HEAT TRANSFER ASSIGNMENT 2

1) q=a+br

(1) 𝜕𝑇 + ( 1 ) 𝜕2𝑇 + 𝜕 𝑇 = (𝛼
𝑞 2 2 1) 𝜕𝑇
+𝜕 𝑇2
+ 𝑟 𝑟 2 2 2
𝑘 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
𝑑 𝑞𝑟 −𝑎𝑟+𝑏𝑟 2
(r ) = −
𝑑𝑇
=
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑘 𝑘
𝑑𝑇 1 𝑎𝑟 2 𝑏𝑟 3
r = (− + )+ 𝑐
𝑑𝑟 𝑘 2 3
𝑑𝑇 1 𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑟 2 𝑐
= (− + )+𝑟
𝑑𝑟 𝑘 2 3
1 𝑎𝑟 2 𝑏𝑟 3
𝑇 = (−
𝑘 4
+
9
) + 𝑚𝑙𝑛𝑟 + 𝑛 1(a)
Given that T =Ti at r =ri and T =To at r =ro.
Substituting these values in 1(a),
𝑎(𝑟𝑜2 −𝑟𝑖2 ) 𝑏(𝑟𝑜3 −𝑟𝑖3 )
1
𝑇𝑖−𝑇𝑜−𝑘 ( 4
+
9
)
𝑚= 𝑟𝑖
ln( )
𝑟𝑜

1 𝑎(𝑟𝑜2 −𝑟𝑖2 ) 𝑏(𝑟𝑜3 −𝑟𝑖3 )

𝑎𝑟𝑜 2 𝑏𝑟𝑜 3 ( + )
1 𝑘 4 9
𝑛 = 𝑇𝑜 + 𝑘
( + ) + (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 −
4 9 𝑙𝑛𝑟𝑜

2) Thickness = 2.1cm = 2.1 x 10-2 m = 0.021 m

K(material) = 1.3 W/m C
K(insulated) = 0.35 W/m C
Q = 1880W per square metre
Assuming that one dimensional heat transfer is taking place,
Q = Temp diff/(t1/k1+t2/k2)
(1300-50)/(0.021/1.3 + t2/0.35) < 1800
0.021/1.3 + t2/0.35 > 1250/1800
Hence, t2 = 0.237m

3) Assumptions: (1) One dimensional heat flow since any plane wall normal to the heat flow
is isothermal
(ii) thermal conductivity is constant
(iii) Contact resistance between surface is negligible.
R = thickness/Ak
Ra = 0.025/(150x0.1) = 1/600
Rb = 0.075/(30x0.05) = 0.05
Rd = 0.075/(90x0.05) = 1/60
 Rc = 0.05/(50 x 0.1) = 0.01
R = Ra + Rc + 1/(1/Rb + 1/Rd) = 29/1200
Temperature difference/R = q
(370-66)/(29/1200) = q
12579.31 W = q

4)
q(without insulation) = hA(Tw- T*) = (25)(4π)(0.7*0.7)(120- 20)
= (25)(4x3.142)(0.49)(100) = 15,393.804W
4𝜋𝑘(𝑇𝑖−𝑇𝑜)
𝑞= 1 1
( − )
= 4𝜋𝑟𝑜 ℎ(𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇(𝑎𝑡 ∞))
2
𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑜
120−40
1 = 𝑟𝑜 x 25 x (40 − 20)
2
0.018 x ( 1 – )
0.7 𝑟𝑜
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑜 = 0.7028

q(with insulation) = A(after adding insulation)h(T-T at ∞)

= 25(4π)(0.7028 )(0.7028 )(40-20)
= 25(4 x 3.142)(0.7028)2(20)
= 3103.440W
Reduction in heat loss = q(without ins) - q(with ins) = 12290.364W
5) Percentage reduction = reduction x 100/q(without ins) = 79.839%
To calculate radius of insulation of a sphere
Assumption: (i) One dimensional heat transfer when L >>> r
(T1-Tinfinity)/(Rins+Rcon) = q
Rins = (1/ri – 1/ro)/4πk
Rcon = 1/4πro x roh
To find out critical radius of insulation, dq/dro = 0
We get,
1/(k x ro x ro) -2h/(ro x ro x ro x h) = 0
Hence,
Ro = 2 k/h
6)
Given that
Thickness of wall=8 cm
q̇=0.3 MW/m3
T∞ = 93°C
h= 570 W/m2°C.
k= 21 W/m° C.

