ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

Oracle PL/SQL
Lab Book

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

Document Revision History

Date Revision No. Author Summary of Changes

05-Feb-2009 0.1D Rajita Dhumal Content Creation
09-Feb-2009 CLS team Review
02-Jun-2011 2.0
Anu Mitra Integration Refinements
30-Nov-2012 3.0
Hareshkumar Revamp of Assignments and Conversion to
Chandiramani iGATE format.

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK
   
 
 

Table of Contents
Document Revision History ................................................................................................ 2
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... 3
Getting Started ................................................................................................................... 4
Overview ................................................................................................................ 4
Setup Checklist for Oracle 9i ................................................................................. 4
Instructions ............................................................................................................ 4
Learning More (Bibliography if applicable) ............................................................ 4
Lab 1. Introduction to Data Dictionary ............................................................................ 5
Lab 2. Introduction to PL/SQL and Cursors.................................................................... 6
Lab 3. Exception Handling and Dynamic SQL ............................................................... 8
Lab 4. Database Programming ..................................................................................... 10
Lab 5. Case Study 1 ..................................................................................................... 14
Lab 6. Case Study 2 ..................................................................................................... 16
Lab 7. Handling Files, DBMS_LOB .............................................................................. 18
Lab 8. SQL*Plus Reports.............................................................................................. 19
Lab 9. SQL Loader ....................................................................................................... 23
Appendices ....................................................................................................................... 28
Appendix A: Oracle Standards ............................................................................ 28
Appendix B: Coding Best Practices ..................................................................... 29
Appendix C: Table of Figures .............................................................................. 30
Appendix D: Table of Examples .......................................................................... 31

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK
   
 
 

Getting Started

Overview

This lab book is a guided tour for learning Oracle 9i. It comprises ‘To Do’ assignments.
Follow the steps provided and work out the ‘To Do’ assignments.

Setup Checklist for Oracle 9i

Here is what is expected on your machine in order for the lab to work.
Minimum System Requirements
 Intel Pentium 90 or higher (P166 recommended)
 Microsoft Windows 95, 98, or NT 4.0, 2k, XP.
 Memory: 32MB of RAM (64MB or more recommended)

Please ensure that the following is done:

 Oracle Client is installed on every machine
 Connectivity to Oracle Server

Instructions

 For all coding standards refer Appendix A. All lab assignments should refer
coding standards.
 Create a directory by your name in drive <drive>. In this directory, create a
subdirectory Oracle 9i_assgn. For each lab exercise create a directory as lab
<lab number>.

Learning More (Bibliography if applicable)

 Oracle10g - SQL - Student Guide - Volume 1 by Oracle Press

 Oracle10g - SQL - Student Guide - Volume 2 by Oracle Press
 Oracle10g database administration fundamentals volume 1 by Oracle Press
 Oracle10g Complete Reference by Oracle Press
 Oracle10g SQL with an Introduction to PL/SQL by Lannes L. Morris-Murphy

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

Lab 1. Introduction to Data Dictionary

Goals Getting the details from various Data Dictionary Objects

Time 45 min

1.1: Get the details of all the database objects and their types created by the current
user.

1.2 Get the details of all the table names owned by current user

1.3 Get the details of table names and corresponding column names

1.4 Get the details of column names and corresponding constraint names

1.5: Get the details of the constraints and corresponding table name.

1.6: Get the details of all the View names and corresponding Text of the same.

1.7: Get the details of all the Sequence names and their last numbers reached so far.

1.8: Get the details of all the Synonym names and their parent object names.

1.9: Get the list of all the Index names

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

Lab 2. Introduction to PL/SQL and Cursors

The following set of exercises are designed to implement the following

Goals  PL/SQL variables and data types
 Create, Compile and Run anonymous PL/SQL blocks
 Usage of Cursors
Time 1hr 30 min

2.1

Identify the problems(if any) in the below declarations:

DECLARE
V_Sample1 NUMBER(2);
V_Sample2 CONSTANT NUMBER(2) ;
V_Sample3 NUMBER(2) NOT NULL ;
V_Sample4 NUMBER(2) := 50;
V_Sample5 NUMBER(2) DEFAULT 25;

Example 1: Declaration Block

2.2
The following PL/SQL block is incomplete.
Modify the block to achieve requirements as stated in the comments in the block.

