SPACE IN JAPAN ZEN BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE (Antariksa)

SPACE IN JAPANESE ZEN BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE

Antariksa
Lecturer at Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering - Brawijaya University
[email protected]

ABSTRACT
The beginning in the medieval period the ideas “emptiness” and “nothingness” in Buddhist doctrine
influences over the Japanese.
Space in Japanese architecture (kukan), as a empty place. This word originally stood for a “hole in the
ground”, and in on present meaning of a “hole in the universe”, or “sky”. The ancient Japanese divided space
vertically into two parts, sora (sky) and ame or ama (heaven). In the concept of emptiness both of this above it
can be said is a part of space.
This paper will tries to explain and discusses about the meaning of space in Japanese Zen Buddhist
architecture.

Keywords: Zen Buddhist, space, Japanese, emptiness.

INTRODUCTION This paper will tries to explain and

discusses about the meaning of space in Japanese
Zen as one of the religious sects which has Zen Buddhism which in their developments has
reverberations in every corner, which philosophy influenced all classes of society, especially, in
has been transformed from Indian Buddhism into architecture and gardens.
Zen Buddhism. Zen (chan, ch’an, an
abbreviation of ch’an-an, which transliterates the
Sanskrit term dhyana or its Pali cognate jhana, THE SYMBOL OF HUMANISM
term meaning “meditation”) is the name of
Mahayana Buddhist school of meditation The historical founder of Buddhism
originating in China and characterized by the Sidharta Gautama was born about 563 BC., the
practice of meditation in the lotus position (Jpn., son of the ruler of Kapilavastu, into the princely
zazen; Chin., tso-ch’an) and the use of koan clean of Sakyas on the border of Nepal. Gautama
(Chin., kung-an), as well as by the enlightenment lived on earth as human being but, during the
experience satori (Dumoulin, 1988:xvii). In more than fourthy years of active ministry that
reality dhyana Buddhism are source from Zen followed him attainment of supreme
Buddhism which is spread to China in the sixth Enlightenment (satori) while seated in deep
century and Japan in the latter of thirteenth meditation under a sacred Bodhi Tree (Tree of
century. Wisdom or Enlightenment). Siddharta than
If we desire to study the space in the Zen bathed, changed his garments and, greatly
Buddhist architecture, we must also understand refreshed in body an spirit and with a new insight
the philosophy of Zen Buddhism. As what and determination, took up once more the
Gropius and Tange (1960:4) said, we can familiar cross-leghed lotus posture of meditation,
understand the architecture of nations and period under a nearby fig tree destined to become the
only as we win an inside knowledge of their way Bodhi Tree (Ross, 1966:88). The culmination of
of thinking and their philosophy. It is the same this trance was the attainment of Buddhahood the
that Engel (1964:365) described Zen philosophy, achievement of a state of cosmic consciousness
because of its particular methods on the one hand as far above the mental plane of ordinary mortals
its universal approach on the other, has, from as the level of human consciousness is raised
Japanese Middle Ages on, influenced all phases above. Only after that, he saw the cause of
of Japanese life more profoundly than has any of eternal recurrence of birth and death and thus of
the other sects and was closely associated not suffering and misery in “Four Holy Truths” the
only with the arts, social institutions, but also, basis of his later teachings (Wickert, 1989:16):
particularly, with architecture and landscaping. 1. All life is suffering.
2. All suffering is the result of lost and desire.

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3. The removal of desire leads to the removal of

suffering.
4. The way to deliverance is through the Holy
Eightfold Path which is: righteous belief;
righteous intention; righteous word-truth and
openness; righteous conduct-peaceful and
pure; righteous living-causing no injury;
righteous effort towards self-control;
righteous thinking; righteous meditation.

Figure 2. The octagonal plan of the Anraku-

ji, Nagano. The octagonal plan was
used as a basic form, and then its
follow to the inside with the same
Figure 1. The basic concept of the Eightfold plan (Genshoku nihon no bijutsu
Path, as the aims to attain 10, Zendera to sekitei, 1967)
enlightenment. Its derived to the
octagonal plan as a physical form.

