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The document discusses various methods for presenting experimental results from engineering tests and experiments. There are three main presentation methods: tabular, graphical, and empirical equations. Graphical methods are preferred for emphasizing trends and relationships in the data. When there are continuous relationships between multiple variables, data can be presented through plots, including families of curves and contour plots. Curve fitting techniques are described to develop empirical equations that represent experimental data trends and can be used for predictions. Examples of transforming equations into linear forms suitable for least squares fitting are provided.

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63 views31 pages

Week8 PDF

The document discusses various methods for presenting experimental results from engineering tests and experiments. There are three main presentation methods: tabular, graphical, and empirical equations. Graphical methods are preferred for emphasizing trends and relationships in the data. When there are continuous relationships between multiple variables, data can be presented through plots, including families of curves and contour plots. Curve fitting techniques are described to develop empirical equations that represent experimental data trends and can be used for predictions. Examples of transforming equations into linear forms suitable for least squares fitting are provided.

Uploaded by

osmanfırat
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING SYSTEMS
LABORATORY

Group 02

Asst. Prof. Dr. E. İlhan KONUKSEVEN


PRESENTATION OF
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The presentation of numerical findings of an experiment is as
important as the conduct of the tests. Because all conclusions to
be drawn will be based on this information

THE MOST SUITABLE MANNER DEPENDS UPON


THE NATURE OF THE RESULTS

RESULTS MAY BE :

1. SINGLE VALUE
2. MULTIPLE VALUES
3. CONTINUOUS RELATIONSHIPS
PRESENTATION OF
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
There exist three basic ways of presenting the experimental data:

1. Tabular
2. Graphical
3. Empirical Equation

1. In a tabular way of presentation, all individual data sets are presented


with their numerical details; This type of representation is preferred if the
raw data need to be reported and/or if any further numerical data
analysis is to be carried out.

2. In a graphical way of presentation, the major goal is to emphasize on


the existing trends in the data in a visual manner.

3.In an empirical expression way of presentation, an equation is already


fitted to the original data. This type of representation is particularly
convenient if an analytical relationship is needed in a subsequent
analysis.
CONTINUOUS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SEVERAL VARIABLES

THREE VARIABLES CAN BE DISPLAYED


CONVENIENTLY ON ONE DIAGRAM

IF THERE IS A FOURTH VARIABLE


THREE VARIABLE SHOULD BE PRESENTED ON
ONE PLOT AND

A DIFFERENT PLOT SHOULD BE PRODUCED


FOR EACH VALUE OF THE FOURTH VARIABLE
CONTINUOUS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SEVERAL VARIABLES

ALTERNATIVELY A MULTIVARIABLE EMPIRICAL


EQUATION MIGHT BE PRODUCED
PLOTTING DATA
GENERAL POINTS

1. CHOOSE SENSIBLE, EASILY


UNDERSTANDABLE SCALES

2. THERE IS NO POINT IN USING SCALE


DIVISIONS WHICH ARE MUCH
SMALLER THAN THE PROBABLE
UNCERTAINTY OF THE DATA.
PLOTTING DATA
GENERAL POINTS

3. THE USE OF MAJOR AND MINOR


DIVISIONS IN SCALES MAY HELP IN AN
EASIER COMPREHENSION OF SCALES.

4. SUPPRESS ZERO IF IT ALLOWS A


BETTER SCALE TO BE USED,
PROVIDING ZERO SUPPRESSION DOES
NOT MAKE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
PLOT LESS OBVIOUS
PLOTTING DATA
GENERAL POINTS

5. IF THE NUMERICAL RANGE OF THE


DATA SPANS OVER SEVERAL DECADES,
TRY USING A LOGARITHMIC SCALE.

6. IN CASE OF LARGE PROBABLE ERRORS


IN DATA POINTS, THE ERROR RANGE
ABOUT EACH DATA POINT MUST ALSO
BE PLOTTED.
PLOTTING DATA
GENERAL POINTS
7. IF A (STRAIGHT) LINE GRAPH SHOULD
THEORETICALLY PASS THROUGH THE
ORIGIN, IT SHOULD NOT BE
AUTOMATICALLY DRAWN THROUGH
THE ORIGIN.

8. IF IT IS NECESSARY TO EXTRAPOLATE
ONE VARIABLE, X, TOWARDS INFINITY, IT
IS BETTER TO REARRANGE THE
VARIABLE AS 1/X AND EXTRAPOLATE TO
ZERO.
PLOTTING DATA
GENERAL POINTS
9. WHERE THERE IS A SCATTER OF THE
PLOTTED POINTS, AND THE PROBABLE
ERROR IS LARGE

IT IS USUALLY BETTER TO PLOT THE


ERROR RANGE ABOUT EACH POINT, AND
THEN TO PLOT A SMOOTH CURVE
THROUGH EACH ERROR RANGE,
RATHER THAN TO DRAW A OSCILLATING
CURVE THROUGH EACH POINT
PLOTTING DATA
GENERAL POINTS
PLOTTING DATA
GENERAL POINTS

