New Strategy in Wireless Communication Li-Fi For Delivery of Broadband and Media Content in Aircraft Without Intrusion 2017-2018

New Strategy in Wireless Communication
Li-Fi for Delivery of Broadband and Media Content in Aircraft Without Intrusion 2017-2018
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In the era of overcrowded (data communication) world, Li-Fi is a new way of wireless
communication that uses LED lights to transmit data wirelessly. Transmission of data is one
of the most important day to day activities in the fast growing world. The current wireless
networks that connect us to the Internet are very slow when multiple devices are connected.
Also with the increase in the number of devices which access the Internet, the availability of
fixed bandwidth makes it much more difficult to enjoy high data transfer rates and to connect
a secure network.
Radio waves are just a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum available for data
transfer. Li-Fi has got a much broader spectrum for transmission compared to conventional
methods of wireless communications that rely on radio waves. The basic ideology behind this
technology is that the data can be transferred through LED light by varying light intensities
faster than the human eyes can perceive. This technology uses a part of the electromagnetic
spectrum that is still not greatly utilized- The Visible Spectrum, instead of Gigahertz radio
waves for data transfer.
As the demand for data communication has increased dramatically over the past few
years, several innovative methods have been attempted to meet the ever-growing demand. An
application domain where wireless networks are significantly used is in aircraft. In
commercial aviation, the key objective is to supply in-flight internet connectivity to
passengers. Li-Fi employing LED can provide connectivity through constant lighting. LEDs
consume less power compared to other sources and have a remarkable life span and
chromaticity properties. LEDs can be switched on and off very promptly for the digital input
1 and 0, which gives excellent opportunities for transmitting data.
In this paper, we are going to look at some of the key aspects of LED and its
advantage over Wi-Fi, mainly in the field of aviation. The problems like interferences,
threats, hacking and loss of communication in using Wi-Fi in aircraft are discussed. The
highlights about general architecture of aircraft wireless network using Li-Fi technology for
the deliverance of broadband and media content inside the aircraft. The calculation of the
luminous flux based on parameters such as luminosity function of the human eye and spectral
power distribution of a LED.
Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 1

Airline Wi-Fi wants captive audience to pay for the "service" of dial up on the plane.
And also they are very expensive. Passengers will soon be offered a "high-speed like"
connection on some airlines. Li-Fi could easily introduce that sort of speed to each
passengers reading light. It would be interruption free to and from other wireless signals on
the board. Power Plants Wi-Fi and many other.

CHAPTER 2
LI-FI IN AIRCRAFT
Air travel over many years has been a phone-free, electronic device-free region.
Passengers have no other option than to watch a movie or read a magazine. As a remedy for
this, Li-Fi technology can be put in for the deliverance of broadband and media content in
aircraft. Li-Fi facilitates faster transmission, less cabling, and equipment, and is safe and
secure. An added advantage is that Li-Fi excludes troublesome RF interference in vital
aircraft control systems. Li-Fi is a high-speed, bidirectional and networked technology. It
makes connectivity available at all times, without producing electromagnetic interference
(EMI) with responsive radio equipment on the flight deck.
“Light waves do not pass all through walls. Hence, protected wireless communication
is possible in cyber-secure spaces”, explains Haas, German Professor of Mobile
Communications at the University of Edinburgh. Haas has exposed that “a major aircraft

carrier” has been trying the probability of Li-Fi for in flight amusement using LED bulb with
a line of sight on top of the head in airlines. The position of the passenger for the explicit
period in flight is regularly a seat with a reading lamp pointing to his/her position at a
detachment of about 1.5 m and may contain a data device (laptop, tablet or phone) over the
table.

2.1 ARCHITECTURE OF LI-FI

Li-Fi stands for Light-Fidelity. Li-Fi is transmission of data through illumination by
taking the fiber out of fiber optics by sending data through an LED light bulb (shown in Fig.
2.1a) that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can follow.
Fig. 2.1a
Li-Fi is a fast and cheap optical version of Wi-Fi. It is based on Visible Light
Communication (VLC).VLC is a data communication medium, which uses visible light
between 400THz (780 nm) and 800 THz (375 nm) as optical carrier for data transmission and
illumination. It uses fast pulses of light to transmit information wirelessly.