The Holy Eightfold Path above mention

which was given by the Buddha, constitute of
one important part for attaining enlightenment.
The basic foundation of the Holy Eightfold Path
can be derived onto the basic concept of temple
and Pagoda. Whose form in fact develop from
the lotus petal as a place to sit for the Buddha
(Figure 1). Snodgrass (1985:27) said, the petal of
the lotus are the points of the compass, indicating
directions of indefinite extension; their opening
is the deployment of space from the center, the
emanation of the one into the multiple. “What is
the lotus and of what is it made?”, asks the
Maitri Upanishad, and then answer, “That lotus,
assuredly. Is the same as space, and the four inter
mediate quarters are its petals” (Snodgrass,
1985:27). And so the lotus symbolism indicates Figure 3. Sansho-ji Aisendo at Tofuku-ji,
a further significance of the Pagoda plan Kyoto. Early fifteenth century. The
delineate in the ritual. In Japanese temple this octagonal plan was used in the
concept can be seen as a basic form of the foundation (kidan) of this building
octagonal plan or foundation (kidan) of the (Meiho nihon no bijutsu 13, Gozan
Pagoda (Figures 2 and 3). to Zen’in, 1983)

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 SPACE IN JAPAN ZEN BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE (Antariksa)

THE CONCEPT OF EMPTINESS (sunyata) 1 so full of potentiality that all emerges from it, all
is reabsorbed in it. In Emptiness, forms are born.
The concept of Emptiness as classic When one becomes empty of the assumptions,
expression of the paradoxical nature of the inferences, and judgments he has aquined over
emptiness or nothingness is the Heart Sutra, it is the years, he comes close to the original inature
one of the discourses ascribed by Gautama and is capable of conceiving original ideas and
Buddha. When the Bodhisattva Kannon was reacting freshly (Holmes, 1990:66). Emptiness=
practicing the profound Prajna Paramita 2 wisdom ”There is no here, no there. Infinity is before our
he saw all the true aggregates3 to be Emptiness, eyes”, says the seventh century Zen Patriarch
and passed beyond suffering. It begins with Sentsang in his Hsin Hsin Ming (Frank,
(Legget, 1989:75): 1973:105). Here emptiness give a special form to
O disciple Shariputra, form is not different enter in every place of human live and inanimate
from Emptiness, Emptiness is not different object. Actually most of the paintings consists of
from form; form is Emptiness and Emptiness “nothing”, of space, emptiness, the void (Figure
is form; and also with sensation, thinking, 4). Despite this, the feeling for abstract
impulse and consciousness. All this things, composition is somewhat stronger than the
Shariputra, have the character of illusion of deep space. It comes the closet to
Emptiness, neither born or dying, neither reflecting the tendency in Zen Buddhiam to
defiled nor pure, neither increased nor stress rapid flashes of intuitive insight into
lessened. spiritual phenomena.
The word empty that appears in the final
response of the conservation is fundamental.
Ehei Dogen (1200-1253) adds some important
clarification of the relationship between
nothingness and emptiness, the key concept in
the philosophy of the Middle Way (madhyamika)
Dumoulin (1988:83):
Emptiness is not “no”. [But] in uttering
“Buddha-nature-emptiness”, one say “no”.
One does not say, “half a pound”, or “eight
ounces”. One does not say emptiness,
because it is emptiness. One does not say
no, because it is no. One say no because it is
Buddha-nature-emptiness. Thus, each piece
of no is a touch stone to articulate
emptiness; emptiness is the power
articulating no.
The experience of this ultimate mystery is
what Buddhist speak of in negative terms as Figure 4.There is a line drawn in empty space.
sunyata, or emptiness, or in positive terms as Above that line, the absolute is
tathagata, or suchness4 . Sunyata is an Emptiness actual and the world of distinction
only theoretical. Below that line, the
world of distinction is actual and the
1
Emptiness in the translation of the Sanskrit word sunyata,
absolute only theoretical. A Zen
which means “everything is no-substantial.” The Japanese picture of a familiar science. The
word for emptiness is ku, which also means “sky”. artist has altered the proportion of
2
Prajna, this Sanskrit term is generally translated as column and figure to express the
“transcendental wisdom.” It is a kind of intuitive knowledge transcendental aloneness of Zen
in its deepest sense. When this is awakened, one has the
enlightenment-experience that constitutes the center of (Zen and the Ways, 1989)
Buddhist philosophy.
3
“Five guards who approach in friendly manner” mean
the five aggregates –-form, feeling, perception, volition and
consciousness- which frame body and mind.
4
In the terminology of Prajna school, this is: sunyata sunyata is the world of the Absolute, and tathata is the
(“emptiness”) tathata (“suchness”), and tathata is sunyata: world of particulars.