DECLARE --outer block

var_num1 NUMBER := 5;
BEGIN

DECLARE --inner block

var_num1 NUMBER := 10;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Value for var_num1:' ||var_num1);
--Can outer block variable (var_num1) be printed here.If Yes,Print the same.
END;
--Can inner block variable(var_num1) be printed here.If Yes,Print the same.
END;

Example 2: PL/SQL block

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

2.3. Write a PL/SQL block to retrieve all staff (code, name, salary) under specific
department number and display the result. (Note: The Department_Code will be accepted
from user. Cursor to be used.)

2.4. Write a PL/SQL block to increase the salary by 30 % or 5000 whichever minimum for
a given Department_Code.

2.5. Write a PL/SQL block to generate the following report for a given Department code

Student_Code Sudent_Name Subject1 Subject2 Subject3 Total Percentage

Grade

Note: Display suitable error massage if wrong department code has entered and if there
is no student in the given department.

For Grade:
Student should pass in each subject individually (pass marks 60).
Percent >= 80 then grade= A
Percent >= 70 and < 80 then grade= B
Percent >= 60 and < 70 then grade= C
Else D

2.6. Write a PL/SQL block to retrieve the details of the staff belonging to a particular
department. Department code should be passed as a parameter to the cursor.

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

Lab 3. Exception Handling and Dynamic SQL

Goals Implementing Exception Handling ,Analyzing and Debugging

Time 1 hr

3.1: Modify the programs created in Lab2 to implement Exception Handling

3.2 The following PL/SQL block attempts to calculate bonus of staff for a given
MGR_CODE. Bonus is to be considered as twice of salary. Though Exception Handling
has been implemented but block is unable to handle the same.
Debug and verify the current behavior to trace the problem.

DECLARE
V_BONUS V_SAL%TYPE;
V_SAL STAFF_MASTER.STAFF_SAL%TYPE;

BEGIN
SELECT STAFF_SAL INTO V_SAL
FROM STAFF_MASTER
WHERE MGR_CODE=100006;

V_BONUS:=2*V_SAL;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('STAFF SALARY IS ' || V_SAL);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('STAFF BONUS IS ' || V_BONUS);

EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('GIVEN CODE IS NOT VALID.ENTER VALID CODE');
END;

Example 3: PL/SQL block

3.3 Rewrite the above block to achieve the requirement.

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

3.4
Predict the output of the following block ? What corrections would be needed to make it
more efficient?

BEGIN
DECLARE
fname emp.ename%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT ename INTO fname
FROM emp
WHERE 1=2;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('This statement will print');

EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Some inner block error');
END;

EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No data found in fname');

WHEN OTHERS THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Some outer block error');
END;

Example 4: PL/SQL Block with Exception Handling

3.5 Debug the above block to trace the flow of control.

Additionally one can make appropriate changes in Select statement defined in the
block to check the flow.

3.6: Write a PL/SQL program to check for the commission for an employee no 7369. If no
commission exists, then display the error message. Use Exceptions.

3.7: Write a PL/SQL block to drop any user defined table.

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

Lab 4. Database Programming

The following set of exercises are designed to implement the following

 Implement business logic using Database Programming like Procedures
Goals and Functions
 Implement validations in Procedures and Functions
 Working with Packages
 Performance Tuning
Time 3.5 Hrs

Note: Procedures and functions should handle validations, pre-defined oracle server and
user defined exceptions wherever applicable. Also use cursors wherever applicable.

4.1 Write a PL/SQL block to find the maximum salary of the staff in the given department.
Note: Department code should be passed as parameter to the cursor.

4.2. Write a function to compute age. The function should accept a date and return age in
years.

4.3. Write a procedure that accept staff code and update staff name to Upper case. If the
staff name is null raise a user defined exception.

4.4 Write a procedure to find the manager of a staff. Procedure should return the
following – Staff_Code, Staff_Name, Dept_Code and Manager Name.

