TEST 1 Solution

Detailed Solutions
ESE-2018 Mechanical Engineering

Mains Test Series Test No : 1
Section A : Heat and Mass Transfer
Q.1. (a) (i) Solution:

450
Pure silver
400
350 Copper
k thermal conductivity
Gold
300
(W/mK)
250 Aluminium
200
99% pure aluminum
150 Brass
100 Platinum
50 Uranium Iron
0 Stainless steel
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Temperature, T(°C)
Variation of thermal conductivity of metallic
solids with temperature
Q.1. (a) (ii) Solution:

The requirement that all the radiant energy striking any surface be accounted for is prescribed by
the relationship:
α+ρ+τ = 1
Apparently the largest fraction of incident radiation that can be absorbed is unity (as ρ = τ = 0).
From Kirchoff’s law, the emissivity equals the absorptivity under the equilibrium condition, that is
∈ = α.
These conditions clearly indicate that emissivity of any surface can’t be greater than unity.
Test No : 1 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | 9
Q.1. (b) Solution:
k
(i) Critical radius of insulation, rc =
h
0.07
rc = × 1000 = 17.5 mm
4
T1 − T∞
(ii) Heat transfer is given by, Q =
r 
ln  2 
 r1  + 1
2 πLk h ( 2 πr2 L )
Case 1 : r1 = 0.01 m, r2 = 0.01 + 0.002 = 0.012 m
400 − 300
Therefore, Q =
ln (0.012 / 0.01) 1
+
2 π × 0.07 2 π × 4 × 0.012
Q = 26.80 W/m
Case 2: r1 = 0.01 m, r2 = 0.0175 m
400 − 300
Q = ln ( 0.0175 / 0.01 ) 1 = 28.20 W/m
+
2 π × 0.07 2 π × 4 × 0.0175
Case 3: r1 = 0.01 m, r2 = 0.01 + 0.05 = 0.06 m
400 − 300
Q = = 21.11 W/m
ln (0.06 /0.01) 1
+
2 π × 0.07 2 π × 4 × 0.06
Comment: It is important to note that Q increases when the insulation thickness increases from
0.002 m to the critical value of 0.0075 m. Addition of insulation beyond the critical thickness decreases
the value of Q (the heat loss).
Q.1. (c) Solution:

for a circular shaft of diameter d,
P πd 4
= 2
=
Ac πd d
4
hP 4h
m = =
kAc kd
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10 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
4×9
m = 2.1 m–1
410 × 0.02
Heat dissipation from an infinitely long fin is prescribed by the relation :
Qfin = kAcm(T0 – Ta)
π 2
= 410 × × (0.02 ) × 2.1 ( 100 − 20 ) = 21.64 W
4
There is no heat loss from the tip of an infinitely long fin and such it behaves as if the tip were
insulated. Therefore, an estimate of the validity of this approximation can be made by comparing
the following two expressions for the fin.
Qfin = kAcm(T0 – Ta) for initially long fin
Qfin = kAcm(T0 – Ta) tanh ml for insulated tip
There expressions provide equivalent results if tanh ml ≥ 0.99 or ml ≥ 2.65. Hence, the rod can be
consider infinite if
2.65
l ≥
m
2.65
l ≥
2.1
l ≥ 1.262 m
Q.1. (d) (i) Solution:

The system, in which the temperature is uniform throughout, is defined as a lumped heat-capacity
system. This happens when the internal conductive resistance of the system is much smaller than
the convective resistance of the fluid film at the surface. This is characterized by a low value of Biot
number Bi (hLc/k). The lumped heat-capacity system analysis is applicable when Bi < 0.1.
Biot number is the ratio of internal conductive resistance to external convective resistance of surface
of body.
hLc Internal conductive resistance

Bi = =
k External convective resistance
h = Average heat transfer coefficient

Lc = characteristic length (volume/surface area)
k = thermal conductivity of solid body
Q.1. (d) (ii) Solution:

Free convection: Circulation of bulk fluid motion is caused by changes in fluid density resulting
from temperature gradient between the solid surface and the main mass of fluid. The stagnant
layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of the hot body gets thermal energy by conduction. The
energy thus transferred serves to increase the temperature and internal energy of fluid particles.
Because of temperature rise, these particles become less dense and hence lighter than the surrounding
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fluid particles. The lighter fluid particles move upwards to a region of low temperature where they
mix with and transfer a part of their energy to the cold particles. Simultaneously the cool heavier
particles descend downwards to fill the space vacated by the warm fluid particles. This circulation
pattern, i.e. upward movement of the warm fluid and downward movement of cool fluid, is called
convection currents. These currents are setup naturally due to gravity alone and are responsible for
heat convection.
Application areas: (i) Design of furnace
(ii) House heating projects
(iii) Architectural projects.
(iv) Roads and concrete structures
In the orbiting satellites, there are no density forces as there is absence of gravitational field. Thus,
there would be NO free convection in space vehicles with zero gravity.
Q.1. (e) (i) Solution:

