Shipping Cycle 2017
Shipping Cycle 2017
Shipping Cycle 2017
Source: The Future of Ports by J. Sanchez and Lara Mouftier,
and The Future of Shipping by Dr. Martin Stopford.
Note: “International Regulations”, “port design” and “shipping”
are free interpretations by the authors.
The economic cycle and the shipping cycle (the microeconomic side of both businesses) play a
crucial role on the future of ports and shipping, as it has been in the past. Regarding the latter,
Figure 2 features the presence of the shipping (or maritime) cycle along the history of the
shipping business for over 275 years.
Figure 2. The shipping cycle 1730‐2007
Source: Martin Stopford, 2009.
In this short article, I want to question the functioning of the shipping cycle, that is, I am arguing
that while the maritime cycle persists, the mechanism that historically made it work has
changed.
For that, it is important to begin by discussing the shipping cycle. The latter is understood as the
interaction between supply and demand in the maritime transport sector. Supply will lag behind
when facing extremely dynamic exogenous demand. In this situation, the industry needs to
adapt the shipping fleets (by expanding or contracting) to changes in demand. When there is
low cumulative demand, shipbuilding slows and the number of vessels under detention (idle) or
marked for scrap rises. When cumulative demand increases —which can be caused by many
factors, related mainly to changes in the world economy— supply is unable to quickly match it,
freight rates go up and shipbuilding resumes, ultimately causing an oversupply which then
pushes rates back down. In other words, shipping cycle is a combination of price incentives and
the typical inelasticity of supply within this market. The cycle operates due to a lack of
synchronization in ship production (changes in supply), in a context of very dynamic and
exogenous demand (that responds to changes in production and trade). When prices (freight
rates) are low, there is less construction in the maritime sector and increasing numbers of ships
are scrapped. As demand increases and more transport services are needed, the supply (in
terms of the number of ships and/or availability of effective transport capacity) cannot be
adjusted rapidly, freight rates rise and construction begins again, which subsequently produces
excess supply and a lowering of freight rates.
Figure 3 provides a simplified 10‐step diagrammatic representation of the shipping cycle.
Figure 3. The “traditional” shipping cycle mechanism
Source: Ricardo J. Sanchez, 2005.
Fluctuations in the shipping cycle are closely linked to those of the business cycle, where
decreases or shrinkage in aggregate demand will mean lower demand for transport services,
forcing shipping companies to build fewer ships and scrap some of those that are not in use.
Conversely, when aggregate demand increases during a cycle of economic expansion, it cannot
be met immediately because the shipping companies are already managing existing demand.
This phenomenon is reflected in the rise of freight prices, which in turn restarts the shipbuilding
process in order to meet demand.1
An economy in crises causes the production, consumption and, consequently, the transport
needs, to fall. Taking this time into account as the beginning of shipping cycle, freight rates,
industry revenues and profits fall (step 1) and, consequently, there are no incentives to add
tonnage to the fleet (step 2). In turn, the demand for ships falls, more ships are scrapped or
idled. Freight rates remain low (step 3).
Steps 1 to 3 are the lower phase of the maritime cycle. In the moment that economy starts to
rise (step 4), the fleet grows very slowly, but demand grows more rapidly (because of the
inelasticity).
Steps 5 to 10 are the higher phase of the cycle: demand outstrips supply; tonnage is scarce;
freight rates rise while demand continues to exceed supply; orders for new shipbuilding
increase rapidly. In some time, excess in optimism appears: the orders may become too much.
1
For more information, see UN‐ECLAC Maritime Bulletin 51, 2012.
When transport demand begins to stabilize, supply exceeds demand, and signs of excess supply
appear (excess tonnage). The next crisis will start the cycle again...
The side effects arising from processes linked to crises and peaks in the business cycle are
tightly connected to the decisions made by economic agents, particularly in response to crisis
periods. Stakeholders in the maritime sector are affected by economic recessions, since as
aggregate demand weakens, so does demand for goods transport, resulting in consequences for
companies’ profits. Along with this, the decisions made in the optimistic phase of the cycle can
cause imbalances in companies’ results. Figure 4 shows the quarterly financial results of
maritime transport companies between 2009 and 2016.