4.5. Write a function to compute the following. Function should take Staff_Code and
return the cost to company.
DA = 15% Salary, HRA= 20% of Salary, TA= 8% of Salary.
Special Allowance will be decided based on the service in the company.
< 1 Year Nil
>=1 Year< 2 Year 10% of Salary
>=2 Year< 4 Year 20% of Salary
>4 Year 30% of Salary

4.6. Write a procedure that displays the following information of all staff

Staff_Name Department Name Designation Salary Status

Note: - Status will be (Greater, Lesser or Equal) respective to average salary of their own
department. Display an error message Staff_Master table is empty if there is no matching
record.

4.7. Write a procedure that accept Staff_Code and update the salary and store the old
salary details in Staff_Master_Back (Staff_Master_Back has the same structure without
any constraint) table.

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

Exp < 2 then no Update

Exp > 2 and < 5 then 20% of salary
Exp > 5 then 25% of salary

4.8. Create a procedure that accepts the book code as parameter from the user. Display
the details of the students/staff that have borrowed that book and has not returned the
same. The following details should be displayed

Student/Staff Code Student/Staff Name Issue Date Designation Expected Ret_Date

4.9. Write a package which will contain a procedure and a function.

Function: This function will return years of experience for a staff. This function will take
the hiredate of the staff as an input parameter. The output will be rounded to the nearest
year (1.4 year will be considered as 1 year and 1.5 year will be considered as 2 year).

Procedure: Capture the value returned by the above function to calculate the additional
allowance for the staff based on the experience.
Additional Allowance = Year of experience x 3000
Calculate the additional allowance and store Staff_Code, Date of Joining, and Experience
in years and additional allowance in Staff_Allowance table.

4.10. Write a procedure to insert details into Book_Transaction table. Procedure should
accept the book code and staff/student code. Date of issue is current date and the
expected return date should be 10 days from the current date. If the expected return date
falls on Saturday or Sunday, then it should be the next working day.

4.11: Write a function named ‘get_total_records’, to pass the table name as a parameter,
and get back the number of records that are contained in the table. Test your function
with multiple tables.

4.12

Tune the following Oracle Procedure enabling to gain better performance.

Objective:The Procedure should update the salary of an employee and at the same time
retrieve the employee's name and new salary into PL/SQL variables.

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE update_salary (emp_id NUMBER) IS

v_name VARCHAR2(15);
v_newsal NUMBER;
BEGIN
UPDATE emp_copy SET sal = sal * 1.1
WHERE empno = emp_id;

SELECT ename, sal INTO v_name, v_newsal

FROM emp_copy
WHERE empno = emp_id;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Emp Name:' || v_name);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Ename:' || v_newsal);
END;
Example 5: Oracle Procedure

4.13

The following procedure attempts to delete data from table passed as parameter.This
procedure has compilation errors. Identify and correct the problem.

CREATE or REPLACE PROCEDURE gettable(table_name in varchar2) AS

BEGIN
DELETE FROM table_name;
END;

Example 6: Oracle Procedure

4.14
Write a procedure which prints the following report using procedure:
The procedure should take deptno as user input and appropriately print the emp details.
Also display :

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

Number of Employees,Total Salary,Maximum Salary,Average Salary

Note: The block should achieve the same without using Aggregate Functions.

Sample output for deptno 10 is shown below:

Employee Name : CLARK

Employee Job : MANAGER
Employee Salary : 2450
Employee Comission :
************************************
Employee Name : KING
Employee Job : PRESIDENT
Employee Salary : 5000
Employee Comission :
************************************
Employee Name : MILLER
Employee Job : CLERK
Employee Salary : 1300
Employee Comission :
************************************
Number of Employees : 3
Total Salary : 8750
Maximum Salary : 5000
Average Salary : 2916.67
------------------------------------

Figure 1 :Report

4.15: Write a query to view the list of all procedures ,functions and packages from the
Data Dictionary.

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

Lab 5. Case Study 1

Goals Implementation of Procedures/Functions ,Packages with Testing and Review
Time 2.5hrs

Consider the following tables for the case study.

Customer_Masters

Name Null? Type

Cust_Id Not Null Number(6)
Cust_Name Not Null Varchar2(20)
Address Varchar2(50)
Date_of_acc_creation Date
Customer_Type Char(3)

Note: Customer type can be either IND or NRI

Account_Masters Table

Name Null? Type

Account_Number Not Null Number(6)
Cust_ID Number(6)
Account_Type Char(3)
Ledger_Balance Number(10)

Note: Account type can be either Savings (SAV) or Salary (SAL) account.
For savings account minimum amount should be 5000.