Invoking the conservation principle (summation rule) for surface 1 of the cavity,
F11 + F12 = 1 ...(i)
For the closing surface 2:
F21 + F22 = 1
F22 = 0 for flat surface
F21 = 1 – F22 = 1 – 0 = 1
By reciprocity theorem, A1F12 = A2F21
A2 A2
F12 = A F21 = A
1 1
A2
From equation (i), F11 = 1 – F12 = 1 − ...(ii)
A1
d
h
1
π 2
A2 d d
F11 = 1− =1− 4 = 1−
A1 πdl 2l
2
l = slant height
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2
d
l = h2 +  
2
d d
F11 = 1 − =1−
d2 4h 2 + d 2
2 h2 +
4
Q.1. (e) (ii) Solution:

For a hemispherical bowl of diameter d,
A2 π 2 1
F11 = 1 − = 1 − d 2 × 2 = 1 − = 0.5
A1 4 πd 2
2
Q.2. (a) Solution:

z
40°C
T0 = 300°C
6 mm
20 mm
380 mm
z section z
Given: T0 = 300°C, Ta = 30°C, b = 20 mm = 0.02 m, y = 6 mm = 0.006 m,

l = 380 mm = 0.38 m, k = 205 W/mK
As the fin is assumed to be long one, we have
T − Ta
= e –mx
T0 − Ta
T0 − Ta
= emx
T − Ta
300 − 30
= e m × 0.38
40 − 30
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ln ( 27 )
e 0.38 m = 27 or m = = 8.673
0.38
Perimeter, P = (6 + 20) × 2 × 10–3 = 0.052 m

Cross-section area, Ac = 6 × 20 = 120 mm2 = 1.2 × 10–4 m2
hP
But, m =
kAc = 8.673
hP
2
kAc = (8.673)
2
kAc 2
× (8.673 ) =
205 × 1.2 × 10 −4 × ( 8.673 )
h =
P 0.052
= 35.58 W/m2K
Q.2. (b) Solution:
Given: U = 4 m/s, x = 300 mm, ρ = 1.1374 kg/m3, k = 0.02732 W/mK,
cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK, ν = 16.768 × 10–6 m2/s,
Ux 4 × 0.3
Reynolds number, Rex = = = 7.16 × 104.
ν 16.768 × 10 −6
3
HBL
U 3 y 1 y
U∞ =   −  
δ U∞ 2 δ 2 δ
T∞
Since Rex < 5 × 105, the flow is laminar.

(i) Boundary layer thickness at x = 0.3 m, δ:
5x
δ =
Re x
5 × 300
δ = = 5.6 mm
7.16 × 10 4
(ii) Local friction coefficient, Cfx :
0.664 0.664
Cfx = = = 2.4815 × 10–3
Re x 7.16 × 10 4
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(iii) Average convective heat transfer coefficient, h :
k 1/2
(Pr )1/3
h = 0.664  L  (ReL )
 0.02732  (
 7.16 × 10 ) ( 0.7 )
4 1/2 1/3
= 0.664 
 0.3 
= 14.366 W/m2K
(iv) Rate of heat transfer by convection, Qconv :
Qconv = hAs (ts − t∞ )
= 14.366 × (0.3 × 0.3)(56 – 20) = 46.546 W

(v) Total mass flow rate through the boundary per unit width is given by
5
m = ρU ( δ 2 − δ 1 )
8
Now actual mass flow rate,
5
m = ρU ( δ 2 − δ 1 ) b where b = width
8
5
= × 1.1374 × 4 ( 5.6 × 10−3 − 0 ) × ( 300 × 10 −3 )
8
= 4.78 × 10–3 kg/s
Q.2. (c) Solution:
Natural
convection boiling
Onset of boiling
Pure convection,
heat transferred by Nucleate
superheated liquid
Slugs Stable film boiling regime
boiling
rising to the liquid and
Individual
vapour interface columns Transition boiling
where evaporation
bubble
regime
Film boiling
regime
takes place
1 2 3 4 5
1.0 Maximum heat flux
q′′ (MW/m )
2
0.8
0.6
0.4
Minimum heat flux
0.2
0
0 1 10 100 1000 10000
∆Te(K)
Typical boiling curve for pool boiling of water at saturation
temperature and atmospheric pressure.
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1. Natural convection Onset of boiling
2. Individual bubble regime 3. Regime of slugs and bubbles
4. Transition film boiling 5. Stable film boiling

Schematic representation of each boiling regime
Q.3. (a) Solution:

Fouling and fouling factor: In heat exchangers with most of the liquids and gases, a deposit is
formed on the heat transfer surface. This deposit may be rust, boiler scale, coke or any other thing.
The effect of fouling is to increase the thermal resistance. The thickness of the fouling depends
upon many variables like type of fluid, its properties, etc. and also depends on the time factor. The
factor which is introduced to include the effect of fouling is known as fouling factor F. Fouling
factors are determined experimentally by testing the exchanger in both the clean and dirty
conditions. Typical values of F range from 0.00009 for clean vapors to 0.0002 for hot river water or
hot sea water.
1 1
F = −
Uf U
where U = overall heat transfer coefficient of clean heat exchanges

Uf = overall heat transfer coefficient after fouling has occurred
F = fouling factor
Demerits of fouling: The demerits of fouling are listed below:
• A bigger-sized heat exchanger is required. Hence the initial investment is more.
• The thermal resistance increases and the thermal efficiency of the exchanger reduces,
resulting in energy loss.
• Regular cleaning and maintenance are required which increase the maintenance cost and
reduces the availability of the equipment for production.
Types of fouling:
• Scaling or precipitation fouling. Scaling is formed on the heat transfer surface due to the
dissolved impurities in the fluid.
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• Particulate fouling: Finally divided suspended particles present in the fluid are
accumulated on the heat transfer surface.
• Chemical reaction fouling: This is due to the deposit formation on the heat transfer surface
by chemical reaction.
• Corrosion fouling: This is due to the formation of corrosion products on the heat transfer
surface.
• Biological fouling: This is due to the formation of biological material on the surface of the
heat exchanger.
• Solidification fouling: This is due to the formation of crystals on the heat transfer surface
from a pure liquid or one compound from the liquid phase.
Q.3. (b) Solution:
wc pw (Tc 2 − Tc 1 ) = m wc po (Th 1 − Th 2 )
Heat transfer, Q = m
Q = m w × 4.18 (75 − 20 ) = 1 × 2.5(130 – 50)
m w × 229.9 = 200
m w = 0.87 kg/s Answer (i)
Cmin = 1 × 2.5 = 2.5 kW/K for hot fluid

Cmax = 0.87 × 4.18 = 3.6366 kW/K for cold fluid
UA 1500 A
NTU = ⇒ =4
Cmin 2.5 × 103
2500 × 4
Area, A = = 6.667 m2 Answer (ii)
1500
Th1 − Th2
Effectiveness of exchanger, ∈ = T − T (Since Ch < Cc )
h1 c1
130 − 50
∈ =
130 − 20
80
∈ = = 0.7273 Answer (iii)
110
Q.3. (c) Solution:

The answer lies in the geometry. When it comes to shell and tube heat exchanger a tube bundle is
placed inside a shell, where one fluid flows through the tube bundle while the other runs over tube
bundle within the shell. The shell has baffle plates that redirect the fluid cross to the tube bundle.
These heat exchangers are mainly used for high pressure applications due to their robust geometry.
Double pipe heat exchangers consist of concentric shells. One tube enclosing other, both containing
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different fluids. So they can only be used as parallel or counter flow heat exchangers.
Shell-side fluid in
flange
tube-side
fluid out
flange
tube-side
fluid in
Shell-side
fluid out
shell shell inlet

baffles
tube outlet
tube inlet
sheel outlet
Q.4. (a) Solution:

Since the temperature of the milk is always maintained uniform by stirring, it can be considered as
a lumped-parameter system.
ρcV
Time constant, tc =
hAs
π 2
900 × 4200 ×   × ( 0.05 ) × 0.1
4
= 100 × π × 0.05 × 0.1
= 472.50 s = 7.87 min
T − Tf
Ti − T f = exp{–t/t c]
30 − 25
= exp{–t/7.87 ]
80 − 25
5 t
ln   = −
 55  7.87
t = 18.87 minutes
The energy transferred during the time of cooling,
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18.87×60
E = ∫ hAs (T − T f ) dt
0
1132.2
∫ (80 − 25 ) e
−t /472.5
= hAs dt
0
1132.2
= (100 × π × 0.05 × 0.1 ) × ∫ 55 e −t /472.5 dt
0
= 0.5 × π × 55 × 472.5 ( 1 − e
−1132.2/472.5 )
 5 
= 0.5 × π × 55 × 472.5  1 − 
 55 
= 0.5 × π × 472.5 × 50 = 37.11 kJ
Q.4. (b) Solution:

The entire electrical energy released by the current passing through resistors may be dissipated by
the radiation process.
E = ∈ AσbT 4
85 = ∈ × 0.03 × 5.67 × 10–8 × (640)4
85 × 108
∈ = 4 = 0.297848 0.3
0.03 × 5.67 × ( 640 )
Emissivity of the sphere surface, ∈ = 0.3
The following assumptions have been made in the estimation of emissivity:
(i) The walls are held at low temperature. This implies that the sphere emits, but does not
receive radiant energy.
(ii) The enclosure is completely evacuated, and the vacuum procludes any heat transfer by
convection.
(iii) Steady state conditions prevail, i.e. there is no storage of energy.
Q.4. (c) Solution:
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850 K 400 K
1 2
Outer wall
Radiation
Radiation
Inner wall + Ambient at 300 K
(T 0)
Convection
n number of shields
(
Heat lost by outer surface per unit area = ∈ σ T24 − T04 + h (T2 − T0 ) )
( )
= ∈ σ T24 − T04 + 1.5 (T2 − T0 )1.33
= 0.8 × 5.67 × 10–8(4004 – 3004) + 1.5 × (400 – 300)1.33

= 793.8 + 685.63 = 1479.43 W/m2
This much heat transfer takes place through wall and shields. Heat transfer through composite
system of walls and n shields of equal emissivity is
σ (T14 − T24 )
(n + 1)  2 − 1 = 1479.43
∈ 
σ (T14 − T24 )
n+1 =
 2 
1479.43 ×  − 1
 0.8 
n + 1 = 12.683
n = 12.683 – 1 = 11.683
Number of shields, n 12 Answer
Section B : Theory of Machines
Q.5. (a) (i) Solution:

As pressure angle is the angle made by the direction of motion of follower and the normal to the
pitch curve at any point (or in other words the measure of steepness of the cam profile), its
significance can be stated as:
• Higher value of pressure angle increases the horizontal force acting on the follower (as higher
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is the side thrust). This could jam the translating follower in its guide ways.
• Lower value of pressure angle increases the weight of cam and it becomes bulky, thus increasing
the inertial force.
Following are the consideration of pressure angle from performance point of view:
(i) Usually the pressure angle should be as small as possible within the limits of design and
(ii) The pressure angle can be reduced by increasing the cam size or by adjusting the offset.
Q.5. (a) (ii) Solution:

1. Trace point: It is a point on the follower, and it is used to generate the pitch curve. Its motion
describing the movement of the follower. For a knife-edge follower, the trace point is at knife-
edge. For a roller follower the trace point is at the roller center, and for a flat-face follower, it
is at the point of contact between the follower and the cam surface when the contact is along
the base circle of the cam. It should be not that the trace point is not necessarily the point of
contact for all other positions of the cam.
2. Pitch point: The point corresponds to the point of maximum pressure angle is called pitch
point, and a circle drawn with its centre at the cam centre, to pass through the pitch point, is
known as the pitch circle.
3. Prime circle: The prime circle is the smallest circle that can be drawn so as to be tangential to
the pitch curve, with its centre at the cam centre. For a roller follower, the radius of the prime
circle will be equal to the radius of the base circle plus that of the roller where as for knife-edge
follower the prime circle will coincides with the base circle.
Q.5. (b) Solution:
s
Window glas
7
6
5
4
4 3
1 2
Handle
1
Automobile window guidance linkage
As numbered, there are total 7 links. There are seven revolute pairs between link pairs (1, 2), (2, 3),
(3, 4), (3, 7), (4, 6), (4, 1) and (1, 5). Besides, there is one sliding pair between link 6 and 7 and a
geared pair between links 4 and 5.
Thus, n = 7, l = 8 and h = 1
Hence, d.o.f. = 3(7 – 1) – 2(8) – 1
= 18 – 16 – 1 = 1
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Q.5. (c) Solution:
Given: b = 1.5 m, wheel base, l = 3.3 m
(i) Inclination angle of the track arms is given by
b
tanθ =
2l
1.5
tanθ = = 0.2273
2 × 3.3
θ = 12.8°
(ii) Equation of correct steering is:
b
cotα – cotβ =
l
1.5
cotα – cot30° =
3.3
cotα – 1.732 = 0.4545

cot α = 2.1865 or tanα = 0.4573
Angle, α = 24.576°
Q.5. (d) Solution:
A1 D A2
β/2
C
α
CD = 100 mm; CA = 120 mm; PA = 200 mm; PQ = 170 mm

β CD 100
cos = CA = 120 = 0.8333
2 2
β
= 33.56° or β = 67.12°
2
Time of cutting stroke α 360° − β
= β= β
Time of return stroke
360° − 67.12° 292.88°
= = = 4.36
67.12° 67.12°
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Q.5. (e) Solution:
3k 3k k 3k k 2k
m
k 2k 7k
keq =
2 3 6
m m
 7k 
Equivalent stiffness, keq =  
 6 
Q.6. (a) Solution:

Given: m = 10 kg, s = 10 N/mm
x1
xs = 10
Fx (Periodic force) = F0 coswt

where F0 = 150 N
w = 50 rad/s
s 10 × 10 3
wn = = = 31.6 rad/s
m 10
4
x1 x1 x2 x3 x4  x1 
Also, = × × × =  
xs x2 x3 x 4 x5  x2 
1/4
x1 x 
or, =  1 = (10)1/4 = 1.78
x2  x5 
x  2 πξ
Also, ln  1  =
 x2  1 − ξ2
2 πξ
ln(1.78) =
1 − ξ2
C
ξ = 0.913 =
2 Sm
C = 0.0913 × 2 × 10 × 103 × 10 = 57.74 N/m/s

Deflection due to static force F0,
F0 150
x0 = = = 0.015 m
s 10 × 103
Amplitude of forced vibrations,
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x0
xmax =
2
  ω 2   ω 
2
1 −    +  2 ξ 
  ωn    ωn 
0.015
=
2
  50  2   50 
2
1 −   + 2 × 0.0913 ×
 31.6    
31.6 
 
= 9.8 × 10–3 m = 9.8 mm
Q.6. (b) Solution:

π
Tmean = 1 Mdθ
π ∫0
π
1
= π ∫ ( 15000 + 2000 sin 2θ − 1800 cos 2θ ) dθ
0
1
= [15000θ − 1000 cos 2θ − 900 sin 2θ]0π = 15000 Nm
π
2 πN
Power of the engine = Tmean ×
60
2 π × 200
= 15000 × × 10 −3 = 314.16 kW ...(i)
60
M(Nm)
B C B
15000 Tmean = Tresisting
A
0 θ1 θ2 180° θ
The value of θ1 and θ2 can be calculated as M – Tmean = 0

2000 sin2θ – 1800 cos2θ = 0
tan2θ = 0.9 [Interval 0, π]
This gives 2θ1 = 42°, θ1 = 21°; 2θ2 = 180° + 42°, θ2 = 111°
θ2
(∆KE)max = ∫ ( M − Tmean ) dθ
θ1
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θ2
= ∫ (2000 sin 2θ − 1800 cos 2θ ) dθ

θ1
°
= [−1000 cos 2θ − 900 sin 2θ]111
21°
= −1000 cos 222° − 900 sin 222° + 1000 cos 42° + 900 sin 42°
= 743.145 + 602.2175 + 743.145 + 602.2175
= 2690.725 J
2 πN 2 π × 200
ωaverage = = = 20.944 rad/s
60 60
2×1
Coefficient of fluctuation of speed, Cs = = 0.02
100
(∆KE)max = Iω2Cs
2690.725
I = = 306.7 kg-m2 ...(ii)
( 20.944 )2 × 0.02
M θ=30° = 15000 + 2000 sin60° – 1800cos60°
= 15000 + 1732 – 900 = 15832 Nm

M − Tmean
Angular acceleration of flywheel, α =
I
15832 − 15000 832
α = = = 2.713 rad/s2 ...(iii)
306.7 306.7
Q.6. (c) Solution:

vt 1 vt2
Let vt1 = velocity of tup just before the impact

vt2 = velocity of tup just after the impact
va1 va 2
Let va1 = velocity of anvil just before the impact

va2 = velocity of anvil just after the impact
The displacement of the anvil is measured from its static equilibrium position and all velocities are
assumed to be positive when acting downward. From the principle of conservation of linear
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momentum,
Mva 1 + mvt 1 = Mva 2 + mvt 2
M(va2 – va1) = m(vt1 – vt2) ...(i)
from conservation of energy,
1
mvt21 = mgh
2
vt 1 = 2 gh = 2 × 9.81 × 2 = 6.261 m/s
Before impact, anvil is at rest, va1 = 0

Mva2 = m(vt1 – vt2) [from equation (i)]
M
vt 2 = vt 1 − va 2
m
5000
vt 2 = 6.261 − va 2 = 6.261 – 5va2 ...(ii)
1000
The definition of the coefficient of restitution yields :
 va 2 − vt 2 
e = − v − v 
 a1 t1 
 va 2 − vt 2 
0.4 = −  
 0 − 6.261 
va 2 = vt 2 + 2.5044 ...(iii)
Solving equation (ii) and (iii), we get
va 2 = 1.4609 m/s, vt 2 = – 1.0435 m/s
Thus the initial conditions of the anvil are given by
x 0 = 0, x 0 = 1.4609 m/s
The damping coefficient is equal to
c 10000
ζ = = = 0.0989949
2 KM 6 5000
2 5 × 10 ×
9.81
The undamped and damped natural frequencies of the anvil are given by
K 5 × 106
ωn = =
M  5000  = 98.995 rad/s
 