Fig.2.1b
The main components of Li-Fi system are as follows:

a) a high brightness white LED which acts as transmission source.
b) a silicon photodiode with good response to visible light as the receiving element.
The Li-Fi emitter system consists of 4 primary subassemblies

a) Bulb
b) RF power amplifier circuit (PA)
c) Printed circuit board (PCB)
d) Enclosure
The PCB controls the electrical inputs and outputs of the lamp and houses the
microcontroller used to manage different lamp functions. A RF (radio-frequency) signal is
generated by the solid-state PA and is guided into an electric field about the bulb. The high
concentration of energy in the electric field vaporizes the contents of the bulb to a plasma
state at the bulb‘s center; this controlled plasma generates an intense source of light. All of
these subassemblies (shown in Fig. 2b) are contained in an aluminum enclosure.

Fig. 2.1c
The bulb sub-assembly is the heart of the Li-Fi emitter. It consists of a sealed bulb
which is embedded in a dielectric material. This design is more reliable than conventional
light sources that insert degradable electrodes into the bulb. The dielectric material serves two
purposes. It acts as a waveguide for the RF energy transmitted by the PA. It also acts as an
electric field concentrator that focuses energy in the bulb. The energy from the electric field
rapidly heats the material in the bulb to a plasma state that emits light of high intensity and
full spectrum.
Li-Fi Bulb sub-assembly:

The bulb sub-assembly is the main part of the Li-Fi emitter. It consists of a sealed
bulb embedded in a dielectric material which serves two purposes: one, it acts as a waveguide
for the RF energy transmitted by the PA (Power Amplifier) and two, it acts as an electric field
concentrator that focuses the energy into the bulb. The collected energy from the electric field
rapidly heats the material in the bulb to a plasma state that emits light of high intensity of
Visible light spectrum.
There are various inherent advantages of this approach which includes high
brightness, excellent colour quality and high luminous efficacy of the emitter – in the range
of 150 lumens per watt or greater. The structure is mechanically robust without typical
degradation and failure mechanisms associated with tungsten electrodes and glass to metal
seals, resulting in useful lamp life of 30,000+ hours. In addition, the unique combination of
high temperature plasma and digitally controlled solid state electronics results in an
economically produced family of lamps scalable in packages from 3,000 to over 100,000
lumens.

Fig.2.1d
Important factors that should be considered while designing Li-Fi are as follows:
1) Presence of Light
2) Line of Sight (Los)
3) for better performance use fluorescent light & LED

2.2 INTERFERENCES AND INTIMIDATION
A. Effect of Electromagnetic Field and Radiation

The interference in wireless communication system evokes radio frequency
interruption and also results in failure of electronic, communication and information systems.
The electromagnetic contagion and electro smog (E-smog) are the radiation that affects the
environment. The human body is constantly affected by the presence of electromagnetic
radiation in the environment. The overwhelming exercises of electricity and wireless
technologies have progressively increased the exposure to electromagnetic field (EMF). A
human body is uncovered to an intricate mix of EMFs at various frequencies throughout
lifespan. The adverse effects of EMF are tiredness, sleep disturbances, facial itchiness,
burning sensations, rashes, pains and aches in muscles, hazy thinking and sadness.
B. Problem of Hacking and Loss of Communication

The antennas are installed on the belly of an aircraft to pick up signals from land-
based cell towers to get connected to Wi-Fi. The aircraft commences to choose dissimilar cell
towers and consent to users within the plane to begin sending and receiving signals. Wi-Fi
services are prevented in the aircraft, as it is possible to be taken over by hackers on land who
might use it as a missile or by hijackers on board captivating instructions from their handlers.
And furthermore, there will be a loss of communication so that pilot will not be able to
acquire the information about the distance among aircraft and their comparative positions and
speed as well as he/she won’t be able to transfer information to Air traffic control (ATC). In
such cases, the loss of communication may be considered a security threat. Pilot workload
may be considerably greater than before in order to restore usual communicated on.

CHAPTER 3
AIRCRAFT WIRELESS NETWORK
Fig.3a
The common architecture for aircraft services is shown in Fig. 3a using airline
network topology which consists of three basic sections: an aircraft, a satellite link, and a
ground station. On the aircraft, a wireless access point can be used to make available
connectivity to travelers. The satellite link connects to the ground station, which in turn is
coupled to the Internet. The data link over wireless communication utilizes free-space for
broadcast and is subjected to interference and signal disruption from other sources. It is
difficult and almost impracticable to separate the transmission media from the sources of
electromagnetic interference, hacking and loss of communication. A general threat examined
here aims to find a method to facilitate aircraft’s wireless network to be more practical and
competent.

