillo is a fifth class municipality with no Over the span of 5 years from 1999, i.e. when the
sufficient income to support government's projects. WWF-Philippines Tubbataha Conservation Project
The islands are also isolated from mainland Palawan started until 2004, the last year of the project, some
thus there are difficulty in the transportation of goods changes on the socio-economic conditions in
and services. Poor soil condition and lack of irrigated Cagayancillo could be stated.
lands make it also difficult for rice production in the

29
Subade and Subade

1. More movement/ migration of people. The 1999 stable source of income. In several occasions,
survey of WWF-Philippines showed that only 17% respondents interviewed mentioned they cultivate
have resided in the municipality only for the last 10 cassava and corn which can provide them food / staple
years (decade). This study found that such constituent for about one to two months. Seaweed farming is also
has grown to 23.4%, perhaps as a product of people's no longer a major source of livelihood because of the
in-migration from mainland Palawan, and other seaweed disease that resulted to severe losses.
provinces in the Visayas.
The occurrences of illegal fishing have had also severe
2. Slight increase in high school educational attainment. impact on the population of Cagayancillo, and on the
A small improvement in the educational attainment conservation of Tubbataha Reefs. In the study of
could be noted. From a 17%, those who completed Subade and Subade (2004) shows that 76% of the
high school was about 24% based in this survey for surveyed residents in Cagayancillo cited illegal fishing
2004. Assuming that the high school education was of has negative impact on people's economic conditions
good quality, Cagayancillo now have more trainable and livelihood. They believed that the destructive
people for other livelihood activities other than fishing. methods of fishing would eventually result to no catch,
Improved literacy of these families will have a higher and hence no income, which would results to poor
chance of gainful employment, thus veering away from living conditions, suffering and hunger. Indeed, illegal/
high dependence on fishing. destructive fishing is not sustainable - in the short run,
it may give abundant catch or lots of money to the
3. Decreased/Lower Income Level. At current prices, fishers, however, it would eventually destroy the
the 2004 level of family income is P3418.48, which is marine environment, which is the source of livelihood
lower than the 1999 level of P3812 pesos. Computing of people. In addition,. the declaration of Tubbataha
the real value of peso, the family income in 2004 is Reefs as no-take zone reduced fishing as the primary
only P2784.792 in 1999. Considering constant prices, source of income of Cagayanens. The shift to farming
or converting it to actual purchasing power, the 2004 as another source of livelihood may indicate their
level of income is then much lower than that of 1999. coping mechanism to ensure more stable supply of
This is an indication of a "worse off " condition or food.
lower level of welfare for the Cagayanens.
5. Some indication of ageing population. Comparing
This may imply that the effects or impacts of illegal/ the 2004 with 1999 data, population structure shows
destructive fishing that has occurred in Cagayancillo ageing of Cagayanen population, whereby the senior
have lingered. It would take longer for coral reefs to citizens now compose 21% of the population,
recover and restore the productivity of fishing grounds. compared to 18% in 1999. The 50-59 age cohort this
Moreover, the disease which struck seaweeds for the year has reached 22%% compared to 17% in 1999.
past few years diluted a supposed-to-be very good This will imply higher need for health services for these
source of income and livelihood for many Cagayanens. people, particularly the senior citizens.
No wonder why more residents have resorted to
farming as their main source of income/livelihood. 6. Higher level of people's involvement in governance
system. People's organizations and people's
4. Change in Income Sources Composition/ involvement in several activities seem to show greater
Livelihood. As found by this survey, and compared to participation of Cagayanens in governance. Though
the 1999 survey by WWF-Philippines, the Cagayanens this data were not gathered in 1999 study, 73% (35 of
have shifted towards farming as main source of income 48) of those who mentioned the years/ period of their
and livelihood, relegating fishing only as second source involvement indicated that it was only in the past two-
of livelihood. This is understandable since households three years that they have been involved in
must ensure that staple food (rice, cassava and corn) organizations. People's involvement in organizations,
has to be made available given that fishing is not a particularly fisher folks and other conservation