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All which already mentioned are related to

the corresponding notion of li (Jpn., ri: absolute
principle) and shih (Jpn., ji: appearance) in
Chinese philosophy, and are also refereed to as
dark and light, depicted respectively by a black
circle 2 and white circle 7. The black circle,
some times called darkness, represented the
Absolute, also the Void. The white circle is
therefore the relative, a principle which is always
present wherever anything at all is. It is therefore
not properly a circle as drawn, but a white circle.
The circle gives the idea of a circumscribed field
Figure 5. The axial Pillar props apart Heaven
because of its peripheral line, but the field of
and Earth to open up Midspace.
relativity is not a circumscribed area in any
There is an empty space between
sense. It is rather what Hindus call space
(akasha) which is not room (avakasha) (Wood, Heaven and Earth (The Symbolism
1988:29). This is the same that Takuan Soho of the Stupa, 1985)
(1573-1645) writes: Between heaven and earth
The beginning in the medieval period, the
there is something called ri. This ri has no form
ideas “emptiness” and “nothingness” in Buddhist
and is empty. Because it is empty, it cannot be
doctrine same exert great influences over the
seen with the eyes. People say that emptiness
Japanese (Inoue, 1985:136). And give an
cannot be seen with human eyes (Dumoulin,
example as, the Hannya shingyo sutra contains
1988:280). Ri (Chin., li) and ki (chin., ch’i) are
such thoughts as: “the five types of phenomenal
cosmic principle. Ri (also called mukyoku) is the
existence are ultimately emptiness” (goun kaiku),
foundation that evolves and becomes ki, or the
and “colors refer the forms that are products of
universe of the myriad things (taikyoku). Takuan
the first cause; real nature is not material but
stresses the return of taikyoku to its final ground
emptiness” (shiki soku zeki). The Japanese of the
in mukyoku, which he identifies as the emptiness
time appear to have accepted these ideas literally.
(Skt., sunyata; Jpn., ku) of Mahayana
The shogun and poet Minatomo no Sanetomo (d
metaphysics. According to Zen teaching, the
1219) questioned the existence of the world in a
myriad things of the cosmos are not different
poem included in the kinkaishu: “The world is a
from emptiness (ku) or from nothingness (mu)
shadow reflected in a mirror; it neither is nor is
(Dumoulin,1988:279).
not”. And in a poem included in the shakushin
In another side, the founder of Ts’ao-tung
hoshishu, emptiness is seen as basic attribute of
(Jpn., Soto) Tung-shan explain “the straight” as
the natural worlds: “should we ever reach the
follows: “There is one thing: above, it is support
sky, we would find the clouds and mist
heaven; below, it uphold earth. It is black like
vanished”. And finally, the following passage
lacquer, perpetually in movement and activity”.
appears in the Tsuretsuregusa. “Emptiness can
The straight is also the foundation of heaven and
hold things. Many things constantly enter our
earth and of all being. But, this absolute is
minds at will because the mind does not exist. If
dynamic, constantly in motion. The perceiving
it did exist, not as many thing would come to us
mind cannot lay hold of the straight and grasp it
(Inoue, 1985:136). The emptiness is in our mind,
is an object (Dumoulin, 1988:225). So that was
but when they emerges its depend to the man
some empty space without meaning be a place
who experience it.
between heaven and earth. In Buddhist
With the discussion of the void we have left
terminology it can be said to be the true
the scope of phenomenology, architectural or
emptiness. The pillar it support the three layers
otherwise. The void in Buddhist sense is not
of the world (Figure 5).
concept arrived at by rational thought, but an
It props apart heaven and earth, and their
expression of an incommunicable individual
diremption creates extended space, the
experience, accessible to a person practicing
intermediate world, Midspace (antariksa): “At
meditation (Nitschke, 1988:38). If we go back to
first the worlds (Heaven and Earth) were
the word of emptiness resound through the
together; and when they parted asunder the space
temple hall and recited by the practitioner during
which between (antar) them became that
meditation, express the radical negation achieved
Midspace (Snodgrass, 1985:233).