Figure 4. Average operating margin of main container carriers, by quarter: 3Q2008 – 4Q2016
Source: L. Mouftier & R.J.Sanchez based on information of Alphaliner and other sources.
4Q16 data is provisional
In fact, figure shows that following the economic recovery of 2010, shipping companies’
operating margins declined throughout 2011 before rising again, with small fluctuations from
one quarter to the next, although overall results have remained poor. Companies’ fluctuating
financial performance correlates exactly to changes in the global trade of goods and the wider
economy, and specifically to the sustained overcapacity in the industry (a topic that is currently
being much commented upon). This situation is clearly propelled by low freight rates. In
summary, during the last 34 quarters, industry has had 21 negative or almost zero financial
results (average of positive operating margin: 4.8%, average of negative ones: ‐6.9%).
2010 was an exceptional year including positive financial results (Figure 4) and a big demand
recovery (Figure 5). But since 2011 demand declined yearly (with a slight rise in 2014), and
freight rates sustained a declining trend until the end of 2016. At the same time, all financial
results were volatile. 2010 was a critical cornerstone for the shipping cycle.
Figure 5 shows main variables of shipping cycle: freight rates, nominal fleet for container
transport, inter‐annual change of nominal transport capacity and the year‐to‐year change in
transport demand (global throughput growth).
Figure 5. The trajectory of container shipping cycle main variables, 2000‐2016
Source: Ricardo J. Sanchez and Lara Mouftier, 2017.
Notice that:
Nominal fleet (represented through orange bars) grew from 2000 to 2016 in an
uninterrupted way.
Nominal capacity grew more than demand from 2005 to 2009 (when freight rates
pushed up the expansion of the fleet)
Demand grew strongly after 2009 (after a clear drop in 2008 and 2009)
Freight rates was falling since 2008 and, with the exception of 2010, sustained an
uninterrupted trend until the end of the series
Following the traditional shipping cycle approach, after the crisis started in mid‐2008, jointly
with a drop on production, consumption and transport needs, freight rates, industry revenues
and profits fall (Figures 4 and 5); in those circumstances, shipbuilding should have been stopped.
Then... what kind of incentives propelled the decision to add tonnage to the fleet? In fact,
initially the demand for shipbuilding fell and an increasing number of ships was scrapped or left
idle. Freight rates remained low, confirming that the shipping cycle was in its lower phase.
However, shipbuilding never stopped.
The above‐mentioned situation constitutes a big failure on the traditional shipping cycle. The
behaviour change around shipbuilding, i.e. an increasing number of shipbuilding orders
submitted to shipyards when profits, demand and freight rates were falling, is enough to
suspect that a core change took place in the mechanism that kept the shipping cycle in motion
for such a long time.
What kind of incentives did the industry have to expand the nominal fleet? How was this
expansion related to bigger vessels and a process of merger, acquisitions and alliances?
Through this short paper, I merely intend to raise the subject of a topic that I am currently
analysing.
Several attempts have been made at explaining this “new” shipping cycle. One of these
appeared in Drewry presentation, and I came across a further attempt in a Maersk
presentation. Amid both lies my viewpoint on the subject, which I have discussed with some
peers: the shipping cycle carries on, but has recently taken a detour that strengthens the
industry’s concentration process.
Drewry has attempted to explain the “new” shipping cycle as follows:
Note: “The entry‐barriers game” is an addition by the author
Maersk, at the same time, has tried the “vicious cycle” explanation:
Vicious
circle
Under the ‘shipping cycle’ traditional approach, trade and transport needs fall when a crisis
occurs and supply exceeds demand. Consequently freight rates, revenues and financial margins
drop and shipbuilding is halted. This is considered as a natural reaction in front of low revenues
because there are no incentives to add tonnage to commercial fleets.
However, after the 2010 “spring”, bigger liner shipping companies performed for the first time a
“trilogy”: increasing number of shipbuilding orders for new vessels, bigger ships and
concentrated alliances. The trilogy is a clear detour to traditional shipping cycle approach.
In summary, there is sufficient reasoning in this brief article to support the suspicion that the
traditional mechanism of the maritime cycle has changed. The change in the behaviour of liner
container shipping bigger companies with respect to shipbuilding in periods of crisis supports
that notion. The issue needs to be subjected to further discussion: this is my research project
currently in progress.