Culvert Studio

User's Guide

© 2015 Hydrology Studio

 2 Culvert Studio

Table of Contents
Foreword 0

Part I Introduction 5
1 Installing
...................................................................................................................................
and Activating 6
2 Getting...................................................................................................................................
Updates 7
3 About ...................................................................................................................................
This Guide 7

Part II Overview 9
1 The Basics
................................................................................................................................... 10
2 Printing
...................................................................................................................................
Reports 12
3 Saving
...................................................................................................................................
and Retrieving Project Files 13

Part III Basic Working Procedures 16

1 What...................................................................................................................................
To Do First 17
2 Setting
...................................................................................................................................
Up Rainfall 18
IDF Curves
.......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Using
.........................................................................................................................................................
Rainfall Map Data 20
Enter.........................................................................................................................................................
Points from Existing Curves 22
Import
.........................................................................................................................................................
from NOAA Atlas 14 23
Known
.........................................................................................................................................................
Equation Coefficients 24
IDF Correction
..........................................................................................................................................................
Factors 26
3 Working
...................................................................................................................................
With Culverts 27
Input Requirements
.......................................................................................................................................................... 27
Output .......................................................................................................................................................... 32
Results
.........................................................................................................................................................
Grid 34
4 Working
...................................................................................................................................
With Channels 36
Input Requirements
.......................................................................................................................................................... 37
User-Defined
.........................................................................................................................................................
Channel Shapes 40

Part IV Computational Methods 43

1 Culverts
................................................................................................................................... 43
Outlet Control
.......................................................................................................................................................... 44
Inlet Control
.......................................................................................................................................................... 47
Roadway..........................................................................................................................................................
Overtopping 48
Supercritical
..........................................................................................................................................................
Profiles 49
2 Channels
................................................................................................................................... 50
3 The Rational
...................................................................................................................................
Method 51

Part V Useful Tables 54

1 Runoff
...................................................................................................................................
Coefficients 54
2 Manning's
...................................................................................................................................
n-values 55

© 2015 Hydrology Studio

 Contents 3

Part VI End User License Agreement (EULA) 57

Index 59

© 2015 Hydrology Studio

3
Part

I
 Introduction 5

1 Introduction
Welcome and congratulations for choosing the industry's most easy-to-use culvert
modeling software. This state-of-the-art desktop application features comprehensive
culvert modeling utilizing the most popular agency-accepted computational methods.

All while wrapped around a rich user interface built from the ground up with Windows
Presentation Foundation. Say goodbye to those outdated forms–based programs!

If you have landed on this page from an internet search and would like to visit our
website, please visit www.hydrologystudio.com.

Culvert Studio was developed primarily for practicing civil engineers and related
professionals involved with urban and rural storm drain modeling and design.

What you can do with Culvert Studio

Model and design culverts with circular, rectangular, elliptical and arch shapes.
Model a variety of open channel sections for use in culvert analysis.
Produce professional looking, agency-ready reports

Technical Highlights

Culverts
Computes hydraulic grade line (HGL) with flow regimes including supercritical flow,
hydraulic jumps & pressure flow
Models inlet and outlet control flow regimes
Computes roadway/embankment overtopping flows
Uses FHWA - HDS-5 methodology
Handles partial, full and surcharged flow regimes automatically
Use widely accepted Rational method or specify your own Q’s
Computes rainfall intensities automatically
Develops IDF curves with 8 return periods
Imports rainfall data from NOAA Atlases for IDF curve generation
Much more!

Channels
Computes normal depth rating curves for Rectangular, Trapezoidal, Triangular and
User-defined shapes
Up to 50 user-defined points can be used to describe channel sections
N-values can vary across sections
Variety of calculation options includes the Rational Method, Known Q, Known Depth
or Q vs. Depth with user-defined increments
Specify any Channel Section for use as a Tailwater for Culvert analysis

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 6 Culvert Studio

Output Features
Professional reports are easy to read and interpret and include inputs, outputs as well
as profile graphs and charts. Output grids are exportable to .txt or .csv file formats.
Includes Print Preview.

1.1 Installing and Activating

By now you probably have Culvert Studio installed but just in case you haven't, just
follow the purchase/download instructions at the product's website
www.hydrologystudio.com. The initial download will contain the free trial version which
has no time limit but limited functionality. For example, you won't be able to save
project files; and most of the reports will be watermarked.

Culvert Studio uses Microsoft's "Click-once" technology which makes the installation
process fast and easy. An icon will be automatically added to your desktop and will
launch the program.

How to Activate Culvert Studio

Upon launch, the program checks for the registration serial number. If it is not
available, an activation screen appears like the following:

Once the serial number is entered it is stored and you won't be reminded again.

Loose your serial number?

If for some reason your serial number is lost, please email
[email protected] for retrieval.

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 Introduction 7

1.2 Getting Updates

Culvert Studio will automatically check for program updates, revisions and fixes upon
each launch. You may choose to "Update" then or "Skip" and wait until a later time. If
you choose to skip the update, you will not be prompted again until the next update is
released.

1.3 About This Guide

It's the 21st century and desktop software has matured. User interfaces like those of
Culvert Studio are being designed to rely less on help aids like a user manual. The
best help system is actually "no help". In other words, the user interface should be
intuitive enough so that the user shouldn't have to disengage from their task and read
a manual. We like to think Culvert Studio is one of those programs as it makes good
use of tool tips and illustrations. If at any time, you feel some important content is
missing or could be improved, please send us an email at
[email protected]. We would appreciate your feedback.