10. WHERE ONE VARIABLE, y, IS


APPROXIMATELY PROPORTIONAL TO A
SECOND VARIABLE x, PLOT y/x versus x
y y/x

x x
RECOMMENDED
PLOTTING MORE THAN TWO VARIABLES
1. Two dependent variables, y and z, versus one
independent variable, x; i.e., y = f (x) and z = g (x)
Use
a) either two separate plots as
y z

x x
b) or one plot with multiple scales as
y z

x
PLOTTING MORE THAN TWO VARIABLES
1. One dependent variable, z, versus two independent
variables, x and y; i.e., z = f (x,y)

Possible representations are:

a) Family of curves
b) Perspective (3D) plots
c) Contour plots
d) Carpet plots
A. FAMILY OF CURVES

One of the independent variables (say y) is


picked up as a parameter and a series of curves
zi = f (x,yi) are drawn for fixed values of yi
(i=1,2,…, n).

y3 y2 y1

x
B. PERSPECTIVE (3D) PLOTS

One of the independent variables (say y) is picked


up as a parameter and a series of curves zi = f (x,yi)
are drawn in a perspective view for fixed values of
yi (i=1,2,…, n).
z
x

y1
y2
y3
y
C. CONTOUR PLOTS

The dependent variable, z, is picked up as a


parameter and a series of curves f (x,y) = zi
(constant) are drawn in y versus x plane for
fixed values of zi (i=1,2,…, n).

z3 z2 z1

x
D. CARPET PLOTS

Both independent variables are treated as


parameters and two sets of curves are drawn
for their fixed values

z
y3
y2

y1
x2 x3
x1
CURVE FITTING
THIS IS THE PROCESS WHEREBY AN
EQUATION IS FOUND THAT FITS EXISTING
EXPERIMENTAL DATA

ADVANTAGES
compared with numerical data, an equation is

a) MORE EASILY COMMUNICATED


b) MORE EASILY MANIPULATED
c) MORE READILY USED TO PREDICT
BEHAIVIOUR IN A SLIGHTLY
DIFFERENT SITUATION
PROCEDURE FOR CURVE FIITING
1. BE FAMILIAR WITH THE FORMS
OF COMMONLY OCCURRING
LAWS
e.g. POWER LAW y  Cx m

EXPONENTIAL LAW y  Ce mx

SKETCH THE FUNCTION SO THAT


YOU ARE SURE IT FOLLOWS THE
DESIRED TRENDS
2. TRY TO LINEARIZE BY :
a) TRANSPOSITION
b) TAKING LOGARITHMS

3. IF A STRAIGHT LINE IS OBTAINED


THEN APPLY LEAST SQUARES FIT
EXAMPLES

y  Cx m

Ln( y )  Ln(C)  m .Ln( x )


y’
y  A  Bx
' '
y '  A  Bx'

x’
y  Ln( y ) A  Ln(C) B  m x  Ln( x )
' '
EXAMPLES

y  Ce mx

Ln( y )  Ln(C)  mxLn(e)


Ln( y )  Ln(C)  mx
y  A  Bx
' '

y  Ln( y ) A  Ln(C) B  m x  x
' '
EXAMPLES
x
y PLOT (1/y) versus (1/x)
a  bx
y  a  bx  cx 2
PLOT
(y-y1)/(x-x1) versus (x)
x
y  c PLOT
a  bx (x-x1) /(y-y1) versus (x)
EXAMPLES
bx  cx
y  ae
2

PLOT

 y  1
 x  x1  
Ln    versus x
  y1 

EXAMPLES
 bx
y  1e
PLOT

 1  
Ln  

1  y  
 
versus x
EXAMPLES

y ab PLOT y versus 1/x


x

y ab x PLOT y versus x


Transformation to Linear Representation:
The followings are plotting methods that may be used to produce straight
lines on graph paper for several different types of functions:

1.y = ax + b y versus x on linear paper


slope = a; y-intercept (@ x=0) = b
2.y = axb z = log y versus log x on log-log paper
slope = b; z-intercept (@ log x = 0) = log a
3.y = aebx z = log y versus x on semi-log paper
slope = b log e; z-intercept (@ x=0) = log a
4.y = x/(a+bx) z=1/y versus 1/x on linear paper
slope = a; z-intercept (@ 1/x=0) = b
5.y = a + bx + cx2 z=(y-y1)/(x-x1) vs. x on linear paper
slope = c; z-intercept (@ x=0) = b+cx1
6.y = c+x/(a+bx) z=(x-x1)/(y-y1) vs. x on linear paper
slope = b+(b2x1/a); z-intercept (@ x=0) = a+bx1
2
7.y = a ebx+cx z = log[(y/y1)1/(x-x1)] vs. x on semi-log p.
slope = c log e; z-intercept (@ x=0)=b+cx1loge
8.y = 1-e-bx z = log[1/(1-y)] vs. x on semi-log paper
slope = b; z-intercept (@ x=0) = 0
9.y = a + b/x y versus 1/x on linear paper
slope = b; y-intercept (@ x=0) = a
10.y = a + b x1/2 y versus on linear paper
slope = b; y-intercept (@ x=0) = a

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