 9.81 
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2 2
ωd = ωn 1 − ζ = 98.995 1 − (0.0989949 ) = 98.5 rad/s
The displacement response of anvil for forced damped vibration is given by
−ζω t  x 0 
x(t) = e n  sin (ωd t )
 ωd 
= e − 9.8t {0.0149 sin (98.5t )}
Q.7. (a) Solution:
T 3
Gear ratio, G = =
t 1
Addenda on pinion/wheel, Ap = Aw = 1 module = 6 mm

Pressure angle, φ = 20°
Speed, N1 = 120 rpm
2 πN 1
ω1 = = 4π rad/s = 12.56 rad/s
60
For equal addendum of the wheel and the pinion, the addendum radius of wheel decides whether
the interference will occurs or not,
Minimum number of teeth on the wheel to avoid interference,
2 AG
T =
11  2
1+  + 2  sin φ − 1
GG 
2×1
= = 44.94 say 45 teeth
1 1  2
1 +  + 2  (sin 20°) − 1
3 3 
Minimum mumber of teeth on the pinion to avoid interference,

T
G =
t
45
t = = 15 teeth
3
mt 6 × 15
Pitch circle radius of pinion, r = = = 45 mm
2 2
Addendum circle radius of pinion, rA = r + Ap = 45 + 6 = 51 mm
mT 6 × 45
Pitch circle radius of wheel, R = = = 135 mm
2 2
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Addendum circle radius of wheel,
RA = R + Aw = 135 + 6 = 141 mm
2
Path of approach = 2
RA − ( R cos φ ) − R sin φ
2
= 1412 − ( 135 cos 20° ) − 135 sin 20° = 15.37 mm
2
Path of recess = rA2 − ( r cos φ ) − r sin φ
= 2
512 − ( 45 cos 20° ) − 45sin 20° = 13.12 mm
Length of path of contact = 15.37 + 13.12 = 28.49 mm
Length of path of contact 28.49
Length of arc of contact = = = 30.32 mm
cos φ cos 20°
Circular pitch, Pc = πm = π × 6 = 18.852 mm
Length of arc of contact 30.32

Number of pairs of teeth in contact = Pc = = 1.61 say 2
18.852
Because contact ratio is 1.61 it means that 61% of time there are two pairs of teeth in contact and
during remaining time there is only one pair of teeth is in contact.
Angular speed of pinion, ω1 = 12.56 rad/s
t 12.56
Angular speed of wheel, ω2 = ω1 × = = 4.187 rad/s
T 3
Because path of approach is larger than path of recess. So maximum sliding velocity will come from
path of approach.
Maximum velocity of sliding, vs = (ω1 + ω2) × Path of approach
= (12.56 + 4.187) × 15.7 × 10–3 m/s
vs = 0.25752 m/s
Q.7. (b) Solution:

m = 2200 kg, R = 250 m, N = 1800 rpm,
Radius of gyration, k = 320 mm = 0.32 m
25 × 1000
speed, v = 25 km/h = = 6.94 m/s
3600
I = mk 2 = 2200 × (0.32)2 = 225.3 kgm2
2π × N
Angular velocity of rotor, ω =
60
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2 π × 1800
ω = = 188.5 rad/s
60
v 6.94
Angular velocity of precession, ωp = = = 0.0278 rad/s
R 250
(i) Couple, C = I ωωp

= 225.3 × 188.5 × 0.0278 = 1180 Nm
The effect is to lower the bow(fore) and raise the stern (aft) when the ship turns right.
(ii) ωp = 0.8 rad/s
C = Iωωp = 225.3 × 188.5 × 0.8 = 33972 Nm
The effect of the reaction couple when the bow is rising, is to turn the ship towards right or
towards starboard.
(iii) ωp = 0.1 rad/s
C = 225.3 × 188.5 × 0.1 = 4246.5 Nm
As the axis of spin is always parallel to the axis of precession for all positions, there is no gyroscopic
effect on the ship.
Bow (fore)
Rising b b′
Stern Rotor pitching
(aft) lowering o
Left a a′
Port
Left c c′
Rolling o
Right
Starboard (Steering) d d′
Right
(a) (Steering)
View (b)
View
b b′
c c′
o o
Bow rising a a′
(Pitching) d d′
Bow-lowering
(c)
Q.7. (c) (i) Solution:

A spur gear has straight teeth, so the contact occurs on the whole face of teeth, making a line
contact. The meshing is sudden and hence an impact load acts. Due to this impact load meshing
occurs with a buzz sound and due to this very reason itself, a spur gear can not be operated under
high load and high speed condition. Hence, it is the impact loading because of line contact in spur
gears which makes noise. There is sudden impact due to mating of teeth in short interval of time.
Q.7. (c) (ii) Solution:

