ADVANCED GEOMETRY

Topic: Geometric Proof

Time Frame: 2 hours

Module 1
The theoretical aspect of geometry is composed of definitions, postulates, and theorems. They are, in
essence, the building blocks of the geometric proof. You will see definitions, postulates, and theorems used as primary
"justifications" appearing in the "Reasons" column of a two-column proof, the text of a paragraph proof or
transformational proof, and the remarks in a flow-proof.

A definition is a precise description of a word used in geometry. All definitions can be written in "if - then" form (in
either direction) constituting an "if and only if" format known as a biconditional.

Example: Is the given statement a good definition? Explain.

(a) An airplane is a vehicle that flies. No – not reversible (Helicopter)

(b) A triangle has sharp corners. No – not reversible (Sharp – imprecise word)

The most common form of proof is a direct proof, where the "prove" is shown to be true directly as a result of other
geometrical statements and situations that are true. Direct proofs apply what is called deductive reasoning: the reasoning
from proven facts using logically valid steps to arrive at a conclusion.

Here are some properties of real numbers that we commonly use.

Example: Solve 2𝑥 + 5 = 20 − 3𝑥. Write a reason for each step.

Equation Explanation Reason

2𝑥 + 5 = 20 − 3𝑥 Write the original equation. Given
2𝑥 + 5 + 3𝑥 = 20 − 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 Add 3x to each side. APE
5𝑥 + 5 = 20 Combine like terms. Simplify
5𝑥 = 15 Subtract 5 from each side. SPE
𝑥=3 Divide each side by 5. DPE
The value of x is 3.
 The distributive property tells us how to solve equations in the form of a(b + c).
The distributive property is sometimes called the distributive law of
multiplication and division.

Example: Solve −4(11𝑥 + 2) = 80. Write a reason for each step.

Equation Explanation Reason

−4(11𝑥 + 2) = 80 Write the original equation. Given
−44𝑥 − 8 = 80 Add 3x to each side. Distributive Property
−44𝑥 = 88 Combine like terms. APE
𝑥 = −2 Subtract 5 from each side. DPE

Fill in the missing reasons for the algebraic proof.

(1) Given: 3(𝑥 − 5) = 21 Statements Reasons

Prove: 𝑥 = 12 1. 3(𝑥 − 5) = 21 1.
2. 3𝑥 − 15 = 21 2.
3. 3𝑥 = 36 3.
4. 𝑥 = 12 4.

(2) Given: 2(𝑥 + 3) − 7 = 11

Prove: 𝑥 = 6

Statements Reasons
1. 1. Given
2. 2. Distributive Property
3. 3. APE
4. 4. APE
5. 5. DPE

Point, Line, and Plane Postulates

Postulate 6 Through any two points there is exactly one line.

Postulate 7 A line contains at least two points.
Postulate 8 If two lines intersect, then their intersection is exactly one point.
If two points are in a plane, then the line that contains the points is in that plane.
Postulate 9 Through any three through any three noncollinear points there exits exactly one plane.
Postulate 10 A plane contains at least three noncollinear points.
Postulate 11 If two points lie in a plane, then the line containing them lies in the plane.
Postulate 12 If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.

Example: Name the property of equality or postulate the statement illustrates.

 If < 6 =< 7, then < 6 =< 7
 If < 1+< 2 =< 4+ < 2, then < 1 =< 4.
 < 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = < 𝐴𝐵𝐶
 If < 𝐷𝐸𝐹 =< 𝐻𝐽𝐾, then < 𝐻𝐽𝐾 = < 𝐷𝐸𝐹.

Which property justify the conclusion of the statement?

(1) If 2𝑥 = 12, then 𝑥 = 6. (7) If < 𝐴 =< 𝑆 and < 𝑆=< 𝐾, then < 𝐴 =< 𝐾.

(2) If 𝑥 + 5 = 12, then 𝑥 = 7.

𝑥
(3) If = 5, then 𝑥 = 15.
3

(4) If 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 12, then 2𝑥 = 12.

(5) If 𝑥 − 5 = 12, then 𝑥 = 17.

(6) If 3𝑥 − 2 = 13, then 3𝑥 = 15.

Geometric Proof | Two-Column Proof

Also called the T-Form proof or the Ledger proof.

This proof format is a very popular format seen in most high school textbooks. The proof consists of two columns, where
the first column contains a numbered chronological list of steps, called Statements, leading to the desired conclusion. The
second column contains the justifications, called Reasons, to support each step in the proof. Remember that justifications
are definitions, postulates, theorems and/or properties. This format clearly displays each step in your argument and keeps
your ideas organized.

Prove this property of midpoints: If you know that M is the midpoint of AB, prove that AB is two times AM AND AM is one
half of AB.