Transaction_Masters

Name Null? Type

Not Null Number(6)
Transaction_Id
Account_Number Number(6)
Date_of_Transaction Date
From_Account_Number Not Null Number(6)
To_Account_Number Not Null Number(6)
Amount Not Null Number(10)
Transaction_Type Not Null Char(2)

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

Note: Transaction type can be either Credit (CR) or Debit (DB).

Procedure and function should be written inside a package.

All validations should be taken care.

5.1 Create appropriate Test Cases for the case study followed up by Self/Peer to Peer
Review and close any defects for the same.

5.2Write a procedure to accept customer name, address, and customer type and account
type. Insert the details into the respective tables.

5.3. Write a procedure to accept customer id, amount and the account number to which
the customer requires to transfer money. Following validations need to be done
 Customer id should be valid
 From account number should belong to that customer
 To account number cannot be null but can be an account which need not exist in
account masters (some other account)
 Adequate balance needs to be available for debit

5.4 Ensure all the Test cases defined are executed. Have appropriate Self/Peer to Peer
Code Review and close any defects for the same.

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

Lab 6. Case Study 2

Goals Implementation of Procedures/Functions ,Packages with Testing and Review

Time 2.5hrs

Consider the following table (myEmp) structure for the case study
EmpNo Ename City Designation Salary
-------------------------------------------------------------------
The following procedure accepts Task number and based on the same performs an
appropriate task.
PROCEDURE run_task (task_number_in IN INTEGER)
IS
BEGIN
IF task_number_in = 1
THEN
add_emp;
--should add new emps in myEmp.
--EmpNo should be inserted through Sequence.
--All other data to be taken as parameters.Default location is Mumbai.
END IF;
IF task_number_in = 2
THEN
raise_sal;
--should modify salary of an existing emp.
--should take new salary and empno as input parameters
--Should handle exception in case empno not found
--upper limit of rasing salary is 30%. should raise exception appropriately
END IF;
IF task_number_in = 3
THEN
remove_emp;
--should remove an existing emp
--should take empno as parameter

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

--Handle exception if empno not available

END IF;
END run_task;

Example 7: Sample Oracle Procedure

However ,it has been observed the method adopted in above procedure is inefficient.

6.1
Create appropriate Test Cases for the case study followed up by Self/Peer to Peer
Review and close any defects for the same.

6.2
Recreate the procedure (run_task) which is more efficient in performing the same.

6.3
Also, create relevant procedures (add_emp , raise_sal ,remove_emp)
with relevant logic (read comments)to verify the same.

6.4 Extend the above implementation using Packages

6.5) Ensure all the Test cases defined are executed. Have appropriate Self/Peer to Peer
Code Review and close any defects for the same.

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

Lab 7. Handling Files, DBMS_LOB

Goals Working with UTL_FILE and subprograms of this package

Time 2 hr 30 mins

7.1: The following PL/SQL block creates file “TestFile.txt” with appropriate contents.
Enhance the block by reading the contents back from the file and displaying it at SQL
prompt.

Declare
TextHandler Utl_File.File_type;
WriteMessage Varchar2(400);
ReadMessage Varchar2(400);
Begin
TextHandler:=Utl_File.Fopen('d:\Sample','TestFile.txt','W');
WriteMessage:='FOPEN is a Function, which returns the value of type
File_Type \n UTL_file.PUT_LINE is a procedure in UTL_FILE, which write a line
to a file,Specific line terminator will be appended \n';

Utl_file.Putf(Texthandler,writemessage);
Utl_File.Fflush(Texthandler);
Utl_File.Fclose(Texthandler);

End;
/

Example 8: Block using File Handling operations

7.2 Extend the implementation in the above block by incorporating Exception Handling.

7.3 We need to maintain the above block in database permanently.What can be done for
the same ? Rewrite the above to achieve the same.

7.4: Write a PL/SQL block to create a file “EmpDeptDetails.Txt” .The contents in the file
map to columns from both the tables Emp and Dept.
(Empno,Ename,Job, Sal, Dname, Loc)
Also read the contents back from the file and display it on prompt.

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

Lab 8. SQL*Plus Reports

Note: Demos are provided for additional reference.