Online Learning Videos and More

As they say, "a picture is worth a thousand words". A library of videos demonstrating
the use of Culvert Studio is being developed on the website at
www.hydrologystudio.com. Topics to include basic system modeling to interpreting
results and everything in between. Please check for new additions regularly as this will
hopefully be your primary source for in depth explanations. You'll probably learn some
lessons on hydrology & hydraulics along the way.

Basic Working Procedures

This is where the nuts and bolts of this software are described.

Computational Methods
This section of the guide opens the black box and reveals the inner workings of the
program. Methodology, equations and assumptions are each detailed here.

Helpful Tables
The last section contains tables of Runoff Coefficients and Manning's n-values.

© 2015 Hydrology Studio

Part

II
 Overview 9

2 Overview
This section describes the most common basic tasks you will use when working with
Culvert Studio. It is designed as a "How-To" guide and reference manual. Although it
is organized roughly in the order that you would perform the tasks you don't need to
start at the beginning and work your way through. Every topic contains comprehensive
links to background information and other relevant subjects so you can just pick out
the task you need to perform and begin.

Below is the opening screen with primary components identified.

Culvert Studio ships with sample data to help you get acquainted.

How to Begin a New Project

Starting new project with Culvert Studio is as easy as creating a new word processing
file – you just click on the File menu, select New Project. That's it. In fact, the program
is ready to start a new project upon initial launch. In addition, Culvert Studio reloads
the default rainfall files replacing those which may have been used in a previously
loaded project.

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 10 Culvert Studio

Modern file menu

2.1 The Basics

Although two separate but related tasks are covered in Culvert Studio, it uses only
one user interface style. The input, output and reporting procedures are the same
throughout.

User Interface

A diagram of a culvert is displayed to assist in data entry.

You'll begin by selecting one of the tabs on the Ribbon Toolbar; Culverts or Channels.

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 Overview 11

Culverts is the default upon each start and initializing new projects. Once you have
selected your task the standard procedure takes only two steps.

Step 1. Enter data in the Input Grid. This grid is located on the right side of your
screen and works like most spreadsheets. Just type the value or select from a drop-
down list box and press [Enter] or [Tab]. The cursor will advance to the next item. To
edit an item, double-click the cell or press [F2].

Step 2. Click [Run]. That’s it. Culvert Studio then computes the output, populates the
Results Grid and draws the culvert Profile on the canvas.

Clearing the input table is easily accomplished by clicking the [Clear] button.

About the Canvas

The canvas does two things; 1) Draws your culvert in Profile, Section, Plan as well as
a Rating Curve; 2) Provides help diagrams to assist in your data entry. Once you have
established a culvert, the canvas will automatically draw the real thing and update the
drawing after each new input.

You can freely change the type of drawing, Profile, Section, Plan, etc. by selecting the
desired radio option at the upper left of the canvas. If the calculations are current, you
can optionally toggle on or off the HGL (Hydraulic Grade Line), EGL, (Energy Grade
Line) and Yc (Critical Depth) line by checking on or off the check boxes in the upper
right of the canvas.

In addition to getting formal printed reports, you can quickly save the canvas to a
.bmp, .jpg or .png file by right-clicking the canvas and choosing, "Export this chart...".

About the Results Grid

The Results Grid contains your numerical output. The column headings may change
according to the task as well as certain input parameters. In all cases, the canvas
drawing will correspond to the current row selected on the grid. A variety of scenarios
can be viewed by selecting other grid rows. When printing reports, the output will
highlight the select data.

You can copy this grid to the Windows clipboard or export it to a .csv or txt file by
right-clicking on the grid. This feature may be useful for creating custom reports in a
spreadsheet, word processor or cad drawing outside of Culvert Studio's reporting
features.

Using the Culvert/Channel List

Culvert Studio allows you to build and model up to 10 unique culverts or channels in
each project. The selector list located on the left of your screen provides quick and
easy access to any of them. Each row on the list represents a single culvert or
channel.

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 12 Culvert Studio

You can clear, copy or paste culverts and channels by right-clicking on them and
selecting the desired task on the context menu.

2.2 Printing Reports

Culvert Studio offers stylish and easy-to-read printed reports. To print, simply click the
[Reports] button on the Ribbon Toolbar. A document viewer automatically appears
allowing you to preview the reports before sending to your printer.

The report that you produce depends on the task you are using as well as which
results grid row has been selected. For example, if the Plan radio option has been
selected, the report will contain the Plan view as shown below.

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 Overview 13

If the computed results are current, a Calculation Sample grid is included which
corresponds to the selected row on the Results Grid.
2.3 Saving and Retrieving Project Files
Culvert Studio uses only two files:

1. Project Files: These files are used to store all of your project data including the
IDF curves that were being used at the time the project was last saved. Project files
have a ".cst" extension.

2. IDF curve files: These files store the IDF curves and have an ".idf" extension.
These are the same .idf files used in other Hydrology Studio software and can be
opened and used in Culvert Studio.

Saving Projects
Culvert Studio works much like a spreadsheet or word processor. To save a project,
select "Save Project" from the "File" menu. If you are saving this file for the first time,

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14 Culvert Studio

select "Save Project As...". When using "Save Project" the program will automatically
save the project under its current name.

Opening Projects
To retrieve a project, select "Open Project" from the "File" menu button or select a file
from the Recent Projects list on the right.

© 2015 Hydrology Studio

Part

III
 16 Culvert Studio

3 Basic Working Procedures

This section of the Help guide will explain in finer detail the aspects of running Culvert
Studio. To avoid redundancy, please review the Overview chapter. This provides a
quick glance of how to operate this software.

The rest of this section consists mostly of individual tasks as well as explanations of
options and features. Below is a brief description of some of the more important
aspects of Culvert Studio's Home screen.

