Choice of MV - LV Transformer - Electrical Installation Guide
Choice of MV - LV Transformer - Electrical Installation Guide
Choice of MV - LV Transformer - Electrical Installation Guide
From Electrical Installation Guide
The transformers shall comply with IEC 60076. A transformer is characterized by its electrical parameters, but
also by its technology and its conditions of use.
Contents
1 Characteristic parameters of a transformer
2 Technology and utilization of the transformers
2.1 For other service conditions
3 Dry type transformers
4 Liquidfilled transformers
4.1 Hermeticallysealed totallyfilled transformers up to 10 MVA
4.2 Airbreathing transformer
5 Choice of technology
6 Determination of the optimal power
6.1 The over sizing of a transformer results in:
6.2 Under sizing a transformer causes:
6.3 Definition of optimal power
Characteristic parameters of a transformer
Rated power = the apparentpower in kVA on which the values of the design parameters and the construction of
the transformer are based. Manufacturing tests and guarantee refer to this rated power
Frequency = for power distribution systems discussed in this guide, the frequency is either 50 Hz or 60 Hz
Rated primary voltage = the service voltage of the electrical network on which the transformer in connected
Rated secondary voltage = the voltage measured between the secondary terminals when the transformer is off
load and energized at its rated primary voltage
Transformer ratio = RMS value of the rated primary voltage divided by the RMS value of the rated secondary
voltage
Rated insulation levels = are defined by the values of the overvoltage power frequency withstand test, and high
voltage lightning impulse tests. For the voltage levels considered in this guide, the encountered switching over
voltages are generally lower than the expected lightning over voltages, so no over voltage switching tests are
required for these voltages
Offload tapChanger switch = allows to adjust the rated primary voltage and consequently the transformer ratio
within the range ± 2.5 % and ± 5 %. The transformer must be deenergized before the operation of the switch
Winding configurations = Star, Delta and Zigzag high and low voltage windings connections are defined by an
alphanumeric code read from the left to the right. The first letter refers to the high voltage winding, the second
letter to low voltage winding:
Capital letters are used for the high voltage windings
D = delta connection
Y = star connection
Z = zigzag connection
N = neutral point brought out to a dedicated terminal
Lowercase letters are used for the low voltage winding
d = delta
y = star
z = interconnectedstar (or zigzag)
n = neutral point brought out to a dedicated terminal
A number between 0 and 11 indicates the phase shifting between the primary and the secondary voltages.
A common winding configuration used for distribution transformers is Dyn 11:
High voltage primary windings connected in Delta
Low voltage secondary windings connected in Star
Low voltage neutral point brought out to a dedicated terminal.
Phase shifting between the primary and the secondary voltage: 30°.
Technology and utilization of the transformers
There are two basic types of distribution transformer:
Dry type (cast resin encapsulated) transformer
Liquid filled (oilimmersed) transformer.
According IEC 60076, the standard conditions of utilization of the transformers for outdoor and indoor
installation are the following:
Altitude ≤ 1000 m
Maximum ambient temperature: 40 °C
Monthly average temperature: 30 °C during the hottest month
Annual average temperature: 20 °C.
For other service conditions
For oil immersed transformer the IEC 600762 specifies the oil and winding temperature rise.
For dry type transformer the IEC 6007611 specifies the thermal class.
The temperature surrounding the transformer is linked to the outdoor service condition, its cooling mode and
efficiency when installed in a room, and its load. Two loading guides can help to verify if the transformer is
correctly defined according to the expected lifespan, which are respectively the IEC 600767 and IEC 6007612.
An annex within the HV/LV prefabricated substation standard IEC 62271202 gives several examples of
installation, based on these two guides.
Dry type transformers
(see Fig. B39)
The dry type transformers shall comply with IEC 6007611:
Each individual winding of these transformers is casted in resin according to a vacuum dedicated process.
The high voltage winding, the low voltage winding and the frame are separate by air.
The encapsulation of a winding uses three components:
Epoxyresin based on biphenol A with a viscosity that ensures complete impregnation of the windings
Anhydride hardener modified to introduce a degree of resilience in the moulding, essential to avoid the development of
cracks during the temperature cycles occurring in normal operation
Pulverulent additive composed of trihydrated alumina Al (OH)3 and silica which enhances its mechanical and thermal
properties, as well as giving exceptional intrinsic qualities to the insulation in the presence of heat.
This threecomponent system of encapsulation gives insulation system temperature 155°C (F) with average winding
temperature rise limit at rated current Δθ = 100 K which provides excellent fireresisting qualities and immediate self
extinction. The moulding of the windings contain no halogen compounds (chlorine, bromine, etc.) and no other
compounds capable of producing corrosive or toxic pollutants, thereby guaranteeing a high degree of safety to
personnel in emergency situations, notably in the event of a fire.
These transformers are classified as nonflammable. Transformers exposed to fire risk with low flammability and
self extinguishing in a given time.