3.1 OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION MODEL
Fig. 3.1a
Visible light communication can be used in industries where radio frequency can’t be
used. Eg., Aircraft, hospitals and more locations. A proposed model for wireless
communication in aircraft is shown in Fig. 3.1a in which an LED with a restrained change in
intensity produces an optical output depending on the input 0 and 1. Intensity modulation
which is implemented in transmitter produces instantaneous optical power in accordance with
the transmitted signal. The optical power of the LED depends on the forward current through
the LED which in turn controls its radiant intensity. The direct detection method is employed
at the receiver’s end. The receiver has a photodiode that converts the incident optical power
into its equivalent current.

A. Optical Quantities
A LED transmitter gives away twin purposes of illumination and communication. As
a consequence, it is indispensable to comprehend the relevant optical quantities such as
photometric, colorimetry and radiometric parameters. These parameters help out in
calculating the luminous Flux, which is the transmitted power of a LED transmitter.
Photometric parameters evaluate the characteristics of light such as brightness color etc. as
professed by the human eye. It makes us be attentive to the illumination aspects of LEDs.
Radiometric parameters estimate the characteristics of the radiant electromagnetic energy of
light. It finds out the communication associated properties of LEDs.
The photopic vision of human eye permits humans to distinguish different colors,
making it a crucial factor in designing lighting technology. Human’s photopic vision exhibits
different levels of sensitivity to different wavelengths of the visible light spectrum. This
aspect is shown in Fig. 3c using the luminosity function V (λ). The function is an evidence for
that human eye can see the colors within the range of 380 nm to 750 nm with the maximum
sensitivity at a wavelength of 555 nm of the yellow-green region. The visual perception of
color by the human eye will be known by colorimetry, which provides a quantitative and
qualitative depiction of color. Every color is a grouping of the three primary colors red, green
and blue.
The calculation of the luminous Flux using spectral integral or using spatial integral
depends on parameters such as luminosity function of the human eye and spectral power
distribution of a LED. The P (λ) of a LED is the function representing the power of the LED
at all wavelengths in the visible light spectrum. V (λ) is the sensitivity of the human eye to
diverse wavelengths. The constant 683 lumens/W is the maximum luminous efficiency.
F = 683 (lumens/W)

Fig. 3c Luminosity function in the visible spectrum
_
750 nm
380 nm
P(λ)V (λ)d(λ).
The luminous flux can be calculated by integrating the luminous intensity function over the
entire beam solid angle Ωmax.
F =integration of Ωmax and 0
Lo g(θ)d
where g(θ) is the normalized spatial luminous intensity distribution.
Axial Intensity (Lo) is defined as the luminous intensity in candelas at 0◦ solid angle. The
photo detector receives signals from multiple LEDs, the received optical power of the
receiver can be calculated by summing the received power of each Line of Sight (LOS) link
within receiver’s field-of-view (FOV) can be expressed as,
PR(total) =M_j=0 P(j)
where M is the total number of LEDs and P(j) is the received optical power from LOS link of
jth LED.

CHAPTER 4
COMPARISION BETWEEN LI-FI ,WI-FI AND OTHER
RADIO COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Both Wi-Fi and Li-Fi can provide wireless Internet access to users, and both the
technologies transmit data over electromagnetic spectrum. Li-Fi is a visible light
communication technology useful to obtain high speed wireless communication. The
difference is: Wi-Fi technology uses radio waves for transmission, whereas Li-Fi utilizes
light waves. Wi-Fi works well for general wireless coverage within
building/campus/compound, and Li-Fi is ideal for high density wireless data coverage inside
a confined area or room and is free from interference issues unlike the Wi-Fi.
Table 1: Comparison of speed of various wireless technologies

Technology Speed
Li-Fi ~1 Gbps
Wi-Fi – IEEE 802.11n Wi-Fi – IEEE 802.11n
IrDA ~4 Mbps
Bluetooth ~3 Mbps
NFC ~424 Kbps
Table 2: Comparison of Wi-Fi and Li-Fi