30
 Socio-economic Conditions and Perceptions on the Conservation of Tubbataha Reefs

organizations are effective ways of hastening better themselves of sustainable sources of livelihood, and
governance towards sustainable resource management. even worsening their poverty conditions. The income
The increasing level of participation of the coastal data for 1999 and 2004 when compared, plus the
residents can be a good take off point and must be people's perception that present aquatic resources are
sustained. not in good condition, somehow allude to the
possibility that the cycle is happening.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Some changes in socio-economic conditions may
As an end-of-project activity of the WWF-Philippines however show that Cagayanens are able to cope or are
Tubbataha Conservation Project, the present socio- coping with the difficulties they are confronting. There
economic monitoring survey was conducted. A total is perception that many of the Cagayanens have moved
of 110 respondents were randomly selected, to other places in search for better opportunities, a sign
proportionately distributed across the 12 barangays of of less stress to the environmental resources. However,
Cagayancillo. Field interviews were undertaken by 11 more people have moved into Cagayancillo in the past
interviewers, spot-checked and supervised by three decade, which may be good if these people are well-
field supervisors. skilled and would utilize resources in more sustainable
manner. Secondly, more people were able to complete
On the average, the respondent was 48 years old, with their high school education, an indication of better
7 years of formal education, has lived in Cagayancillo trainability of the populace, perhaps for other
for 31 years and belonged to a family/household with alternative livelihood outside fishing.
6 members. Almost all respondents owned their lots
and homes, more than 50%of which were made of G.I Despite the decreased income level for Cagayanen
sheets for roof and sawali, wood, wood/lawanit and or households (for the period 1999 to 2004), they were
pawid/nipa for walling. At least 60% admitted they able to cope, such that, the perception is that there are
relied solely on rain-fed water tanks for water source. more families/people who could eat 3 times a day and
Electricity could barely meet a quarter of the have enough food nowadays. The shift to farming as
respondents' lighting needs. main source of livelihood may indicate their coping
mechanisms to ensure more stable supply of staples
As to livelihood and income sources, Cagayanens had corn and cassava, since rice had to be imported yet at
shifted to farming as the main source of their livelihood higher price from mainland Palawan and Iloilo.
and income, while fishing was only second. Household
income per month was P 3418.48 for a 6-member The good news can be the increasing involvement of
family/household, or P 2788.32 for the standard 5- people in coastal resource management and
member household/family. These shows below poverty conservation. Perhaps more people have now realized
threshold level of income for Cagayanens, since rural the importance of protecting and sustainably managing
Palawan had a poverty threshold income benchmark coastal resources, which was their main source of
of P4470.42 way back in 2002. Poverty incidence livelihood. By including the people in the main
ranged form 67-79%of the Cagayanen households, an Cagayancillo islands as beneficiaries of and
indication of further threat to environmental resources participants in the conservation efforts and projects,
in Cagayancillo. WWF-Philippines/KKP has perhaps initiated a good
momentum for a democratized and more sustainable
Cagayanens can/may just easily fall on the vicious stakeholders management of marine/coastal resources
cycle of poverty and environmental degradation, i.e. in Cagayancillo (which also includes Tubbataha Reefs).
due to poverty, people would be pushed to further over- The momentum need to be sustained to ensure genuine
extract from environmental resources and may even success.
use destructive methods to do so, further depriving

31
Subade and Subade

RECOMMENDATIONS (2004). This will properly complement environmental

conservation with increasing household and municipal
To sustain the momentum for continuous people's incomes.
participation in coastal resource management and
conservation, and eventually the alleviation of poverty 5. The conservation efforts started by WWF-
in Cagayancillo, concerned policy makers and other Philippines, should be continued for another 2-3 years.
entities need to consider the following options: These conservation activities include among others,
conservation management (includes financing, policy
1. Formal and non-formal education and training in making), conservation awareness through information
sustainable agriculture and farming for selected education campaign (IEC), community development,
qualified Cagayanens need to be provided as soon as and research and monitoring. GEF or other funding
possible. Soil analysis by experts will provide best sources may be tapped, and should seriously consider
advise on the well-suited crops for different areas of providing additional budgetary support for the fruitful
Cagayancillo. Moreover, due to the unsustainability work started by WWF-Philippines. As an experienced
of chemical and fertilizer dependent farming/crop environmental NGO, and since it has already
system, organic farming need to be explored as an established good rapport and networking in
option for higher yield. Cagayancillo, WWF-Philippines is in the best position
to continue and sustain the conservation efforts in the
2. Scholarships for selected qualified high school next 2-3 years.
graduates from Cagayancillo need to be provided in
order to increase income possibilities for these As found by this study, it seems that the positive effects
households, particularly the poorest of the poor and fruits of conservation work still need to be felt and
households. Various sources can be tapped – municipal realized by many of the households. Conservation work
budget can request for yearly appropriation; Palawan and community development efforts take many years,
congressmen; First Gentleman Arroyo will likely not just five years, to take root and bear fruits.
donate if given the proper communication and Continuity and sustainability of the efforts need to be
information; an NGO-sponsored program may be ensured. WWF-Philippines need to seriously consider
designed to ensure success of this scholarship. this matter.