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by reading the mind of all conceptual thinking. depends on how a man looks into the nature of
As we have seen, the idea of meaningfulness of things. (Figure 7)
empty space, that fruitful void or sunyata of the
Buddhist, was carried over into the Japanese
architecture of the rooms, and the planning of
gardens. Example can be seen at Daisen-in
garden. The southern end of the garden is empty.
There are no more rocks. It is world without
form, void of passion, thoughts and emotions
which only distract. The white sand of purity and
complete freedom make this garden a fit of
object for meditation. Ikkyu said, “All things
inevitably turn to nothingness, and this ‘turning
to nothingness’ means a return to original being.
Another is the interaction between form and
space is one of the keys to Ryoan-ji compiling
suggestiveness (Figure 6). Evoking a sense of Figure 7. Myokian Tea house, Kyoto. Late
infinity in a strictly confined space, of Sixteenth century.
nothingness and non attachment (Hover,
1989:110).
THE PILLARING OF HEAVEN AND
EARTH

In Japanese mythology, there is the well-

known story of how Izanagi no Mikoto and
Izanami no Mikoto, primal male and female
deities, circled the pillar of Heaven (Ame no
Mihashira) and created the land of Yamato. It is
unclear what this pillar was actually like.
According to the Kojiki (Records of Ancient
Matters) and Nihon shoki (Chronicles of Japan),
the two deities descendent to Onogoro island and
there “erected the pillar of Heaven and the Hall
Figure 6. Stone garden of Ryoanji, Kyoto.
of Eight Fathoms (Yahirodono)”. If these records
Late fifteenth century. It is a classic
are taken literally, the Pillar of Heaven was not
example of the Japanese kare sansui
in the Hall of Eight Fathoms where the two gods
(dry landscape) garden (Zusetsu
wed, but suggested by the passage in the Nihon
nihon no Bukkyo 4, Kamakura
Shoki that describes how Izanagi no Mikoto sent
Bukkyo, 1988)
one of his daughters, Amaterasu Omikaki, to
heaven: “At the time heaven and earth were not
The teahouse is an isolated. Spiritual space
yet so far apart; thus he sent her to heaven by
where the participants in the ceremony can
way of pillar of Heaven” (Inoue, 1985:7-8) The
cleanse their minds of mundane concerns. The
creation myth, retold Post Wheelar in
transition from the world outside to the world of
Munsterberg (1988:3-4) by his book “The Sacred
tea is aided by the garden, called roji, literally
Scriptures of the Japanese, is as follows: of old
“dewy ground”, where guests a wait their host
time the Sky and the Earth were not yet set apart
and then go with him or her to the teahouse
the one from the other nor were the female and
itself. It is a world as carefully arranged as the
male principles separated. All was a mass,
teahouse and has its own conventions (Nishi and
formless and egg shaped, the extant where of is
Hozumi, 1986:118). Thus we can see the spirit of
not known, which held the file principle.
tea is deeply steeped with the Prajna philosophy
Thereafter, the purer tenuous essence, ascending
of Emptiness may sound to abstract for the
gradually, formed the Sky; the heavier portion
teaman sipping the green-colored beverage from
a handmade bowl, the Emptiness is in truth no sank and became the Earth. The lighter element
merged readily, but the heavier was united with
less than the concreteness of reality itself. It all
difficulty. Thus the Sky was form first, the Earth

