MEBS6006 Advanced Psychrometry

MEBS6006 Environmental Services I
http://me.hku.hk/bse/MEBS6006/
Advanced Psychrometry
Dr. Sam C. M. Hui
Department of Mechanical Engineering
The University of Hong Kong
E-mail: [email protected]
Dec 2015
Contents
• Review of Basic Psychrometry*

• Introduction to Psychrometry (Handout Chapter 1)
• Psychrometric Processes (Handout Chapter 2)
• Practical Applications of Psychrometry
• Characteristics and use of psychrometric charts
• Software for psychrometric analysis
• Techniques of Psychrometric Analysis
• Psychrometrics and Bioclimatic Analysis
(* Printed handouts can be downloaded for self study)
Introduction to Psychrometry
• Basics
• The atmosphere
• Water vapour
• Saturated vapour pressure
• Also, Appendix - Thermodynamic Basics
• Perfect gas laws
• 1st law of thermodynamics
• Conservation of energy
• Psychrometry (測濕學)
• The measurement or study of the thermodynamic
properties of moist air
• The Greek term psuchron (ψυχρόν) meaning "cold" and
metron (µέτρον) meaning "means of measurement"
• Moist air properties:
• Dalton’s law of partial pressures
• Standard atmospheric pressure = 101.325 kPa
• Saturated vapour pressure: Max. pressure of water
vapour that can occur at any given temperature
(See also: Psychrometrics -- Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychrometrics)
Measurement of moist air by sling psychrometer
• Psychrometric Chart (Theory)

• Moisture content (g), or absolute humidity (w)
• Relative humidity (rh or RH)
• Percentage saturation (µ)
• Wet-bulb temperature (twb)
• Dew-point temperature (tdp)
• Specific enthalpy (h)
• Specific volume (v)
• Density (ρ)
Do you know how to find out
the moist air properties using
the psychrometric chart?
Psychrometric Chart
Can you read them
from the chart? Wet-bulb
temperature
Enthalpy Relative
humidity
Dew-point
temperature
Humidity
ratio
Dry-bulb Specific
temperature volume
• Commonly used psychrometric charts

• ASHRAE psychrometric chart
• CIBSE psychrometric chart
• Carrier psychrometric chart
• Trane psychrometric chart
• Mr. S K Wang (similar to Trane)
• Mollier chart in Mainland China (濕空氣焓濕圖)
• Why are they slightly different?
• Can you find out the differences?
Mollier
chart style
Psychrometric Processes
• Common processes:
• Sensible cooling / sensible heating
• Cooling and dehumidification / heating and
humidification
• Humidification / dehumidification
• Evaporative cooling / chemical dehydration
• Typical devices:
• Cooling/heating coils
• Humidifiers / dehumifiers
Schematic representation of all fresh-air, constant volume
air conditioning system
Basic psychrometric processes
3
7 5
2 1
6 8
4
Process 0-1: Sensible heating

Process 0-2: Sensible cooling
Process 0-3: Humidifying
Process 0-4: Dehumidifying
Process 0-5: Heating and humidifying
Process 0-6: Cooling and dehumidifying
Process 0-7: Cooling and humidifying
Process 0-8: Heating and dehumidifying
(Video: Psychrometric Chart - air conditioning processes (3:00) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C93mWf3rr30)
Psychrometric processes
Sensible cooling/heating Cooling and dehumidification
Adiabatic dehumidification Evaporative cooling

Cooling and dehumidification
• Specific enthalpy difference: q = m x (ha – hb )

• Sensible heat: qS = ma x cp x (tb – ta )
• Latent heat: qL = ma x hfg
• Contact factor (cooling coil):
• Bypass factor = 1 – Contact factor

Cooling coil bypass/contact factor and apparatus dew point
The percentage of air that

passes through the coil
unchanged is called the
bypass factor.
ADP = apparatus dew point

It is the coil surface dew point
temperature required to accomplish a
cooling/dehumidifying process.
(Source: http://www.arca53.dsl.pipex.com/index_files/psy9.htm)
Relationship of apparatus dew point (ADP) to supply air and chilled
water temperatures
Cooling and dehumidification
Actual
process
Do you know
why the actual
process is not a
straight line?
Major components of the HVAC air-side system
(Source: http://www.arca53.dsl.pipex.com/index_files/psy1.htm)
Determining entering air conditions
Mixture
Supply Outdoor
fan air (OA)
Cooling
coil
Recirculated/
return air (RA)
(Source: Trane)
Simple air conditioning cycle
Can you draw such a cycle for Hong Kong summer conditions?
- Outdoor: DBT = 33 ºC; WBT = 28 ºC; flow = 20% of supply air
- Indoor: DBT = 25 ºC; %RH = 50%
- Air leaving cooling coil: DBT = 13 ºC; %RH = 95%
An example of Hong Kong summer air-conditioning cycle
Using psychrometric chart to represent different HVAC systems
Sensible and latent cooling loads

• Demonstration examples of calculations using

the psychrometric chart
• An Example Using the Psychrometric Chart (6:25)
http://youtu.be/xzT9y0QZz20
• Use Psychrometric chart for cooling moist air
(9:45) http://youtu.be/A6PVsARawvs
• Sensible heating coils