Goals Use SQL*Plus Reports feature and come up with reports in

specified formats.
Time 1 hr

8.1: Using Multiple Spacing Techniques

Suppose you have more than one column in your ORDER BY clause and wish to insert
space when each column’s value changes. Each BREAK command you enter replaces
the previous one.

Now consider a scenario where you want to do either of the following:

 to use different spacing techniques in one report, or

 to insert space after the value changes in more than one ordered column

Then you must specify “multiple columns” and “actions” in a single BREAK command.

Step 1: Combine the Spacing Techniques.

SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID, JOB_ID, LAST_NAME, SALARY FROM

EMP_DETAILS_VIEW
WHERE SALARY>12000
ORDER BY DEPARTMENT_ID, JOB_ID;

Example 9: Sample Code

Now, to skip a page when the value of DEPARTMENT_ID changes, and to skip one line
when the value of JOB_ID changes, key in the following command:

BREAK ON DEPARTMENT_ID SKIP PAGE ON JOB_ID SKIP 1

Example 10: Sample Code

To show that SKIP PAGE has taken effect, create a TTITLE with a page number:

TTITLE COL 35 FORMAT 9 'Page:' SQL.PNO

Example 101: Sample Code

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

Page: 1
DEPARTMENT_ID JOB_ID LAST_NAME SALARY
------------- ---------- ------------------------- ----------
20 MK_MAN Hartstein 13000

Page: 2
DEPARTMENT_ID JOB_ID LAST_NAME SALARY
------------- ---------- ------------------------- ----------
80 SA_MAN Russell 14000
Partners 13500

Page: 3
DEPARTMENT_ID JOB_ID LAST_NAME SALARY
------------- ---------- ------------------------- ----------
90 AD_PRES King 24000

AD_VP Kochhar 17000

De Haan 17000

6 rows selected.

Figure 2: Report

Step 2: Produce a report that does the following when the value of JOB_ID changes:

 prints duplicate job values,

 prints the average of SALARY, and

 inserts one blank line

Additionally the report should do the following when the value of DEPT_ID changes:

 prints the sum of SALARY, and

 inserts another blank line

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

The details should be displayed for all departments respective to jobs. (To Do)

DEPT_ID JOB_ID ENAME SALARY

------- ------ ------------- ----------
50 SH_CLERK Taylor 3200
SH_CLERK Fleaur 3100
.
.
.
SH_CLERK Gates 2900
********** -----------
Avg: 3000

DEPT_ID JOB_ID ENAME SALARY

------- --------- ------------- ----------
50 SALESMAN Perkins 2500
SALESMAN Bell 4000
.
.
.
SALESMAN Grant 2600
********** ----------
Avg: 3215

DEPT_ID JOB_ID ENAME SALARY

------- ------ ------------- ---------

******** ----------
sum 64300
-
-
-
-
-
25 rows selected.

Figure 3: Report

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

8.2: Computing and Printing Subtotals

Step 1: Generate SQL Report in the following format.

SALES DEPARTMENT PERSONNEL REPORT

PERFECT WIDGETS
01-JAN-2008
PAGE: 1

DEPARTMENT_ID LAST_NAME SALARY

------------- ------------------------- ----------
20 Hartstein 13000
80 Russell 14000
80 Partners 13500
90 King 24000
90 Kochhar 17000
90 De Haan 17000
----------
98500

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL

6 rows selected.

Figure 4: SQL Report

Step 2: Generate SQL Report in the following format.
Dept Job No. of Average
No. Name Employees Salary/Job
---- -------- ------------- -------------
10 SALES 4 $13,000.00
CLEARK 2 $10,666.00

20 MANAGER 3 $14,000.00
SALES 6 $11,000.00

30 CLERK 10 $13,500.00
MANAGER 3 $15,000.00
SALES 4 $10,000.00

40 PRESIDENT 1 424,000.00
.
.
.
----------
Grand Total of Sal: $98,560.00

No. Of Employees: 100

Figure 5: SQL Report

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

Lab 9. SQL Loader

Note: Demos are provided for additional reference.

Goals  Use the SQL Loader utility and upload the given files under specified
conditions.
Time 1 hr

9.1: Load Variable-Length Data

Step 1: Crosscheck for the relation. If it does not exist, create the Dept table.