Ribbon Menu
The home screen contains a state-of-the-art Ribbon control as its main menu. The
Ribbon menu contains tabs along the top corresponding to Culverts or Channels. The
Ribbon menu has virtually eliminated or replaced many of those dialog boxes you've
seen in legacy software, giving direct access to options without loading other windows
and forms first.

Canvas
Your workspace contains a primary drawing canvas which plots your culvert and
channel sections, profiles, etc. It allows you to switch to different drawings types
while building and maintaining your model. In other words, you can be using any one
of them while modifying the input data. This allows you make changes to inputs and
recompute results, providing instant feedback as the canvas gets updated after each
input.

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 Basic Working Procedures 17

The canvas also provides help diagrams to assist in your initial data entry.

Results Grid
The table at the bottom of your screen displays rows of calculated data. As you click
or select a row, the canvas redraws the image to reflect the selected data.

Culvert/Channel Selector
Culvert Studio allows you to build and model up to 10 unique culverts or channels in
each project. The selector list located on the left of your screen provides quick and
easy access to any of them. Each row on the list represents a culvert or channel.

You can clear, copy or paste culverts and channels by right-clicking on them and
selecting the desired task on the context menu.

3.1 What To Do First

If you have read the Overview and perhaps experimented with the Trial Version
Sample Data, then there are two things you should do.

1. Create a folder on your computer to hold your project files

Culvert Studio uses Microsoft's "Click-Once" technology to install itself on your
computer. As you may have noticed, it was very fast and easy. While it's void of
confusing options, it does not create file folders for your projects. It is recommended
you create a folder to hold these. For example the following folder configuration is
recommended under your Documents folder:

The Project Files folder will contain your project files (filename.cst) while the Rainfall
Files folder will contain your rainfall data described in the following section.

2. Set up your local rainfall files - This software ships with default rainfall data for
which is useful while getting to know the program. But eventually you'll want to setup
your own local data if you plan to use the Rational Method for developing discharge
rates.

Tip: The companion products, "Hydrology Studio" and "Stormwater Studio" use the
same type of IDF file. If you are already using one of these products, you may open
the rainfall files from its folder and use for this software as well.

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 18 Culvert Studio

3.2 Setting Up Rainfall

Culvert Studio allows you to develop flows by using the Rational Method. During those
calculations it automatically uses built-in rainfall data. You only need to input a
Drainage Area, Runoff Coefficient and Time of Concentration, Tc. The program
retrieves the intensity from the built-in IDF curves.

The software ships with default data for which is useful while getting to know the
program. But eventually you'll want to setup your own local data. The program stores
this data in a separate file with an ".idf" file extension. You can setup multiple IDF
curves and retrieve them as needed.

Culvert Studio automatically manages this file for you in that it opens it upon launch
and saves it when exiting if anything has changed. This IDF file should be saved in
your Culvert Studio/Rainfall Files folder. You may also choose to store it in any other
folder you wish.

If you have setup several unique IDF curves for a variety of locations, you can open
any one of them at any time to use for your current project.

All rainfall files are embedded in each project file so it is not necessary, for
example, to email an associate, the .cst project file and the associated .idf
rainfall file.

3.2.1 IDF Curves

Culvert Studio allows you to customize the IDF rainfall data. It provides a variety of
methods to choose from for setting them up.

To begin, click the [Rainfall] button on the Ribbon Toolbar to open the
Rainfall IDF Wizard.

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 Basic Working Procedures 19

Culvert Studio offers a Wizard to setup your IDF Curves. Click New to begin.

This screen displays the current set of IDF curves. Note that IDF curves, no matter
what method was used to develop, are equation-based in the end and have no time
limit, even though the graph displayed only shows intensities up to 60 minutes.

Click the Table tab to view the curves in numeric format. The curves cannot be edited
on this screen.

How to Create New IDF Curves

To create a new set of curves or edit existing curves, click the [New] button.
This opens the IDF Wizard which will walk you through a series of steps.

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 20 Culvert Studio

You have three choices to start.

1. Create using rainfall map data - Use this method to enter precipitation values
directly from Hydro-35 (Eastern United States) or NOAA Atlas 2 Maps (Western
United States). Use this method if your state is NOT listed on NOAA Atlas 14.

2. Enter intensities directly - Import from the latest NOAA Atlas 14 (recommended)
or enter values from your existing IDF curves.

3. Enter known equation coefficients. Culvert Studio uses two types of equations,
FHA (IDF Equation) and Third-degree Polynomial. You may directly enter coefficients
for these rainfall intensity equations.

3.2.1.1 Using Rainfall Map Data

Culvert Studio has the ability to generate IDF curves from NWS precipitation data.
The computational procedure is that as described in FHA Circular No. 12, "Drainage
of Highway Pavements."

Technically, when using Hydro-35 data or existing curves, Culvert Studio manipulates
your input data to generate coefficients B, D & E, for use in an Intensity vs. Tc
equation shown below.

This method requires minimal inputs but varies depending on what part of the U.S. you
are defining and if NOAA has updated data available for your state.

Your best source for this data is from NOAA's National Weather Service
"Precipitation Frequency Data Server". Click the [NOAA] button on the
Ribbon Toolbar to open the web server. Then select your state and follow the
instructions. Set the Data type to "Precipitation Depth, Partial Duration" when using it
for IDF curve setup.

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 Basic Working Procedures 21

If you are in the Eastern Contiguous United States

The IDF Wizard will display this screen:

Enter the 5-, 15- and 60-minute precipitation amounts for the 2- and 100-year return
periods and click [Finish]. You'll be taken back to the initial IDF Wizard screen where
you'll see your new IDF curves. See also IDF Correction Factors.