Parameter Li-Fi Wi-Fi

Spectrum Used Visible Light RF
Standard IEEE 802.15.7 IEEE 802.11
Range Based on Light Intensity Based on Radio propagation &

interference ( < 300 m)
(< 10m)
Data Transfer Rate* Very high ( ~1 Gbps) Low (100 Mbps-1 Gbps)
Power consumption Low High
Cost Low High
Bandwidth Unlimited Limited

CHAPTER 5
APPLICATIONS, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
5.1 APPLICATIONS
1. Aviation: li-fi can be used to reduce weight and cabling and add flexibility to
seating layouts in aircraft passenger cabin, where LED are already deployed. In-
flight entertainment (IFE) system can also be supported and integrated with
passengers own mobile device.
2. Location based services (LBS): highly accurate location specific information
services such as advertising and navigation that enables the recipient to receive
appropriate pertinent information in a timely manner and location.
5.2 ADVANTAGES
1. High speed: Combination of low interference, high bandwidths and high-

intensity output, help Li-Fi provide high data rates i.e. 1 Gbps or even beyond.
2. Cheaper: Li-Fi not only requires fewer components for its working, but also
uses only a negligible additional power for the data transmission.
3. Better Security: Li-Fi signals cannot penetrate through walls which prevent
external hacking.
4. Efficiency: Energy consumption can be minimised with the use of LED
illumination for lighting purpose.
5. Availability: Availability is not an issue as light sources are present
everywhere. Wherever there is a light source, there can be Internet.

5.3 DISADVANTAGES
1. It requires a near or perfect line-of-sight to transmit data.

2. High initial installation cost, if used to set up a full-fledged data network.
3. Internet cannot be accessed without a light source. This could limit the
locations and situations in which Li-Fi could be used.
4. Opaque obstacles on pathways can affect data transmission.

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE OUTLOOK
With the help of Li-Fi, passengers can get internet admittance in aircraft and airlines
will be able to channelize and distribute movies, games, and other content to passenger’s
screens. Li-Fi eliminates wiring, reduces weight and eliminates the risk of RF interference
with avionics in airlines. Airlines will show more interest because of its flexibility. Li-Fi
could soon hit upon its first potential boon in commercial use.

Abbreviations
Li-Fi: Light Fidelity

VLC: Visible Light Communication
LED: Light Emitting Diodes
EMI: Electro Magnetic Interference
PA: Power Amplifier
PCB: Printed Circuit Board
RF: Radio Frequency
LOS: Line of Sight
EMF: Electro Magnetic Field
ATC: Air Traffic Control
MAC: Media Access Control
IrDA: Infrared Data Association
NFC: Near Field Communication
IFE: In Flight Entertainment
LBS: Location Based Services

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New Strategy in Wireless Communication

Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 1

Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 2

Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 3

Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 4

2.1 ARCHITECTURE OF LI-FI

Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 5

The main components of Li-Fi system are as follows:

The Li-Fi emitter system consists of 4 primary subassemblies

Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 6

Li-Fi Bulb sub-assembly:

Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 7

Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 8

2.2 INTERFERENCES AND INTIMIDATION

A. Effect of Electromagnetic Field and Radiation

B. Problem of Hacking and Loss of Communication

Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 9

Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 10

3.1 OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION MODEL

Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 11

Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 12

Fig. 3c Luminosity function in the visible spectrum

Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 13

Table 1: Comparison of speed of various wireless technologies

Wi-Fi – IEEE 802.11n Wi-Fi – IEEE 802.11n

NFC ~424 Kbps

Table 2: Comparison of Wi-Fi and Li-Fi

Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 14

Spectrum Used Visible Light RF

Standard IEEE 802.15.7 IEEE 802.11

Range Based on Light Intensity Based on Radio propagation &

Power consumption Low High

Cost Low High

Bandwidth Unlimited Limited

Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 15

1. High speed: Combination of low interference, high bandwidths and high-

Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 16

1. It requires a near or perfect line-of-sight to transmit data.

Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 17

Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 18

Li-Fi: Light Fidelity

Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 19

[1] A. Kovetz, Electromagnetic theory, Clarendon Press, 2000.

Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 20

[16] C. Quintana V. Guerra J. Rufo J. Rabadan, and R. Perez-Jimenez “Reading lamp-based

Dept. of ECE,GEC. Chamarajanagar Page 21

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