Step 2: Create and save the control file named as ‘deptcontrol.ctl’ in the specified
location. Control file should contain following details:

12,RESEARCH,"SARATOGA"
10,"ACCOUNTING",CLEVELAND
11,"ART",SALEM
13,FINANCE,"BOSTON"
21,"SALES",PHILA.
22,"SALES",ROCHESTER
42,"INT'L","SAN FRAN

Example 112: Control File

Step 3: Execute the SQL Loader command at the command prompt and verify the
updated Relation by issuing the command given below:

SQL>select * from dept;

Example 13: Sample Code

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

9.2: Use the SQL Loader utility. Upload the data file having Fixed-Format Fields, as
shown below, into Emp table.

Data file
 Given below are a few sample data lines from the file ulcase2.dat.
 Blank fields are automatically set to null.
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 2572.50 10
7839 KING PRESIDENT 5500.00 10
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 920.00 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 3123.75 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 1600.00 300.00 30
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 1312.50 1400.00 30
7658 CHAN ANALYST 7566 3450.00 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 1312.50 1400.00 30

Example 124: Sample Code

9.3: Load combined physical records

Control file:

The control file is ulcase4.ctl:

LOAD DATA
INFILE 'ulcase4.dat'
1) DISCARDFILE 'ulcase4.dsc'
2) DISCARDMAX 999
3) REPLACE
4) CONTINUEIF THIS (1) = '*'
INTO TABLE emp
(empno POSITION(1:4) INTEGER EXTERNAL,
ename POSITION(6:15) CHAR,
job POSITION(17:25) CHAR,
mgr POSITION(27:30) INTEGER EXTERNAL,
sal POSITION(32:39) DECIMAL EXTERNAL,
comm POSITION(41:48) DECIMAL EXTERNAL,
deptno POSITION(50:51) INTEGER EXTERNAL,
hiredate POSITION(52:60) INTEGER EXTERNAL)

Example 135: Control file

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

Datafile

A sample datafile used for this case, ulcase4.dat, is shown below. Asterisks are in the
first position. Further, a newline character, though not visible, is in position 20. Note that
clerk’s commission is -10, and SQL*Loader loads the value, converting it to a negative
number.

*7782 CLARK
MANAGER 7839 2572.50 -10 25 12-NOV-85
*7839 KING
PRESIDENT 5500.00 25 05-APR-83
*7934 MILLER
CLERK 7782 920.00 25 08-MAY-80
*7566 JONES
MANAGER 7839 3123.75 25 17-JUL-85
*7499 ALLEN
SALESMAN 7698 1600.00 300.00 25 3-JUN-84
*7654 MARTIN
SALESMAN 7698 1312.50 1400.00 25 21-DEC-85
*7658 CHAN
ANALYST 7566 3450.00 25 16-FEB-84
*CHEN
ANALYST 7566 3450.00 25 16-FEB-84
*7658 CHIN
ANALYST 7566 3450.00 25 16-FEB-84

Example 146: Datafile

9.4: Load data into multiple tables.

The control file is ulcase5.ctl.

-- Loads EMP records from first 23 characters

-- Creates and loads PROJ records for each PROJNO listed
-- for each employee
LOAD DATA
INFILE 'ulcase5.dat'
BADFILE 'ulcase5.bad'
DISCARDFILE 'ulcase5.dsc'
1) REPLACE
2) INTO TABLE emp
(empno POSITION(1:4) INTEGER EXTERNAL,
ename POSITION(6:15) CHAR,
deptno POSITION(17:18) CHAR,
mgr POSITION(20:23) INTEGER EXTERNAL)
2) INTO TABLE proj
-- PROJ has two columns, both not null: EMPNO and PROJNO
3) WHEN projno != ' '

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

(empno POSITION(1:4) INTEGER EXTERNAL,

3) projno POSITION(25:27) INTEGER EXTERNAL) -- 1st proj
2) INTO TABLE proj
4) WHEN projno != ' '
(empno POSITION(1:4) INTEGER EXTERNAL,
4) projno POSITION(29:31 INTEGER EXTERNAL) -- 2nd proj

2) INTO TABLE proj

5) WHEN projno != ' '
(empno POSITION(1:4) INTEGER EXTERNAL,
5) projno POSITION(33:35) INTEGER EXTERNAL) -- 3rd proj

Example 157: Control File

Notes:

1. REPLACE specifies that if there is data in the tables to be loaded (emp and proj),
SQL*loader should delete the data before loading new rows.