• Helical gears have a helix angle while in spur gears there is no helix angle.
• Helical gears are used for high speed transmission since they produce less noise as compared
to spur gears.
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• Helical gears have high life as compared to spur gears as in spur gear there is sudden thrust
due to mating of teeth in short interval of time while in helical gears there is no such sudden
mating of single teeth as teeth mate over a period of time.
• For mating spur gears only module of gears must be same while in helical gears their helix
angle must also be same.
• Helix gears produce radial as well as axial thrust force due to helix while in spur gear only
radial force is present and no axial forces are acting. So, stronger bearing must be used with
helix gears. But to overcome this there are herringbone gears and double helix gears also.
Q.8. (a) Solution:

C
A B(30 kg) C(50 kg) D(40 kg)
90°
12 cm 16 cm 8 cm 10 cm 210°
B
θ
l 30 cm x
D
RP
A
Spacing of planes of rotating masses
Angular position of mass
Plane M(kg) r (m) Mr(kg-m) θ(deg) Mr cosθ(kgm) Mr sinθ(kgm) l(m) Mrl cosθ(kgm2 ) Mrl sinθ(kgm2 )
A m 0.12 0.12 m θ 0.12 m cosθ 0.12 m sinθ –l – 0.12 m l cosθ – 0.12 m l sinθ
B 30 0.16 4.8 0 4.8 0 0 0 0
C 50 0.08 4 90° 0 4 0.3 0 1.2
D 40 0.10 4 210° – 3.464 –2 (0.3 + x) – 3.464 (0.3 + x) – 2(0.3 + x)
For system is to be in complete dynamic balance,

ΣMrcosθ = 0, + 0.12 m cos θ + 4.8 – 3.464 = 0
0.12 m cos θ = – 1.336 ...(i)
ΣMr sin θ = 0, 0.12 m sinθ + 4 – 2 = 0
0.12 m sinθ = – 2 ...(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii),
−2
tanθ = = 1.497
−1.336
θ = 56.26° or 236.26°
Since the value of sinθ and cosθ both are negative in equation (i) and (ii),
Angular position of mass A w.r.t. B,θ = 236.26°
−1.336 −1.336
from equation (i), m = = = 20 kg
0.12 cos θ 0.12 × cos 236.26°
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ΣMrl cosθ = 0, – 0.12 m l cosθ – 3.464(0.3 + x) = 0

l × 1.336 = 3.464(x + 0.3)
l × 0.3861 = x + 0.3 ...(iii) [from equation (i)]
ΣMr l sin θ = 0, – 0.12 m l sinθ – 1.2 = 2(0.3 + x) = 0
2l + 1.2 = 2(0.3 + x) ...(iv) [from equation (ii)]
2l + 1.2 = 2× 0.3861 × l [from equation (iii)]
−1.2
l = ( = – 0.97 m
2 − 2 × 0.386 )
Negative sign indicates the position of mass A about the distance w.r.t. reference plane. So, spacing
positions of the planes containing A and B is 97 cm.
Q.8. (b) Solution:
C
l2
l M
θ
l1 G
Fb φ Ft N θ
P O
W c = mc g Fy
Fn
The mass of the connecting rod (mc) is divided into two masses. One of the mass is placed at the
crosshead pin P and the other at the crankpin C.
l − l2 1.5 − 0.5
Mass of connecting rod at C = mCR = × 300 = 200 kg (l2 = 0.5 m)
l 1.5
L 600
l1 = l – GC = 1.5 – 0.5 = 1 m; r = = = 0.3 m
2 2
l 1.5
m R = 350 kg, mCR = 300 kg, n = = = 5, kG = 0.65 m
r 0.3
2 π × 125
ω = = 13.1 rad/s
60
Inertia force due to total mass of the reciprocating parts at P,
 l − l1   cos2θ 
F1 =  mR + mCR  ω2 r  cos θ + 
 l   n 
 1.5 − 1  2  cos 60° 

=  350 + × 300  × (13.1 ) × 0.3  cos 30° + 
 1.5   5 
= (350 + 100) × 51.483 × 0.966 = 22380.25 N
Corresponding torque due to F1 ,
 sin 2 θ 
TI = FI r  sin θ +
2 2 
 2 n − sin θ 
 sin 60° 
= 22380.25 × 0.3  sin 30° + 
 2 52 − ( sin 30° )
2
 