We are Assuming that: There is a One dimensional heat flow

wall is insulated which implies no heat loss
No heat is lost by Radiation
T0(centre temperature)=Tw(wall temperature)+ q̇L2/2k
And from energy conservation ,
𝑞̇ × 𝐴 × 𝐿 = ℎ × 𝐴 × (𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∞)
0.3 × 0.08
= (𝑇𝑤 − 93) × 10−6
570
 𝑇𝑤 = 135.105°𝐶
Hence, we get 𝑇0 = 135.105 + 0.3 × 106 × 0.082/42
T0=180°C

7) Given, 𝑞̇ = 𝑞̇ 0𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
From the heat conduction equation we have
𝑑2 𝑇 −𝑎𝑥
𝑒
𝑑𝑥 2 = −𝑞̇ 0 𝑘
When the above equation is solved by two times integration
𝑞̇ 0
𝑇 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎2 𝑘 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 7(a)
The Boundary conditions are as follows:
At x=0, T=Ti and at x = L, T = To
When these are substitued in equation 7(a), we get
a and b as follows
𝑞̇ 0
𝑎 = 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑎2 𝑘
𝑞̇ 0(1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑙 )
𝑏 = 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖 −
𝑎2 𝑘

Substituting in the equation 7(a),

𝒒̇ 𝟎(𝟏−𝒆−𝒂𝒍)
𝒒̇ 𝟎 𝑻𝒐−𝑻𝒊− 𝒒̇ 𝟎
𝒂𝟐 𝒌
𝑻 = 𝑻𝒊 + + − 𝒆−𝒂𝒙
𝒂𝟐 𝒌 𝑳 𝒂𝟐 𝒌

8)
Assumptions:(i) internal and external heat transfer coefficient is constant
(ii) Conductivity is constant

We know that
𝑟
1 1 𝐴𝑖𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑟𝑜 ) 𝐴𝑖
𝑖
= + +
𝑈𝑖 ℎ𝑖 2𝜋𝑘𝑙 𝐴𝑜ℎ𝑜
𝑟𝑜
1 𝐴𝑜 𝐴𝑜𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑟𝑖 ) 1
= + +
𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑖ℎ𝑖 2𝜋𝑘𝑙 ℎ𝑜

Hence,
1 1 4.1
= + 0.011 × 0.011 × 𝑙𝑛( )/(2 × 50.2 × 𝐿) + 4.1 × 4.1/(1.1 × 1.1 × 12)
𝑈𝑖 500 1.1
4.1
1 4.1 𝑙𝑛 (1.1) 1
= 4.1 x + 0.0412 x +
𝑈𝑜 1.1 x 1.1 x 500 2 x 50.2 x 𝐿 12
 Hence,
Ui = 11.7706 w/m2° C
Uo= 9.648 w/m2° C

9) The general solution is of the form

ϴ = T-T∞ = 𝑎𝑒−𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒𝑚𝑥
The boundary conditions are
At x=0, ϴ = ϴ1 = T1-T∞
At x=L, ϴ = ϴ2 = T2-T∞
ϴ1 = a+b, a= ϴ1-b
ϴ2 = 𝑎𝑒−𝑚𝑙 + 𝑏𝑒𝑚𝑙
ϴ2 = (ϴ1-b)𝑒−𝑚𝑙 + 𝑏𝑒𝑚𝑙 = 𝛳1𝑒−𝑚𝑙 − 𝑏(𝑒−𝑚𝑙 − 𝑒𝑚𝑙)
𝛳2− 𝛳1𝑒 −𝑚𝑙
Hence, b = 𝑒 𝑚𝑙 −𝑒 −𝑚𝑙
Now, a= ϴ1-b
𝛳2− 𝛳1𝑒 𝑚𝑙
So, a = (𝑒 −𝑚𝑙−𝑒 𝑚𝑙 )
As ϴ = 𝑎𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑥
Substituting the above values of a and b,
We get,
𝒆−𝒎𝒙 (𝜭𝟐− 𝜭 𝟏𝒆𝒎𝒍 )+𝒆𝒎𝒙 (𝜭𝟏𝒆−𝒎𝒍 − 𝜭𝟐)
𝜭 = 𝒆−𝒎𝒍 −𝒆𝒎𝒍
𝑑𝛳 𝑑𝛳
For calculating the part heat lost by the rod, q= −𝑘𝐴 𝑑𝑥 (at x=0) + 𝑘𝐴 𝑑𝑥 (at x=l)
𝑑𝛳 𝑚(−𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 (𝛳2− 𝛳1𝑒 𝑚𝑙 )+𝑒 𝑚𝑥 (𝛳1𝑒 −𝑚𝑙 − 𝛳2))
We get, =
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 −𝑚𝑙 −𝑒 𝑚𝑙