Save your curves by clicking the [Save] button and specifying a name for your file. An
".idf' extension will be applied. This file will automatically open each time you launch
Culvert Studio. You can, of course, change this file any time afterwords.

If you are in the Western United States

The IDF Wizard will display this screen:

Enter the 6- and 24-hour precipitation amounts for the 2- and 100-year return periods.
Select your state from the drop-down list. Note that only some states require an

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 22 Culvert Studio

elevation input.

Click [Finish] to generate the curves. You'll be taken back to the initial IDF Wizard
screen where you'll see your new IDF curves. See also IDF Correction Factors.

Save your curves by clicking the [Save] button and specifying a name for your file. An
".idf' extension will be applied. This file will automatically open each time you launch
Culvert Studio. You can, of course, change this file any time afterwords.

Click the [Open] or [Save] buttons to open or save an existing idf file.

3.2.1.2 Enter Points from Existing Curves

Culvert Studio allows you to enter intensities directly from your existing IDF curves.
You can also enter or import intensities from the newest NOAA Atlas 14.

Your best source for this data is from NOAA's National Weather Service
"Precipitation Frequency Data Server". Click the [NOAA] button on the
Ribbon Toolbar to open the web server. Then select your state and follow the
instructions. Set the Data type to "Precipitation Intensity, Partial Duration" when using
it for IDF curve setup.

If you selected "Enter Intensities from Existing IDF Curves or NOAA Atlas 14" the
following screen appears:

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 Basic Working Procedures 23

Clear the table and enter intensities directly into the table. Click [Apply].

Click [Next] to add IDF Correction Factors. Otherwise, click [Finish]. You'll be taken
back to the initial IDF Wizard screen where you'll see your new IDF curves. See also
IDF Correction Factors.

Save your curves by clicking the [Save] button and specifying a name for your file. An
".idf' extension will be applied. This file will automatically open each time you launch
Culvert Studio. You can, of course, change this file any time afterwords.
3.2.1.3 Import from NOAA Atlas 14
Provided your state is one which is listed on this atlas, you can quickly import this data
by first exporting it from NOAA's Precipitation Frequency Data Server. To start, click
the [NOAA] button on the Ribbon Toolbar to open the web server. Then select your
state and follow the instructions.

IMPORTANT! Be sure to set the Data type to "Precipitation Intensity, Partial

Duration".

At the bottom of the PF Tabular table you'll see an option to export as a .csv file.

Click [Submit]. The file will open in your web browser, or other text viewer, and will
look similar to the following:

Point precipitation frequency estimates (inches/hour)

NOAA Atlas 14, Volume 2, Version 3
Data type: Precipitation intensity
Time series type: Partial duration
Project area: Ohio River Basin
Latitude (decimal degrees): 33.8000
Longitude (decimal degrees): -81.0000

PRECIPITATION FREQUENCY ESTIMATES

by duration for ARI:, 1,2,5,10,25,50,100,200,500,1000 years
5-min:, 5.51,6.37,7.26,8.17,9.19,10.04,10.86,11.65,12.62,13.51
10-min:, 4.40,5.09,5.81,6.54,7.32,8.00,8.63,9.23,9.98,10.64
15-min:, 3.66,4.27,4.90,5.52,6.18,6.76,7.27,7.77,8.38,8.90
30-min:, 2.51,2.95,3.48,4.00,4.58,5.09,5.57,6.05,6.66,7.21
60-min:, 1.57,1.85,2.23,2.60,3.05,3.45,3.83,4.24,4.78,5.26
2-hr:, 0.90,1.07,1.30,1.54,1.83,2.10,2.37,2.67,3.06,3.43
3-hr:, 0.63,0.75,0.92,1.10,1.32,1.53,1.75,1.98,2.32,2.63
6-hr:, 0.38,0.45,0.55,0.65,0.79,0.91,1.05,1.19,1.40,1.60
12-hr:, 0.22,0.26,0.32,0.38,0.46,0.54,0.62,0.72,0.85,0.97
24-hr:, 0.12,0.15,0.19,0.22,0.27,0.32,0.36,0.42,0.50,0.57
2-day:, 0.07,0.09,0.11,0.13,0.16,0.18,0.21,0.24,0.28,0.32
3-day:, 0.05,0.06,0.08,0.09,0.11,0.13,0.14,0.16,0.19,0.22

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 24 Culvert Studio

4-day:, 0.04,0.05,0.06,0.07,0.09,0.10,0.11,0.13,0.15,0.17
7-day:, 0.03,0.03,0.04,0.05,0.06,0.06,0.07,0.08,0.09,0.10
10-day:, 0.02,0.03,0.03,0.04,0.04,0.05,0.05,0.06,0.07,0.08
20-day:, 0.01,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.03,0.03,0.03,0.04,0.04,0.04
30-day:, 0.01,0.01,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.03,0.03,0.03,0.03
45-day:, 0.01,0.01,0.01,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.02
60-day:, 0.01,0.01,0.01,0.01,0.01,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.02

Date/time (GMT): Tue Nov 20 20:02:01 2012

pyRunTime: 0.0222988128662

Save this file as a .txt or .csv file, preferably in your Culvert Studio/Rainfall folder.

Next, click the [Import] button on the Culvert Studio IDF Wizard screen shown above.
Select the file you just saved and click [Open].

Click [Apply].

Then click [Finish]. You'll be taken back to the initial IDF Wizard screen where you'll
see your new IDF curves.

Save your curves by clicking the [Save] button and specifying a name for your file. An
".idf' extension will be applied. This file will automatically open each time you launch
Culvert Studio. You can, of course, change this file any time afterwords.

3.2.1.4 Known Equation Coefficients

Even though there are several ways to setup your IDF Curves in the beginning, once
completed, they take the form of an equation. Culvert Studio uses two types of
equations. Each can accept custom coefficients to match your exact IDF curves.

To enter your own coefficients, select Enter Known Equation Coefficients from the
IDF Wizard opening screen. Choose one of the following equation types:

IDF Curve Equation

This method takes on the form:

Where:

I = rainfall intensity (in/hr)

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 Basic Working Procedures 25

Tc = time in minutes
B = coefficient
D = coefficient
E = coefficient

Third Degree Polynomial Equation

Some regions have IDF curves which are based on a third-degree polynomial
equation. These curves typically do not plot as a straight line on log-log scales. You
have the option of creating IDF curves using a third degree polynomial equation as
follows:

Where:

I = rainfall intensity (in/hr)

X = Ln(time in minutes)
A = coefficient
B = coefficient
C = coefficient
D = coefficient

A screen similar to the following appears:

Clear the table if needed and enter B, D & E coefficients. If using Third Degree
Polynomial, enter the A, B, C, & D coefficients. Note you can also specify Frequency
Correction Factors, Cf on this screen. For more information, see IDF Correction

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 26 Culvert Studio

Factors.

When finished, click the [Apply] button and then [Finish]. You'll be taken back to the
initial IDF Wizard screen where you'll see your new IDF curves. See also IDF
Correction Factors.

Save your curves by clicking the [Save] button and specifying a name for your file. An
".idf' extension will be applied. This file will automatically open each time you launch
Culvert Studio. You can, of course, change this file any time afterwords.

3.2.2 IDF Correction Factors

You can enter Frequency Correction Factors, Cf, with your IDF Curves. The Cf
factors can be edited on the Known Equation Coefficients screen or the Computed
Coefficients screens.

Cf factors are applied to the Runoff Coefficients when computing flows using the
Rational Method. The intensities shown on your reports will not reflect this factor. The
computed flows will, however.

Correction Factors can be edited while you are setting up your IDF curves. Rather
than clicking [Finish] just after entering or importing data, continue to click [Next] until
you arrive at the Equation Coefficients screen shown below. There you can enter Cf
values. Remember to click the [Apply] button.

To modify Correction Factors to existing IDF curves, Click the [New...] button from
the Ribbon Toolbar. Then choose "Enter known equation coefficients".

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 Basic Working Procedures 27

3.3 Working With Culverts

The primary task in Culvert Studio is, of course, culverts. It is the default task selected
upon launch. Culvert Studio's aim is to make simple work of sophisticated culvert
modeling. It accomplishes this by combining a simple, modern user interface with rich,
colorful graphics and detailed but friendly output.

Culvert Studio is capable of modeling culverts with various slopes, lengths, sizes,
materials and shapes including circular, rectangular, arch, pipe arch, open-bottom
arch and elliptical. It also handles a multitude of culvert materials and inlet
configurations.

The purpose of this application is to compute hydraulic profiles and rating tables
including a host of hydraulic properties for highway-type culverts. It uses sophisticated
energy-based methods for computing the hydraulic grade line (HGL). It can handle
inlet control and outlet control in any flow regime from partial depth, full depth,
surcharged, roadway overtopping as well as supercritical flow profiles with hydraulic
jump. Methods used are those described in HDS-5 (Hydraulic Design of Highway
Culverts).

3.3.1 Input Requirements

The input requirements are designed to be minimal but thorough. To enter data, type
in the value or select from a drop-down input box, and press [Enter] or the [Tab] key.
Following is a description of those required items. Once the data is input, results are
computed by clicking the [Run] button at the bottom of the input grid.

Data is divided into four categories. Culvert, Embankment, Discharge and Tailwater.
Following is a description of each. While entering data for the first time, the canvas
will automatically display help diagrams to assist in your data entry.

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28 Culvert Studio

Culvert Name
Optional but it is a recommended input.

> Culvert

Shape
Select the barrel shape from the drop-down list box.

Inlet Configuration
Select an inlet edge from the drop-down list box.

Material
Select the barrel material from the drop-down list box.

Note: The culvert's roughness coefficient is based on this input. The n-values used can
be viewed/edited in the Project Settings.

Rise
Enter the height of the barrel.

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 Basic Working Procedures 29

Span
Enter the width of the barrel. Circular sections will always have equal Rise and Spans.

Invert Elevation Down

Enter the invert elevation for the downstream end of the culvert.

Length
Enter the length of the barrel. The length for pipes with mitered inlets is measured
along the top or crown of the pipe.

Invert Elevation Up
Enter the invert elevation for the upstream end of the culvert.

Number of Barrels
Enter the total number of barrels. Six is the maximum allowed.

Skew Angle
Enter the skew angle in degrees as measured from a due west horizontal. Forty-
five +/- degrees is the maximum.

> Embankment

The embankment serves as the cover or roadway above the culvert. Items required
are the top elevation, top width and crest width (to serve as a weir for over topping
flow). The top width will be centered along the barrel length.

Top Width
Enter the width of the top of embankment. This is assumed to be centered along the
length of the culvert barrel. Must be less than Culvert Length.

Top Elevation
Enter the elevation for the top of the embankment. This must be above the culvert's
crown. If your embankment roadway is superelevated, enter the elevation of the

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30 Culvert Studio

highest side. The Top Elevation is where over topping occurs and serves as the weir
crest elevation.

Crest Length
Enter the length of the embankment crest. Used as the weir crest length for over
topping flow calculations.

In cases where the roadway is a vertical sag, a single horizontal line (one segment as
used here) is often adequate for culvert design. Using this approach, the length of the
crest can be represented by the topwidth of the overflow area in the sag and the
elevation of the weir crest defined from the lowest point in the sag.

> Discharge

Culvert Studio allows you to specify a range of flows with a user-defined flow
increment, a user-defined set of discharge values or Rational method parameters.

Discharge Method
Choose a method from the drop-down list. For modeling a single Q, choose Qmin,
Qmax method.

Q min
Enter the lowest discharge to be used for the calculations.

Q max
Enter the highest discharge to be used for the calculations. Set equal to Q min to
model a single flow rate.

Q incr
Enter the incremental discharge to be used for the calculations. For example, if Q min
= 50, Q max = 100 and Q incr = 5, the results will be computed from 50 to 100 in
increments of 5, e.g. 55, 60, 65, 70, and so on. The program can process up to 100
unique discharge values. It will set a default for this input equal to 1/10th of the Qmax,
Qmin difference but feel free to enter your own.

User-Defined Flows
This method allows you to enter a custom set of ten unique Q's. These may, for
example, correspond to flows previously determined. Data can be copied and pasted
by right-clicking on the table.

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 Basic Working Procedures 31

User-Defined Qs

Rational Method
When using the Rational method, the program will automatically compute a set of
discharge rates corresponding to the current IDF curves and using the following
inputs:

Drainage Area
Enter the drainage area for this catchment.

Runoff Coefficient
Enter the Runoff Coefficient for this area. See Runoff Coefficients Table for
suggestions.

Time of Concentration
Enter the time it takes for runoff to travel from the remotest point in the drainage area
to the culvert opening in minutes.

> Tailwater

When performing energy-based hydraulic grade line profiles, calculations must begin
at the downstream end and progress upstream. This requires a known, or assumed
starting water surface. Better known as tailwater. Culvert Studio offers several
options which you can choose from the drop-down list.

Normal Depth
Choose this to begin at a calculated Normal Depth for the particular discharge used.
Normal depth is computed by Manning's equation. Normal depth cannot exceed the

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 32 Culvert Studio

pipe crown.

Critical Depth
Choose this to begin at a calculated Critical Depth for the particular discharge used.
Critical depth is computed by a variety of methods aiming to predict the depth at
minimum specific energy. Critical depth cannot exceed the pipe crown.

(dc + D)/2
Choose this to start at (Critical depth + pipe diameter)/2. This is a conservative
option. Use when the culvert is flowing full for most of its length.

Crown
Choose this to begin at the top of the culvert barrel.

Using a Channel Section

The options listed above are plenty adequate in most situations but Culvert Studio also
allows you to specify an actual channel section which has been defined in the
Channels task portion of the program.

Just select the channel you want to use from the Tailwater drop-down list and Culvert
Studio will automatically compute depth, velocity, etc., for the channel and use it as
the starting tailwater elevation. The discharge values from the Channel section do not
need to coincide with those in the Culvert. The program will use the Culvert discharges
instead.

If this starting HGL is below critical depth, then the starting HGL will be set to critical
depth.

3.3.2 Output
Once the input requirements have been met, click [Run] to generate the output. If any
erroneous data is present, the program will prompt you before proceeding.
Otherwise, the Canvas and Results Grid are drawn and populated. The canvas plot
will corresponding to the selected row in the Results Grid.

Canvas Drawings

The drawings are designed to be self explanatory. Rich colors, smooth bezier curve
technology make these charts friendly and readable. Select from the different radio
option buttons on the top to view different chart types.

Profile

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 Basic Working Procedures 33

Culvert flowing under inlet control

Section
Sections show the Crest Length and barrel section as looking upstream. The blue
dotted line is upstream Hw.

This section shows the downstream channel section used for Tailwater

Plan
Culvert Studio automatically adds a roadway if the Top Width >= 12 feet. It adds a
striped roadway when the Top Width >= 16 feet. It adds a centerline stripe when the
Top Width >= 28 feet.

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 34 Culvert Studio

Notice the headwater as it rises near the overtopping crest

Rating Curve

The red dot indicates the Q corresponding the to Results Grid selected row

3.3.2.1 Results Grid

The Results Grid displays your output in a neat table that allows you to update your
canvas drawing by selecting different rows.

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 Basic Working Procedures 35

Some columns are special to certain input requirements. For example, when using the
Rational method, a column is added to show the Return Periods. Here's a brief
description of the columns:

Discharge

Total – The total Q used for this computation.

Pipe – The Q conveyed by the pipe barrel only.

Overtop – Overtopping Q. This is flow over the embankment.

Velocity

Channel – This represents the velocity in the channel if one was used for Tailwater.

Velocity Dn – This is velocity of flow exiting the culvert. It is computed as Pipe Q /

area of flow at the downstream end.

Velocity Up – The velocity of flow just inside of the upstream end of the culvert
barrel. It is computed as Pipe Q / area of flow at the upstream end.

Depth

Depth Dn – The depth of flow at the downstream end of the pipe. HGL Dn minus
Invert Elev Dn. Does not exceed pipe Rise.

Depth Up – The depth of flow at the upstream end of the pipe. HGL Up minus Invert
Elev Up. Does not exceed pipe Rise.

HGL

Channel – The hydraulic grade line at the channel section, if used.

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 36 Culvert Studio

HGL Dn – The hydraulic grade line at the downstream end of the pipe.

HGL Up – The hydraulic grade line at the upstream end of the pipe.

Hw – The headwater elevation. Includes entrance loss in outlet control.

Hw/D – Headwater to pipe diameter ratio.

3.4 Working With Channels

The an open channel defined is a conduit for flow which has a free exposed surface.
They typically include channels, streams, natural or man made or highway gutters and
ditches. When water flows in a uniform channel it ultimately reaches and maintains a
constant velocity and depth called normal depth. The energy grade line parallels the
water surface (hydraulic grade line) because the energy loss is exactly compensated
for by gravity. Culvert Studio uses Manning's equation to compute normal depth.

The following channel shapes available:

1. Rectangular
2. Triangular
3. Trapezoidal
4. User-defined (Enter user-defined station, elevation points)

It is assumed that these channels are uniform, have a constant shape, slope and flow
rate. N-values can be varied across the user-defined sections only. Culvert Studio
quickly calculates:

• A rating table of Q vs. normal depth based on a range of flow rates

• Normal depth from a single known Q
• Flow from a user-defined normal depth

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 Basic Working Procedures 37

3.4.1 Input Requirements

The input requirements are designed to be minimal but thorough. To enter data, type
in the value or select from a drop-down input box, and press [Enter] or the [Tab] key.
Following is a description of those required items. Once the data is input, results are
computed by clicking the [Run] button at the bottom of the input grid.

Data is divided into two categories; Channel and Discharge. Following is a description
of each. While entering data for the first time, the canvas will automatically display
help diagrams to assist in your data entry.

Channel Name
Optional but it is a recommended input.

> Channel

Section Type
Select the type of channel from the drop-down list box.

Rectangular Channel Shape

Inputs needed depend on the channel type selected. User-defined channels are

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38 Culvert Studio

described here.

Below is a description of all inputs.

Bottom Width
Enter the bottom width of the channel.

Side Slope Left & Right (z:1)

Enter the left and right side slopes, z horizontal to 1 vertical, for the channel.

Total Depth
Enter the total depth to be analyzed for this channel.

Invert Elevation
Enter the invert elevation of this channel. This will be automatically extracted when
using User-defined section.

Slope
Enter the channel slope as a percentage (vertical drop/100).

Manning’s n-value
Enter the channel roughness coefficient. See Useful Tables for table of suggested
values. For User-defined sections, click the [Define] button to open the Sta Elevation
input screen where you can enter varying n-values. See User-defined Channel
Shapes.

> Discharge

Discharge Method
Select the discharge method from the drop-down list box. Culvert Studio allows you to
develop channel flows by specifying a single depth; a single flow rate; a range of
depths with user-defined number of increments; a set of user-defined flows or
Rational method parameters.

Increments
For Q vs Depth, enter the number of increments or depth values to be used for the
Rating table. The default value is 10 and the total cannot exceed 100. For example, if
the Total Depth is 6 and the Increments = 10, Culvert Studio will compute Q’s for each
6/10 or 0.6 feet of depth. The Results Grid will populate with 10 rows beginning at 0.6
feet up to 6.0.

Known Q
Enter a known flow rate and Culvert Studio will compute a corresponding normal
depth.

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 Basic Working Procedures 39

Known Depth
Enter a known depth and Culvert Studio will compute a corresponding discharge. This
value must be <= Total Depth.

User-Defined Flows
This method allows you to enter a custom set of up to ten unique Q's. These may, for
example, correspond to flows previously determined. Data can also be copied and
pasted by right-clicking on the table.

User-Defined Qs

Rational Method
When using the Rational method, the program will automatically compute a set of
discharge rates corresponding to the current IDF curves and using the following
inputs:

Drainage Area
Enter the drainage area for this catchment.

Runoff Coefficient
Enter the Runoff Coefficient for this area. See Runoff Coefficients Table for
suggestions.

Time of Concentration
Enter the time it takes for runoff to travel from the remotest point in the drainage area
to the culvert opening in minutes.

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 40 Culvert Studio

3.4.1.1 User-Defined Channel Shapes

Culvert Studio allows you to enter up to 50 station & elevation points to describe a
channel section. In addition, each of these points can contain a unique n-value.

Enter user-defined points to describe your channel

To use this channel feature, select User-defined as the Section Type from the drop-
down list. Next click the [Define] button to open the User Defined Channel screen.

Enter Station, Elevation and n-value as looking upstream

A user-defined section is described by entering points containing offset stations,

elevations and related n-values. N-values apply between the current point and the
previous point. Point No. 1 does not require an n-value. The n-value entered at Point
No. 2 describes the roughness between Points 1 and 2. The n-value at Point 3 is the
roughness from 2 to 3, and so on. In the table shown above, the n-value between
Station 5 and 10 is 0.50.

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 Basic Working Procedures 41

Station
Enter the station for this point in feet from the leftmost side. This is the distance from
a baseline. Zero is suggested for Point No. 1.

Elevation
Enter the corresponding elevation for this point.

N-value
Enter the corresponding roughness coefficient from the previous point up to this point.
Always zero for Point No. 1.

Inserting and Deleting Rows

You can insert and delete rows by selecting a row and right-clicking.

Copy and Paste Data

Similarly, you can copy the entire grid to the Windows Clipboard as well as paste
previously copied data, for example, from a spreadsheet.

© 2015 Hydrology Studio

Part

IV
 Computational Methods 43

4 Computational Methods
This section describes the computational methodologies employed by Culvert Studio.
It is highly recommended that you review the computational methods and equations
used so that you will better understand the output and results. It is not the intention of
this section to provide the basis of the theories used or to demonstrate how they were
derived. But rather provide the actual equations and methods employed by the
software.

Methodology
The program uses only widely accepted methods within the industry. Procedures
described in HEC-22, HDS-5 and the Rational method are the primary methodologies.
This section will provide a summary of the concepts used but it is not intended to be
all-encompassing. Below is a list of publications which provide details on the methods
used.