Solution:
Statements Reasons
Given: M is the midpoint of AB 1. M is the midpoint of AB 1. Given
2. 𝐴𝑀 = 𝑀𝐵 2. Definition of midpoint
Prove: (a) AB = 2AM 3. 𝐴𝑀 + 𝑀𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 3. Segment Addition Postulate
1 4. 𝐴𝑀 + 𝐴𝑀 = 𝐴𝐵 4. Substitution Property of Equality
(b) AM = 2 𝐴𝐵
5. 2𝐴𝑀 = 𝐴𝐵 5. Distributive Property
1 6. Division Property of Equality
6. 𝐴𝑀 = 2
𝐴𝐵

Given: C is the midpoint AD.

Prove: 𝑥 = 6 4x 2x + 12
Proof: A C D
Statements Reasons
1. C is the midpoint of AD 1.
2. 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷 2. Equal segments have equal length.
3. 4𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 12 3.
4. 4. Subtraction Property of Equality
5. 𝑥 = 6 5.

Given: < 1 = < 2 A

Statements Reasons
1 1 2
Prove: < 1 = < 𝐵𝐴𝑇 1. C is the midpoint of AD 1.
2
2. 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷 2. Equal segments have equal length.
B 3. 4𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 12 3.
T 4. 4. Subtraction Property of Equality
5. 𝑥 = 6 5.

Given: R is the midpoint of ST

RK = RS
1
Prove: RK = 𝑆𝑇 Statements Reasons
2
1. R is the midpoint of ST 1.
S 1 2.
2. RS = 2 𝑆𝑇
3. 𝑅𝐾 = 𝑅𝑆 3.
R 1
4. RS = 2 𝑆𝑇 4.

K T
 ADVANCED GEOMETRY
Topic: Prove Angle Pair Relationships
Module 2 Time Frame: 2 hours

This module introduces the relationships of some angle pairs.

 Vertical Angles Theorem

 Equal Supplements Theorem
 Equal Complements Theorem
 Right Angles Theorem
 Supplementary Angles Theorem

Equal Supplement Theorem

If two angles are supplements of the same angle (or of

equal angles), then the two angles are equal.

If < 𝐴 is the supplement of < 𝐶, < 𝐵 is the supplement

of < 𝐷 and < 𝐶 =< 𝐷, then < 𝐴 =< 𝐵.

Equal Complement Theorem

If two angles are complements of the same angle (or

of equal angles), then the two angles are equal.

If < 1 and < 2, are complements and < 3 and < 2 are
complements, then < 1 =< 3.

Supplementary Angles Theorem

If two angles are equal and supplementary, then each is

a right angle.

Find the measure of each letter angle.

b
a 600
c
a
b c 400

520 a 510
0
b c d a c 700 d
e
 3x0 (80-x)0 (x+90)0 4x0

(x+10)0 (4x+35)0 (3x+8)0 (5x+20)0

(5x+4y)0

Given: Statements Reasons

Prove: 1. < 1 =< 3 Given
Proof: 2. < 3 = < 6
3. Transitive Property of Equality
4. < 1 =< 4
5. < 6 =< 4

Given: l ⊥ m and ∠2≅∠6 Statement Reason

Prove: ∠6≅∠5
1. 1.

2. m∠2=m∠6 2.

3. ∠5≅∠2 3.

4. m∠5=m∠2 4.

5. m∠5=m∠6 5.

Given: ∠MLN≅∠OLP Statement Reason

Prove: ∠MLO≅∠NLP
1. 1.

2. 2. ≅ angles have = measures

3. 3. Angle Addition Postulate

4. 4. Substitution

5. m∠MLO=m∠NLP 5.

6. 6. ≅ angles have = measures

 Module 3 ADVANCED GEOMETRY
Topic: Congruent Figures
Time Frame: 2 hours

Congruent figures have the same shape and size, they're totally equal. Same-same. All of the sides on
one figure are equal to all of the corresponding side on the other figure, and all of the angles of one figure are equal to
all of the corresponding angles on the other figure.

The midpoint of a segment forms two equal segments.

The bisector of a segment forms two equal segments.
The bisector of an angle forms two equal angles.
An isosceles triangle has two equal sides.
An equilateral triangle has three equal sides.
An equiangular triangle has three equal angles.

SSS stands for "side, side, side" and means that we have two triangles with all three sides equal.

is congruent to:

If three sides of one triangle are equal to three sides of another triangle, the triangles are congruent.

SAS stands for "side, angle, side" and means that we have two triangles where we know two sides and the included angle
are equal.

is congruent to:

If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to the corresponding sides and angle of another triangle, the
triangles are congruent.

ASA stands for "angle, side, angle" and means that we have two triangles where we know two angles and the included
side are equal.

is congruent to:

If two angles and the included side of one triangle are equal to the corresponding angles and side of another triangle, the
triangles are congruent.

AAS stands for "angle, angle, side" and means that we have two triangles where we know two angles and the non-
included side are equal.

is congruent to:

If two angles and the non-included side of one triangle are equal to the corresponding angles and side of another triangle,
the triangles are congruent.
Find all the values of x that make the triangles congruent. Explain.

5x
4x + y 6x + y

5x - 2 4x + 3 28
130