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next, and later deity (kami) were produced in the may indicate to the inner experience of satori,
space between them. When the Sky and the Earth which for an example has cast its illumination
began, there was a something in the very midst into the mind. Enlightenment is like rain that
of the emptiness whose shape cannot be falls on a mountain and gathers into rivulets that
described. run into brooks, and then into rivers which
The genesis of the world is described in the finally flow into the ocean (Bukkyo Dendo
Vedas as a “pillaring a part” of Heaven and Kyokai, 1985:480). From the Zenist point of
Earth: “It is by being pillared a part by this pillar view does not wait for satori to come to him, but
that Heaven and earth stand fast”. Heaven and has own special mode of meditation leading to it.
Earth, originally fused, are split apart and held And adopted from Zen Flesh, Zen Bone it to say
firm by the world Axis. The symbolic analogue (Ross, 1966:138):
is the rising of the Sun: Sky and earth which had The great path has no gate
been confused and indistinct in the darkness of Thousands of roads enter it
night, become distinct in the light of the dawn. When one passes through this gateless gate
The light separates them and, pillar-like, props He walks between heaven and earth
them apart: “the light of Dawn” divorces the
According to Snodgrass (1985:336-337), he
conterminous regions (Sky and Earth) and makes
explain about the four loci of liberation, range
manifest the “general Worlds”. So likewise
one above the other on the axis of the world,
Heaven and Earth are propped apart by the
corresponding to four within the stupa. The
column of the Sun at the dawn of the Cosmos.
central point at ground level (A), the point of
The pillaring apart of Heaven and Earth by the
origin for the setting out and orientation of the
column of the Sun coincides with the
plan, locates the bodhimanda visible to the eyes
development of Midspace: “The Sun’s space, for
of man on the plane of earth; the place were the
it is only when it rises that the world is seen”.
axis emerges from the stupa dome (B), marked
The directions of space emanate from the Sun-
by the harmika, is the bodhimanda in the
Pillar, and when the Sun sets space return into
Mountain top; the uppermost disc of the spire (C)
the Void. The Sun-strut, support of the worlds
locates the Akanistha Heaven; and the jewel or
and origin of the quarters of space, is
vase at the pinnacle of the spire (D) locates
symbolically raised each morning of the world
bhutakoti5 , the point where the Buddhas make
and removed each evening (Snodgrass,
their exit from the cosmos and enter the void
1985:163-164).
(Snodgrass, 1985:336-337). As we have seen
above, there are some deployment space to the
architecture when the Buddha in process to enter
THE WAY OF ENLIGHTENMENT the other worlds. Each of these position locates a
point of transition one world to another (Figure
The story of the fourthy nine days following
9).
in the Enlightenment (satori) is an account of the
The harmika marks, the point of transition
cosmic peregrination of the Buddha. Starting
from the world of desire to the world of form.
from the center of the universe, he ascends to the
The upper most disc of spire is the point of
supernal worlds, then he encompasses the four
transition from the world of form to the world of
directions of space. And finally he descends into
the formless. The tip of spire is the point where
the underworlds by being fully enwrapped by the
the formless world and the cosmos in its entirety
coils of the serpent. The Buddha has traversed
is left behind, and the realm of the void is
the six directions on the horizontal plane, and the
entered. Then the harmika is the structure built at
nadir, recomposing then within the center, which
the summit of the dome or tower (Jpn., ukebana),
is himself (Figure 8). This concept constitute one
marking the place where the central axis emerges
alteration of the position of place on
from within the edifice (Figure 10). This is the
philosophical in the enlightenment. Because
center of the world, the location where the
freedom in here it means freedom from worldly.
Buddha attained Enlightenment.
The position in the center, is the center of the
world, where the upper world is a part from the
cosmos itself. Where in the process of
enlightenment it was mentioned above, its try for
5
liberated oneself and enter the upper world. But Bhutakoti: bhuta is “real, true, not false”, koti is “end” or
“goal”. The Chinese translation is shih chi, in Japanese is
at the same time it must be said that an intuition jissai, is also literally “the limit of the real”.

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 SPACE IN JAPAN ZEN BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE (Antariksa)

Figure 8. The Six direction of the universe. Figure 10. A sacred space at the summit of
The centrifugal expansion of the the mountain. This is the center of
directions from the center. The the world where the Buddha
Buddha attained Enlightenment attain enlightenment. Its places in
(The Symbolism of the Stupa, 1985) the top of the pagoda. Its called
fukubachi for the dome and
ukebana for the harmika. (the
Symbolism of the Stupa, 1985)

