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Power Spectral Density

The document discusses power spectral density (PSD) and derives the PSD for different line codes. It defines PSD as the function that gives the distribution of power of a signal at various frequencies. PSD is the Fourier transform of autocorrelation. It then derives the PSD of polar signaling by showing the autocorrelation is equal to N when the number of pulses is N. For bipolar signaling, it shows the autocorrelation is equal to 3N/4 on average. Finally, it provides a table comparing the key parameters of different line codes including polar RZ, polar NRZ, AMI, and Manchester coding.

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ANIRUDDHA PAUL
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975 views8 pages

Power Spectral Density

The document discusses power spectral density (PSD) and derives the PSD for different line codes. It defines PSD as the function that gives the distribution of power of a signal at various frequencies. PSD is the Fourier transform of autocorrelation. It then derives the PSD of polar signaling by showing the autocorrelation is equal to N when the number of pulses is N. For bipolar signaling, it shows the autocorrelation is equal to 3N/4 on average. Finally, it provides a table comparing the key parameters of different line codes including polar RZ, polar NRZ, AMI, and Manchester coding.

Uploaded by

ANIRUDDHA PAUL
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Power Spectral Density:

•The function which gives distribution of power of a signal at


various frequencies in frequency domain.

•PSD is the Fourier Transform of autocorrelation

•Rectangular pulse and its spectrum

22
PSD Derivation:
• We now need to derive the time autocorrelation of a power
signal x(t)
_--

• Since x(t) consists of impulses, is found by

• Recognizing for real signals, we have

23
•Since the pulse filter has the spectrum of , we have

• Now, we can use this to find the PSD of various line codes.

24
PSD of Polar Signalling:
• In polar signalling,
Binary “1” is transmitted by a pulse f(t)
Binary “0” is transmitted by a pulse –f(t)
• In this case, is equally likely to be 1 or -1 and is always 1.

Where, There are N pulses and for each one.


The summation on the right-hand side of the above equation is N.
• Moreover, both and are either 1 or -1. So, is either 1
or -1.
They are equally likely to be 1 or -1 on the average, out of N terms the product
is equal to 1 for N/2 terms and is equal to -1 for the remaining N/2 terms.

25
PSD of Bipolar Signalling:
•To calculate the PSD, we have

•On the average, half of the are 0, and the remaining half are
either 1 or -1, with . Therefore,

26
•To compute R1, we consider the pulse strength product .
-Four possible equally likely sequences of two bits:11,10,01,00.
-Since bit 0 encoded by no pulse , the product for
the last three of these sequences. This means that, on the average,
3N/4 combinations have and only N/4 combinations have
non zero . Because of the bipolar rule, the bit sequence 11
can only be encoded by two consecutive pulse of opposite
polarities. This means the product for the N/4
combinations.

27
PSD of Lines Codes:

28
Comparison of Line Codes:
Sr. Parameters Polar RZ Polar NRZ AMI Manchester
No.

1 Transmission of DC YES YES NO NO


component
2 Signaling Rate 1/Tb 1/Tb 1/Tb 1/Tb

3 Noise Immunity LOW LOW HIGH HIGH

4 Synchronizing Poor Poor Very Good Very Good


Capability
5 Bandwidth Required 1/Tb 1/2Tb 1/2Tb 1/Tb

6 Crosstalk HIGH HIGH LOW LOW

29

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