• Cooling coils
• Humidifiers
• Water spray types
• Steam humidifier
• Room psychrometric process
• Mixing air streams
• Calculations:
• 1. Sensible heat ratio (SHR)
• SHR is the ratio of sensible heat load to total heat load
• 2. Space cooling load
• 3. Cooling coil’s load/capacity
• 4. Humidification capacity
• 5. Mixing processes
• Principles of heat balance & conservation of mass
The psychrometrics of HVAC sub-systems
Do you know how to represent the processes of different

HVAC sub-systems on the psychrometric chart?
(Source: CIBSE Journal CPD Programme: The psychrometrics of HVAC sub-systems (Dec 2009) http://www.cibsejournal.com/cpd/2009-12/)
The psychrometrics of HVAC sub-systems (cont’d)
The psychrometrics of HVAC sub-systems (cont’d)
Psychrometric Software
• ASHRAE Psychrometric Analysis CD-ROM

(2012, 2007, 2002) [AV 697 P97]
• The program allows the user to plot typical
psychrometric processes and perform the
corresponding energy calculations
• The program produces near-exact replications of the
charts and can output a listing of points and processes
in a tabular report with calculated properties and energy
values for each. It includes a presentation of the
ASHRAE climate data presented in the 2009 ASHRAE
Handbook - Fundamentals
Psychrometric Software
• Psychrometric analysis software:

• ArchiSci Software - PSYCHWIN
• http://arch.hku.hk/teaching/archisci/archisci.zip
• Psychrometric Chart (PSY) software
• http://www.vector.co.jp/soft/win95/business/se288946.html
• Daikin's Psychrometrics tool
• http://me.hku.hk/bse/MEBS6006/Psychrometric_diagram_viewer_
V210_tcm24-133157.zip
• Free Online Psychrometric Chart

• http://www.flycarpet.net/en/PsyOnline
Free Online Psychrometric Chart http://www.flycarpet.net/en/PsyOnline
(Source: ArchiSci Software - PSYCHWIN)
Design strategies for HVAC systems

Thermal comfort analysis and design
* See also thermal comfort notes

Analysis of external climate
(Video: Using Psychrometric Charts for Building Design (5:25) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVXynRFeZQY)

Psychrometric Analysis
• Psychrometrics and Bioclimatic Analysis for

Hong Kong
http://www.ad.arch.hku.hk/~cmhui/teach/65156-7e.htm
• Cooling strategies
• Thermal comfort zones
• Frequency distribution on psychrometric charts
Analysis of weather conditions in Hong Kong
* The number represents the possibility of occurrence.

Analysis of HVAC operation strategy
All-year-round operating regime based on outdoor conditions
(Source: CIBSE Journal CPD Programme: The psychrometrics of air conditioning systems (Mar 2010))
Further Reading
• Air Conditioning: Psychrometrics

• http://www.arca53.dsl.pipex.com/index_files/psy1.htm
• Psychrometric Charts [Autodesk Sustainability W/S]
• http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/psyc
hrometric-charts
• CIBSE Journal CPD Programme:
• http://www.cibsejournal.com/cpd/
• The properties of air (Apr 2009)
• Applying the psychrometric relationships (Aug 2009)
• The Basic Psychrometric Processes (Oct 2009)
• The psychrometrics of HVAC sub-systems (Dec 2009)
• The psychrometrics of air conditioning systems (Mar 2010)
• Travelling into time with psychrometry (Dec 2010)
References
• ASHRAE Psychrometrics Tools

• www.ashrae.org/resources--publications/bookstore/psychrometrics
• Psychrometric Chart App (on iPad)
• ASHRAE HVAC Psychrometric Chart App (8:11)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFFqkBHDqPk
• Psychrometric Analysis CD, Version 7 (2012)
• Understanding Psychrometrics, 3rd ed. (2013)

MEBS6006 Advanced Psychrometry

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What are the main topics covered in psychrometry?

What are the main topics covered in psychrometry?

What are some common psychrometric processes?

What are some common psychrometric processes?

MEBS6006 Environmental Services I

• Review of Basic Psychrometry*

• Psychrometric Chart (Theory)

• Commonly used psychrometric charts

Process 0-1: Sensible heating

Sensible cooling/heating Cooling and dehumidification

Adiabatic dehumidification Evaporative cooling

• Specific enthalpy difference: q = m x (ha – hb )

• Bypass factor = 1 – Contact factor

The percentage of air that

ADP = apparatus dew point

Sensible and latent cooling loads

• Demonstration examples of calculations using

• Sensible heating coils

Do you know how to represent the processes of different

• ASHRAE Psychrometric Analysis CD-ROM

• Psychrometric analysis software:

• Free Online Psychrometric Chart

(Source: ArchiSci Software - PSYCHWIN)

* See also thermal comfort notes

(Source: ArchiSci Software - PSYCHWIN)

(Video: Using Psychrometric Charts for Building Design (5:25) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVXynRFeZQY)

• Psychrometrics and Bioclimatic Analysis for

* The number represents the possibility of occurrence.

• Air Conditioning: Psychrometrics

• ASHRAE Psychrometrics Tools

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