SPACE IN
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE

Space in Japanese architecture (kukan)

literal, as a empty place. The first character in
this word originally stood for a “hole in the
ground”, and later took on its present meaning of
a “hole in the universe”, or “sky”. In Japanese
the word of kukan, composed of ku and the
character for kan (interval, space). The character
can also be real ma, which is also a key word
providing important clues to the nature of
Japanese culture. Ma is the temporal interval
between two different phenomena or between
two contradictory elements or between
Figure 9. Anraku-ji, Nagano. Early four- dimensions of varying nature (Kurokawa,
teenth century. The term used here 1988:55). This ma, recognition of which is now
is anraku which usually means being restored in contemporary architecture,
“comfortable”. Here Dogen Zenji could not be created on the basis of
(1200-1253) uses term in one of its functionalism and rationalism alone. The
Buddhist meanings, that is, as awareness of ma opens new frontiers in
translation of the sanskrit word symbolism and pluralism for architecture. Ku
nirvana. An is interpreted as the and ma are all key words which express the
body being at ease, and raku as the intervening territory between spaces, temporal,
mind being without fabrication. physical, or spiritual, and in this they all share
The pillar is apart of Heaven and the quality of Japanese Culture. In Japan this ma
Earth. Heaven and Earth, are spaces of spiritual or philosophical
originally fused, are split a part and significance that respond to the need of mental
held firm by the world axis. This is repose and detachment (Kurokawa, 1988:56).
the place of Enlightenment in the According to Susumu in Nitschke (1988:55),
pagoda (Meiho nihon no bijutsu 13, suggest that the ancient Japanese divided space
Gozan to Zen’in, 1983) vertically into two parts. One was sora (sky),
which was understood as absence of content,

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emptiness. The other was ame or ama (heaven), The highly Japanese natural philosopher
which was the opposite of kuni (region, realm, Miura Baien (1723-1789) interprets, space not as
government) and thus meant an unearthly area of a container but as something that fill bodies. In
habitation and value. In the concept of emptiness part of his Discourse on Metaphysics, he says
both of this above it can be said is a part of that place includes interior (naka). This interior is
space. Here space embraces universal or ground the skeleton or framework of place. Time open
in the whole sense, but in philosophical side this the present. The present vitalizes time. Nothing
can be different. Space as physical meaning or exists without form. Consequently, place and
space as a form which contain space itself. In things are able to come into being. By interior
principle, this case dependent how we see a Miura means something that is not physical in
space, as a part of philosophy or as a form of nature and that is neither area nor volume. In a
architecture. letter, Miura wrote: “considering the theory of
Zeami Motokijo (1364?-1443), who the division of one makes it apparent that all
developed the art of Noh drama into one of Japan things in the universe contend with each other.
great dramatic forms, wrote in Kakyo (The But, though they are different in quality, in the
Mirror of the Flower), his discourse on the Noh, total view, they are all one. They are all,
of a concept called senuhima 6 . Senuhima then, therefore, compounded of the same divinity. It is
describes the role of ma on the Noh stage, but important to see unity transcending difference
there it does not mean “interval” as of time (Kurokawa, 1988: 42). Living space becomes
between events, but a moment of silent fullness nothing and empty only when we take it for
that contains profound meaning. In this senuhima granted that the existence of air is natural and
also be speaks the idea of ku (Kurokawa, deservesless consideration. Relatively, but
1988:55). This character can also be read sora. In consistently, void could be defined as something
the former reading it means “emptiness” or occupied by nothing and solid is as something
“void”, in the later it means “sky”. The idea of surrounded by nothing. Functionally, void
ku goes back to the concept of absolute without solid would mean return to nebulous
emptiness, or sunyata. The second of the wilderness. Visually, solid without void would
character sora, meaning “sky”, implies the mean loss of visible form (Chang, 1981:27). This
universe and the infinite. Therefore ku represents Lao Tzu illustrates by his favorite metaphor of
a view of the universe which embraces all the vacuum lay the true essential. The reality of a
contradictions and paradoxes. room, for instance, was to be found in the vacant
In swordsman ship, instead of keeping his space, not in the roof and wall them selves
mind in a state of perfect fluidity, so that he can (Okakura, 1864:24).
strike the enemy the moment the latter shows a Room in the Japanese residence becomes
suki, he will have to have the attention glued to human only through man’s presence. Without
the enemy’s sword. This gluing is “stoppage,” him, there is no human trace. Thus, the empty
and every stoppage means giving and advantage room provides the very space where man’s spirit
to the enemy, which is a suki. Suki as has already can more freely and where his thoughts can reach
been stated, means “a space between two the very limits of their potential (Engel in Hover,
objects.” Or “a slit or split or crack in one solid 1989:44). The relationship between interior and
object.” When continuity is broken up and crack exterior spaces is no less important, and as an
begins to show, there is a suki. When tension expression of the continuity between interior and
slackness, certain signs of laxity appears – which exterior spaces, an entrance is of great
is suki. In Takuan’s terminology, suki significance in movement (Inoue, 1985:154). In
corresponds to “stopping.” In swordsman ship, Japanese architecture, in the respect, is an
this is taken advantage of by the enemy, who is architecture of vistas, of continuity, of
always too ready not to let the opportunity slip perspective. There is a constant movement of
away vainly (Suzuki, 1988:143). space, a gentle shifting from place to place; but
no matter how far one pursues the movement one
never arrives of a conception of a plastic whole
(Gropius and Tange, 1960).
6
Senuhima are the moments in which the music stops and
the actor arrest all perceptible movement; yet in this
movement of suspended action and sound the actor can
express the spirit of his role more movingly than through all
his other modes of performance.