2. Multiple INTO TABLE clauses load two tables, emp and proj. The same set of
records is processed three times, using different combinations of columns each
time to load table proj.

3. WHEN loads only rows with nonblank project numbers. When projno is defined
as columns 25...27, rows are inserted into proj only if there is a value in those
columns.

4. When projno is defined as columns 29...31, rows are inserted into proj only if
there is a value in those columns.

5. When projno is defined as columns 33...35, rows are inserted into proj only if
there is a value in those columns.

Datafile:

1234 BAKER 10 9999 101 102 103

1234 JOKER 10 9999 777 888 999
2664 YOUNG 20 2893 425 abc 102
5321 OTOOLE 10 9999 321 55 40
2134 FARMER 20 4555 236 456
2414 LITTLE 20 5634 236 456 40
6542 LEE 10 4532 102 321 14
2849 EDDS xx 4555 294 40
4532 PERKINS 10 9999 40
1244 HUNT 11 3452 665 133 456
123 DOOLITTLE 12 9940 132

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

1453 MACDONALD 25 5532 200

Example 18: Datafile

9.5: Use SQL Loader utility to load specific data from the given flat file into the table. (To
Do)
The given flat file contains data in the form of DEPTNO, DEPTNAME, and LOCATION.
Using SQL Loader utility, load only DEPTNO and LOCATION from the .dat file into the
department table. Do not overwrite the source data present in department table.

12, Research, "Saratoga"

10, "Accounting", Cleveland
11, "Art", Salem
13, Finance, Boston
21, Sales, Phila
22, Sales, Rochester
42, "Int'l", "San Fran"

Example19: Flat file

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

Appendices

Appendix A: Oracle Standards

Key points to keep in mind:

1. Write comments in your stored Procedures, Functions and SQL batches

generously, whenever something is not very obvious. This helps other
programmers to clearly understand your code. Do not worry about the length of
the comments, as it will not impact the performance.

2. Prefix the table names with owner names, as this improves readability, and
avoids any unnecessary confusion.

Some more Oracle standards:

To be shared by Faculty in class

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

Appendix B: Coding Best Practices

1. Avoid Dynamic SQL statements as much as possible. Dynamic SQL tends to be

slower than Static SQL.

2. Perform all your referential integrity checks and data validations by using
constraints (foreign key and check constraints). These constraints are faster than
triggers. So use triggers only for auditing, custom tasks, and validations that
cannot be performed by using these constraints.

3. Do not call functions repeatedly within your stored procedures, triggers,

functions, and batches. For example: You might need the length of a string
variable in many places of your procedure. However do not call the LENGTH
function whenever it is needed. Instead call the LENGTH function once, and
store the result in a variable, for later use.

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

Appendix C: Table of Figures

Figure 1: Report ............................................................................................................................. 20

Figure 2: Report ........................................................................................................................... 200
Figure 3: Report ........................................................................................................................... 211
Figure 4: SQL Report .................................................................................................................. 222
Figure 5: SQL Report .................................................................................................................. 223

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 ORACLE PL/SQL LAB BOOK

Appendix D: Table of Examples

Example 1: Declaration Block.......................................................................................................... 6

Example 2: PL/SQL block................................................................................................................ 6
Example 3: PL/SQL block................................................................................................................ 8
Example 4: PL/SQL Block with Exception Handling........................................................................ 9
Example 5: Oracle Procedure ....................................................................................................... 12
Example 6: Oracle Procedure ....................................................................................................... 12
Example 7: Sample Oracle Procedure .......................................................................................... 17
Example 8: Block using File Handling operations ......................................................................... 18
Example 9: Sample Code .............................................................................................................. 19
Example 11: Sample Code ............................................................................................................ 19
Example 12: Control File ............................................................................................................... 23
Example 14: Sample Code ............................................................................................................ 24
Example 15: Control file ................................................................................................................ 24
Example 16: Datafile ..................................................................................................................... 25
Example 17: Control File ............................................................................................................... 26

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