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= 6714 × 0.587 = 3941.18 Nm (anticlockwise)
Equivalent length of a simple pendulum when swing about an axis through P,
(KG )2 (0.65 )2 + 12
L = + (l1 ) = = 1.42 m
l1 1
 ω2 sin 2θ 
Correcting torque, Tc = −mCR l1 ( l − L )  
 2n2 
(Direction of correcting torque is clockwise)
 ( 13.1 )2 sin 60° 
= – 300 × 1 (1.5 − 1.42 )  
 2 × 25 
= 71.4 Nm (anticlockwise)
Torque due to the weight o the connecting rod at C,
TW = WC × r × cos θ = mC g × r × cos θ
TW = 200 × 9.81 × 0.3 × cos 30° = 509.76 Nm (anticlockwise)
Total torque exerted on the crankshaft,
T = TI – TC + TW
= 3941.18 + 71.4 + 509.76
= 4522.34 Nm (CCW)
Q.8. (c) Solution:

Let us find the location of instantaneous centre for the given instant of mechanism.
4.472 m
4m
B 2m C
vB
vC
2.236 m
2m
A D
3m
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CD = 2 2 + 12 = 5 = 2.236 m
from ∆AQD and ∆BQC :
AQ BQ
=
AD BC
QB + 2 QB
=
3 2
2QB + 4 = 3 QB
QB = 4 m
for the right angled ∆BQC
QC = ( BQ )2 + ( BC )2 = 4 2 + 2 2 = 20 = 4.472 m
Here, Q is instantaneous centre

for bar BC, vB = 10 × 2 = ω BC × 4
ω BC = 5 rad/s
vc = (ωBC ) × QC = (ωCD ) × CD
vc = 5 × 4.472 = ωCD × 2.236
5 × 4.472
∴ ωCD = = 10 rad/s
2.236
Angular velocity of bar BC = 5 rad/s (clockwise)
Angular velocity of bar CD = 10 rad/s (anti-clockwise)

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Detailed Solutions

ESE-2018 Mechanical Engineering

Section A : Heat and Mass Transfer

Q.1. (a) (i) Solution:

Q.1. (a) (ii) Solution:

Case 1 : r1 = 0.01 m, r2 = 0.01 + 0.002 = 0.012 m

Case 3: r1 = 0.01 m, r2 = 0.01 + 0.05 = 0.06 m

Q.1. (c) Solution:

Q.1. (d) (i) Solution:

hLc Internal conductive resistance

h = Average heat transfer coefficient

Q.1. (d) (ii) Solution:

Q.1. (e) (i) Solution:

Q.1. (e) (ii) Solution:

Q.2. (a) Solution:

Given: T0 = 300°C, Ta = 30°C, b = 20 mm = 0.02 m, y = 6 mm = 0.006 m,

Perimeter, P = (6 + 20) × 2 × 10–3 = 0.052 m

Since Rex < 5 × 105, the flow is laminar.

(iii) Average convective heat transfer coefficient, h :

Qconv = hAs (ts − t∞ )

= 14.366 × (0.3 × 0.3)(56 – 20) = 46.546 W

1. Natural convection Onset of boiling

2. Individual bubble regime 3. Regime of slugs and bubbles

4. Transition film boiling 5. Stable film boiling

Q.3. (a) Solution:

where U = overall heat transfer coefficient of clean heat exchanges

Q.3. (b) Solution:

Q = m w × 4.18 (75 − 20 ) = 1 × 2.5(130 – 50)

m w = 0.87 kg/s Answer (i)

Cmin = 1 × 2.5 = 2.5 kW/K for hot fluid

Q.3. (c) Solution:

shell shell inlet

Q.4. (a) Solution:

Q.4. (b) Solution:

Q.4. (c) Solution:

= 0.8 × 5.67 × 10–8(4004 – 3004) + 1.5 × (400 – 300)1.33

Section B : Theory of Machines

Q.5. (a) (i) Solution:

Q.5. (a) (ii) Solution:

Q.5. (b) Solution:

cotα – 1.732 = 0.4545

Q.5. (d) Solution:

CD = 100 mm; CA = 120 mm; PA = 200 mm; PQ = 170 mm

Q.5. (e) Solution:

Q.6. (a) Solution:

Fx (Periodic force) = F0 coswt

C = 0.0913 × 2 × 10 × 103 × 10 = 57.74 N/m/s

Q.6. (b) Solution:

The value of θ1 and θ2 can be calculated as M – Tmean = 0

= ∫ (2000 sin 2θ − 1800 cos 2θ ) dθ

M θ=30° = 15000 + 2000 sin60° – 1800cos60°

= 15000 + 1732 – 900 = 15832 Nm

Q.6. (c) Solution:

Let vt1 = velocity of tup just before the impact

Let va1 = velocity of anvil just before the impact

vt 1 = 2 gh = 2 × 9.81 × 2 = 6.261 m/s

Before impact, anvil is at rest, va1 = 0

The definition of the coefficient of restitution yields :

The damping coefficient is equal to

Q.7. (a) Solution: