Scribd
Upload
48 views6 pages

CHAPTER 1: Statistics and Data

This document provides an overview of key concepts in statistics including: 1. The three main steps of statistics are finding the right data, using appropriate tools, and interpreting results. There are two main branches: descriptive statistics which summarize data sets, and inferential statistics which make inferences about populations from samples. 2. There are two main types of data: cross-sectional which measures many subjects at one time, and time series which measures one subject over time. Variables can be qualitative like names or quantitative like numbers. 3. Chapters discuss tabular and graphic methods to organize qualitative and quantitative data, as well as numerical descriptive measures like mean, median, mode to analyze central tendency and percentiles, range, and

Uploaded by

Frizky Triputra Cahyahana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
48 views6 pages

CHAPTER 1: Statistics and Data

This document provides an overview of key concepts in statistics including: 1. The three main steps of statistics are finding the right data, using appropriate tools, and interpreting results. There are two main branches: descriptive statistics which summarize data sets, and inferential statistics which make inferences about populations from samples. 2. There are two main types of data: cross-sectional which measures many subjects at one time, and time series which measures one subject over time. Variables can be qualitative like names or quantitative like numbers. 3. Chapters discuss tabular and graphic methods to organize qualitative and quantitative data, as well as numerical descriptive measures like mean, median, mode to analyze central tendency and percentiles, range, and

Uploaded by

Frizky Triputra Cahyahana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

CHAPTER 1: Statistics and Data

a. 3 steps to do statistics :
1. Find the right data
2. Use the appropriate tool
3. Interpret the number

b. 2 branches of statistics :
1. Descriptive = summary of data set
2. Inferential = extracting useful information using sample to know
population.
Why do we use sample?
- Expensive (sensus penduduk)
- Impossible (battery, blood)

c. 2 types of data :
1. Cross sectional = - many subject/categories
- at 1 period of time
2. Time series = - one subject
- overtime

d. Variable = a different characteristic


2 types of variable :
1. Qualitative : verbally
2. Quantitative : numerically (meaningful)
2 types of quantitative variable : 1. Discrete = people, page
2. Continuous = weight, time

e. 4 categories of data measurement :


1. Nominal : nama kelompok OPK dan nomer kelompok OPK
2. Ordinal : makanan enak banget, enak, biasa aja, ga enak
(Differences are meaningless)
3. Interval : suhu
(differences are equal, no true zero point)
4. Ratio : jumlah jerawat
(differences are equal, has true zero point)
CHAPTER 2: Tabular and Graphic Method

a. Qualitative data : Nominal and ordinal


- Contoh : Nominal = pesan makanan

Frequency distribution table


Makanan Tally Frequency Cumulative Relative Cumulative
Frequency Frequency Relative
Frequency

Total: Total: Total: 1 Total:

b. Quantitative Data – Interval and ratio


Guideline : 1. Mutually exclusive à not overlap
2. Classes are exhaustive
3. Total classes are usually 5-20

Width of each class : _Largest-Smallest_


Number of classes

Tally Frequency Cumulative Relative Cumulative


Frequency Frequency Relative
Frequency

Total: Total: Total: 1 Total:


c. Types of Diagram :
Pie Bar

Histogram Polygon

Ogive (cumulative freq) Scatterplot

Stem and Leaf


CHAPTER 3 : Numerical Descriptive Measures

a. Measure of Central location = Quantitative data which cluster around the


central value
1. Mean
Two types : i. Sample mean :

ii. Population mean :

The weakness : influenced by outliers (extremely small/large value)

2. Median = middle value of data set (in order)


8 3 7 6 6

3. Mode = the value which has the most frequency


Might have more than one mode/no mode at all

Percentiles : information about how data are spread in ascending order


Contoh : GPA 3,8 à percentile ke 80
Arti : - 80% dari populasi IP nya < 3,8
- 1-80% dari populasi IP nya > 3,8

Terms in percentile :
25th = 1st quartile (Q1) 50th = 2nd quartile (Q2) = median 75th = 3rd quartile (Q3)

Calculating the pth percentile :


= (n+1) p/100
If the value is integer, that’s the value.
Example : 3 4 5 6 6 The 20th percentile?

If not : Example : 3 4 5 6 6 The 25th percentile (Q1)?

6 (25/100) = 1,5 à value ke 1,5


Value 1 :3 Value 1,5 : 3 + 0,5 (4-3) = 3,5 Arti?

Latihan : 58 60 63 66 66 68 69 73 Q3? Arti?

Boxplot : consists of the Q1, Q2 (median), Q3, smallest value, largest value à outlier à IQR
(interquartile range) :1,5 x Q1 and 1,5 x Q3

Detecting outliers


1.5 ×IQR, or 1.5 ×43.48 = 65.22. Outliers if :
Q1 –S > 65.22, or if L – Q3 > 65.22
Geometric Mean Return = Multiperiod

n = number of multiperiod returns


Contoh :

Hari ini : 10 juta Minggu depan : -10% 2 Minggu lagi : +12%

Arithmetic : 2% : 10,2 juta Geometric : 10 juta 40 ribu

Average growth rate

Measures of Dispersion

1. Range
 = Maximum Value - Minimum Value 


2. Mean Absolute Deviation : average of the difference of each observation from the mean. 


3. Variance and Standard Deviation


4. Coefficient of Variation (CV) = CV differences in the magnitudes of the means

Mean-Variance Analysis : Measuring the performance of an asset is by its rate
of return


(from the return and the risk)

The Sharpe ratio (reward to volatility ratio) : measure the extra return per unit of risk

Chebyshev’s Theorem
: For any data set, the proportion of observations that lie within k
standard deviations from the mean is at least 1- 1/k2 , where k is any number greater than 1. 


Jumlah anak di kelas = 35

Mean = 84, std dev = 7

Ada berapa anak yang nilainya antara 70-98?

You might also like