82 Jurusan Teknik Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan - Universitas Kristen Petra
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 SPACE IN JAPAN ZEN BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE (Antariksa)

CONCLUSION Frank, Frederick, The Zen of Seeing/Drawing as

Meditation, London: Vintage Books
The ideas of emptiness and nothingness in Edition, 1973. p. 105.
Buddhist doctrine came exert great influence
over the Japanese. The Japanese of the time Gropius, Walter and Tange, Kenzo., Katsura
appear to have accepted these ideas literally. Tradition and Creation in Japanese
Here emptiness give a special form to enter in Architecture, New Heaven: Yale
every place of human live and inanimate object. University Press, 1960. p. 4.
In the concept of emptiness in Japanese
architecture is a part of space, as a empty place. Holmes, Stewart W., Zen Art for Meditation,
Despite this, the feeling for abstract composition Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 1990. p.66.
is somewhat stronger than the illusion of deep
space. It comes that closet to reflecting the Hover, Thomas, Zen Culture, London: Arkana,
tendency in Zen Buddhism to stress rapid 1984. p. 110 and p. 144.
flashes of intuitive insight into spiritual
phenomena. Inoue, Mitsuo, Space in Japanese Architecture,
Space embraces universal or ground in the Translated by Hiroshi Watanabe, Tokyo:
whole sense, but in philosophical side this can be Weatherhill, 1985. pp. 7-8; p. 136 and p.
different, space as physical meaning or space as 154.
a form which contain space itself. It is dependent
how we see a space, as a part of philosophy or as Kizo, Kurokawa, Rediscovering Japanese Space,
a form of architecture. Tokyo: Weatherhill, 1988. p.42; p. 55 and
p. 56.

REFERENCES Legget, Trevor. Zen and the Ways, Tokyo:

Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1989. p.75.
Antariksa, Study on the Philosophy and
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Kyoto-Japan. 1992 (unpublished) Tuttle Inc., 1988. pp. 3-4.

Bukyo Dendo Kyokai, The Teaching of Buddha, Nishi, Kazuo and Kazuo, Hozumi, What is
Tokyo: Kosardo Printing Company Ltd., Japanese Architecture, Tokyo: Kodansha
1985. p. 480. International Ltd., 1986. p. 118.

Chang, Amos Ih Tiao, The Tao of Architecture, Nitschke, Gunter, Ma: Place, Space and Void,
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Dumoulin, Heinrich, Zen Buddhism: A History, Okakura, Kakuzo, The Book of Tea, New York:
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Engel, Heinrich, 1964, The Japanese House a Snodgrass, Adrian, The Symbolism of the Stupa,
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Suzuki, T. Daisetz, Zen and Japanese Culture,

Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 1988. p. 143.

Wickert, Jurgen D., Borobudur, Jakarta: PT.

Intermasa, 1989. P. 16.

Wood. Ernest, Zen Dictionary, Tokyo: Charles

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84 Jurusan Teknik Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan - Universitas Kristen Petra
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