They are also exceptionally well adapted for hostile industrial atmospheres and comply with the following class
of environment:
Class E3: up to 95 % of humidity and/or high level of pollution
Class C3: utilization, transport and storage down to 50 °C.
Fig. B39: Dry type transformer
Liquidfilled transformers
The most common insulating liquid used in these transformers is mineral oil, which also acts as a cooling
medium.
Mineral oils are specified in IEC 60296, they must not contain PCB (PolyChlorinated Biphenyl).
Mineral oil can be replaced by an alternative insulating liquid such as high density hydrocarbons, esters, silicones,
halogen liquids.
The oil being flammable, dedicated safety measures against fire are mandatory in many countries, especially for
indoor substations.
The dielectric liquids are classified in several categories according to their fire performance. This latter is assessed
according to two criteria (see Fig. B40):
The flashpoint temperature
The minimum calorific power.
Flashpoint Minimum calorific power
Code Dielectric fluid
(°C) (MJ/kg)
O1 Mineral oil < 300
Highdensity
K1 > 300 48
hydrocarbons
K2 Esters > 300 34 37
K3 Silicones > 300 27 28
Insulating halogen
L3 12
liquids
Fig. B40: Categories of dielectric fluids
There are two types of liquid filled transformers: Hermeticallysealed totallyfilled transformers and Airbreathing
transformer.
Hermeticallysealed totallyfilled transformers up to 10 MVA
(see Fig. B41)
For this type of transformers the expansion of the insulating liquid is compensated by the elastic deformation of
the oilcooling radiators attached to the tank.
The protection against internal faults is ensured by means of a DGPT device: Detection of Gas, Internal Over
Pressure and Oil Over Temperature.
The "totalfill" technique has many advantages:
Water cannot enter the tank
Oxidation of the dielectric liquid with atmospheric oxygen is entirely precluded
No need for an airdrying device, and so no consequent maintenance (inspection and changing of saturated desiccant)
No need for dielectricstrength test of the liquid for at least 10 years
Fig. B41: Hermeticallysealed totallyfilled oil
transformer
Airbreathing transformer
(see Fig. B42)
This type of transformer is equipped with an expansion tank or conservator mounted above the main tank. The
expansion of the insulating liquid is compensated inside the conservator by the raising of the oil level.
A conservator is required for transformers rated above10 MVA which is presently the upper limit for "totally
filled type transformers".
In the conservator the top of the oil is in contact with the air which must remain dry to avoid any oxidation. This
is achieved by admitting the outside air in the conservator through a desiccating device containing silicagel
crystals.
The protection of breathing transformers against internal faults is ensured by means of a buchholz mounted on the
pipe linking the main tank to the conservator.
The buchholz ensures the detection of gas emission and internal over pressure.
The over temperature of the oil is commonly detected by an additional thermostat.
Fig. B42: Airbreathing oil transformer
Choice of technology
As discussed above, the choice of transformer is between liquidfilled or dry type. For ratings up to 10 MVA,
totally filled units are available as an alternative to conservator type transformers.
totally filled units are available as an alternative to conservator type transformers.
The choice depends on a number of considerations, including:
Local regulations and recommendations. In some countries drytype transformers are mandatory for specific buildings
such as hospitals, commercial premises etc.
Risk of fire
Prices and technical considerations, taking account the relative advantages of each technology.
Determination of the optimal power
The over sizing of a transformer results in:
Excessive investment
Un necessarily high noload losses
Lower onload losses.
Under sizing a transformer causes:
A reduced efficiency when fully loaded. The highest efficiency is attained in the range 50 % 70 % of the full load,
On longterm overload, serious consequences for the transformer, owing to the premature ageing of the windings
insulation, and in extreme cases, resulting in failure of insulation and loss of the transformer.
Definition of optimal power
In order to select an optimal power rating for a transformer, the following factors must be taken into account:
List the consumers and define the factor of utilization ku and the diversity factor ks for each load as described in
chapter A
Determine the load cycle of the installation, noting the duration of loads and overloads
Take into account all possible future extensions of the installation.
Arrange for powerfactor correction, if justified, in order to:
Reduce billing penalties in tariffs based, in part, on maximum kVA demand
Reduce the value of the required apparent power: P(kVA) = P (kW)/cos φ
Select the transformer, among the range of standard transformer ratings available.
To avoid over heating and consequently premature ageing of the transformer, it is important to ensure that cooling
arrangements and temperature rise of the transformer are adequate.
Notes:
A wrong choice of the winding temperature rise or thermal class can be at the origin of a reduced lifespan.
A wrong assessment of the service conditions linked to the load profile can be at the origin of a reduced lifespan. Ex:
Photovoltaic production where the load is during the day and when a 70°C maximum ambient temperature gradient is
met as in Russia between winter and summer.
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Category: Chapter Connection to the MV utility distribution network
This page was last modified on 23 November 2016, at 13:31.