Substituting the values at x = 0 and x = l

[( 𝜭𝟐− 𝜭𝟏𝒆𝒎𝒍 )(𝟏−𝒆−𝒎𝒍 )+( 𝜭𝟐− 𝜭𝟏𝒆−𝒎𝒍 )(𝟏−𝒆−𝒎𝒍 )]
We get, 𝒒 = 𝒌𝑨𝒎 𝒆−𝒎𝒍 −𝒆𝒎𝒍

10) We know that,

𝑑2𝛳 ℎ𝑃𝛳 𝑃ℎ 0.5
− 𝐾𝑎 = 0 and 𝑚 = (𝐾𝑎)
𝑑𝑥 2
T∞ = 38C, d=12.5mm, L=22cm, h=17
𝛳= 𝑎𝑒−𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒𝑚𝑥 10(a)
At x = 0, 𝛳 = 180 − 38 = 142𝐶
K=385,
Perimeter = πd, Area = πd2/4
At, x=0.22 𝛳 = 90 − 38 = 52𝐶 10(b)
17𝜋(0.0125)4 0.5
Hence, 𝑚 = [385(𝜋)(0.01252 )] = 3.754
142 = a+b
Using equation 10(a) and condition 10(b)
52 = 2.284 x a + 0.438 x b
Solving the equations we get a = -5.523, b=147.523
𝛳 = −5.523𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 + 147.523𝑒 𝑚𝑥
 𝐿 ℎ𝑃
So, q=∫0 ℎ𝑝𝛳𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚 (5.523𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 + 147.523𝑒 𝑚𝑥 )(𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑙)
= (ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴)0.5 (5.523𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 + 147.523𝑒 𝑚𝑥 )(𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 0 𝑡𝑜 0.22)
0.5
=(17𝜋 2 (0.01253 )(385)) (5.523𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 + 147.523𝑒 𝑚𝑥 )(𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 0 𝑡𝑜 0.22)
= 66.1727W
11)

Given that,
Thickness =0.015 m,r1=0.0125 m,T0=160 ˚C,T∞=20 ˚C, h=150 W/m2 ˚C
kaluminum = 205 W/m.°C ,L=0.025 m
Lc=L + t/2 =0.025+(0.015/2)=0.0325 m
rc=0.0325+0.0125 =0.045 m
Am=0.015(0.05-0.0125)=5.625 *10-4
Lc3/2(h/k Am)1/2 = 0.03253/2(150/205 *5.625 *10-4)1/2
=
0.2113
tanh 𝑚 Lc tanh(0.2113)
Ƞf = = = .978
𝑚 Lc 0.2113

q = 0.979 *150 *2 * 𝜋 ∗ (0.052-0.01252)

=2.16 W
Effectiveness= tanh ( m Lc(k P /h Ac ) )*0.5 =0.944
12)
For this problem, the net heat generated in the tube will be equal to the heat which will
be delivered to the fluid by convection. The temperature gradient at the other surface of the tube
will be zero. The problem does not state whether the fluid is on the outside or the inside of the
tube so both cases must be examined. In either case the maximum tube temperature will occur at
the insulated surface. To effect the design one might first assume a surface temperature for the
tube surface in contact with the fluid. This will then determine the surface area. Suitable
combinations of the tube length and diameter may then be examined to equal the total surface
area. The heat generation equation for a hollow cylinder may then be solved for the other tube
surface temperature if a tube wall thickness is assumed (i.e. establishing the other diameter). The
resultant value of temperature must be reasonable i.e. low enough. Obviously, there as many
combinations which will be satisfactory.

13)
 Assumptions: (i) Heat transfer is one dimensional along the cylinder length, when
cylinder radius << cylinder length.
(ii)L is fin length
𝑘𝐴𝑑𝑇
𝑞(𝑎𝑡 𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑇 𝑑2 𝑇
𝑞(𝑎𝑡 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥) = −𝑘𝐴(𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥)
The radiation heat loss is given by
(rad)q= Pdxσe(T^4-To^4)
Now, q(at x) – q(at x+dx) = (rad)q
𝒅𝟐 𝑻 𝑷𝒆𝛔
+ 𝒌𝑨 (𝑻𝟒 − 𝑻𝒔𝟒 ) = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐
Boundary Conditions: At x=0, T =To
𝒌𝑨𝒅𝑻
Free end, − 𝒅𝒙 ( 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝒍) = 𝑨𝝈𝒆(𝑻𝟒 (𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝒍) – 𝑻𝒔𝟒 )

14)
(a) For an insulated tip fin losing heat by radiation
𝑑𝑇
= 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑥
(b) For a very long fin losing heat by radiation
T will tend to Ts as x tends to infinity