3. In order to address the problem on illegal fishing, 6. Partnership and alliances with other government
increase the Bantay Dagat or law enforcement and non-government institutions need to be explored.
capabilities of Cagayancillo LGU. The establishment They may provide needed manpower, financial support
of a Bantay Dagay is a laudable move. However, with and scientific inputs to the coastal resource
only two boats running at 7-8 knots, patrolling the vast management in Cagayancillo.
municipal waters of the 31-islands and islets
municipality would be a gargantuan task. Additional 7. Socio-economic monitoring study and survey can
patrol boats, and even faster boats will be needed to be done every two-three years for database
increase law enforcement and further minimize illegal development. Given the data recording can be put in
fishing activities. Moreover, incentives on those who place in the respective barangays the needed time and
help arrest or find illegal fishers must be continued. In resources for data collection and field interviews can
fact, these (cash) incentives must be expedited as soon be lessened later on. Indicators of success/needs based
as the arrest has been done, verified and documented. from future monitoring studies will provide proper
signals on what further interventions still need to be
4. Community-based ecotourism mainly based on undertaken. These information and data are usually
marine and coastal resources and environment will be needed crucial inputs for good proposals for funding
an option with very bright prospects for Cagayancillo. projects for the localities.
Details of this is discussed in Subade and Subade

32
 Socio-economic Conditions and Perceptions on the Conservation of Tubbataha Reefs

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Uychiaoco A.J., Aliño P.M., Miclat E.F.B. & Campos R.T.
1995. Coral Reef Science and Management in the
This study was funded by the Kabang Kalikasan ng Philippines. In Philippines Coral Reef Information Network
Pilipinas Inc. (WWF-Philippines) and by UNESCO (PhilReefs).
(United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organization) Contract No. 4500014225 through the Uychiaoco A.J. & Aliño P.M. 1995. Coastal Management
Tubbataha Protected Area Management Board. The in the Philippines. In Philippine Coral Reef Information
authors would like to acknowledge the support of Ms. Network (Philreefs).
Marivel Dygico, Team Leader of the WWF-
PhilippinesTubbataha Conservation Project, and Ms. Wells, S.M. 1984. What's Happening to Coral Reefs?
Angelique Sonco, Tubbataha Park Manager and Head Iclarm Newsletter. Metro Manila. Philippines.
of the Tubbataha Management Office, and the field
assistance of Ms. Zoe Latumbo of WWF-Philippines. WWF Philippines. 2000. Tubbataha Reef National Marine
Assistance in data encoding and analysis was ably Park and World Heritage Site: Management Objectives,
provided by Ms. Dianne Hope Tormon. In addition, Strategies and Actions, p. 15.
the authors also thank the travel support of
Conservation International-Philippines through the White A.T., Ledesma M.C. & Ovenden M. 2003. Tubbataha
Philippine Association of Marine Science Foundation Reefs National Marine Park, Palawan. In Philippine Coral
Inc., and of the University of the Philippines in the Reefs Through Time: Workshop Proceedings. Second of
Visayas, to enable the authors in presenting the paper the Atlas of the Philippine Coral Reefs Series. Coral Reef
and participate in the 8th National Symposium in Information Network of the Philippines (PhilReefs),
Marine Science held in Palawan State University, University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute,
Puerto Princesa City on October 20-22, 2005. Quezon City, Philippines and the Marine Parks Center,
Tokyo, Japan.
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WWF Philippines 2000. Conservation of the Tubbataha
Arquiza, Y. and A. White. 1994. Tales from Tubbataha: Reef National Marine Park and World Heritage Site. A
Natural history, resource use, and conservation of the Project Proposal submitted to the UNDP-GEF.
Tubbataha reefs, Palawan, Philippines. Mandaluyong City,
Philippines: Rainee Trading and Publishing Inc.

Cesar, H.J. 2000. Coral reefs: their functions, threats and

economic value. In Cesar, H. 2000. Collected Essays on
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McManus. J.W., Nañola Jr. C.L., Reyes Jr. R.B. & Kesner,
K.N. 1992. Resource Ecology of the Bolinao Coral Reef
System. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources
Management, Manil, Philippines.

Subade, R.F. and A.L.A. Subade. 2004. Socio-Economic

Impacts of Illegal Fishing on the Conservation of Tubbataha
Reefs National Marine Park and UNESCO World Heritage
Site, Cagayancillo, Palawan. Final Report of Research
Project Commissioned by the Tubataha Protected Area
Management Board under UNESCO Contract Number
4500014225 and the WWF-Philippines.

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