FHA Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 22 Third Edition, 2009

FHWA Hydraulic Design of Culverts (HDS5) Third Edition, 2012

4.1 Culverts

Why Culvert Modeling Can Be Difficult

Culvert Studio follows calculation procedures described in HEC-22 and HDS-5.
Culverts are complicated. Their analysis is difficult and often times confusing. Their
flow regimes change with seemingly little reason. Their barrels may flow full or partly
full but full flow throughout their length is rare. Generally at least part of their length is
in partial flow. The upstream end may be totally under water while underneath, the
barrel is in supercritical flow ending downstream in subcritical flow. Raise the tailwater
a little and the entire flow regime changes to full.

Culvert Studio sorts out these hydraulic anomalies by using time-tested methods and
some sophisticated algorithms. This chapter outlines those methods. It starts with an
overview of a puzzling concept... Inlet and Outlet Control.

Inlet and Outlet Control

Culverts flow under two regimes; Inlet Control and Outlet Control. Inlet control implies
that it is more difficult for water to get in the pipe than it is to get through it. During
outlet control, it is more difficult for flow to get through the barrel than it is getting
inside of the barrel.

Inlet control is a lot like traffic going from a four-lane highway into a two-lane tunnel.
As the traffic nears the tunnel, it must squeeze together causing a traffic jam that

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 44 Culvert Studio

affects the cars approaching the tunnel. Once in the tunnel, traveling is easier and
traffic speeds up. You’ll find that culverts often flow in partial depth throughout its
barrel while under inlet control. Traveling is easier because most of the cars are still
trying to get in the tunnel.

If, on the other hand, there was an accident inside of the tunnel, traffic would slow
down even more after entering. Traveling is more difficult. This is outlet control.

Inlet control is largely influenced by the entrance geometry of the pipe such as edge
configuration, pipe area and shape. Outlet control is influenced most by n-value (barrel
roughness), pipe area, shape, length and slope.

So how does one determine the flow regime of a culvert? The solution is to compute
the hydraulic profile assuming both exist, and then selecting the one that produces the
highest headwater, Hw.

4.1.1 Outlet Control

Outlet control flow conditions are calculated based on energy balance. The total
energy required to pass the flow through the culvert barrel is the sum of the entrance
loss (He), the friction losses through the barrel (Hf), and the exit loss (Ho).

Figure 1. Culvert flowing under outlet control

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 Computational Methods 45

Exit Loss

The exit loss is computed by the following equation:

Where:

V = velocity exiting the culvert in ft/s (m/s)

g = acceleration due to gravity

Friction Loss

Culvert Studio uses the energy-based Standard Step method when computing the
friction loss. This methodology is an iterative procedure that applies Bernoulli's energy
equation between the downstream and upstream ends of the culvert. It uses
Manning's equation to determine head losses due to pipe friction.

This method makes no assumptions as to the depth of flow and is only accepted when
the energy equation has balanced.

The following equation is used for all flow conditions:

Where:

V = velocity in ft/s (m/s)

Z = invert elevation in ft (m)
Y = HGL minus the invert elevation in ft (m)

Friction losses are computed by:

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46 Culvert Studio

Where:

HL = energy head loss due to friction

hf1 = friction head at the downstream end
hf2 = friction head at the upstream end

Where:

Km = 1.486 (1.0)
n = Manning's n
A = cross-sectional area of flow in sqft (sqm)
R = hydraulic radius

Composite n-values
Culvert Studio uses the Horton-Einstein equation to compute a composite n-value for
open-bottom arch sections.

Where:

nc = Composite n-value
Pi = Wetted perimeter of subdivision i
ni = n-value for subdivision i
P = Total wetted perimeter

Entrance Loss

The entrance loss is a function of the velocity head in the barrel, and is expressed as
a coefficient times the velocity head.

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 Computational Methods 47

Where:

Ke = coefficient based on various inlet configurations provided in HDS-5

V = velocity exiting the culvert in ft/s (m/s)
g = acceleration due to gravity

4.1.2 Inlet Control

Inlet control occurs when it is harder for the flow to get through the entrance of the
pipe than the remainder of the pipe barrel.

Figure 2 illustrates a type of inlet control flow. The control section is at the inlet end of
the culvert. Depending on the tailwater, a hydraulic jump may occur downstream of
the inlet.

Figure 2. Culvert flowing under inlet control

The following inlet control equations are used. If Hw is above the pipe crown the
submerged equation is used. Otherwise the unsubmerged equation is used.

Submerged

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 48 Culvert Studio

Unsubmerged

Where:

Hw = Headwater depth above invert

D = Culvert Rise in ft (m)
Q = Flow rate in cfs (cm/s)
A = Full cross-sectional area of pipe in sqft (sqm)
K, M, c, Y = Coefficients based on inlet edge configurations
S = Line slope, ft/ft (m/m)
4.1.3 Roadway Overtopping
Overtopping will begin when the headwater, (Hw) rises to the elevation of the
roadway (Figure 3). The overtopping will usually occur at the low point of a sag
vertical curve on the roadway. The flow will be similar to flow over a broad crested
weir.

Figure 3. Overtopping flow

It is a simple matter to calculate the flow across the roadway for a given upstream
water surface elevation using the weir equation. The problem is that the roadway
overflow plus the culvert flow must equal the total flow. A trial and error process is
necessary to determine the amount of the total flow passing through the culvert and
the amount flowing across the roadway.

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 Computational Methods 49

Culvert Studio uses the following broad crested weir equation:

Where:

Q = Overtopping flow in cfs (cms)

Cw = Broad crested weir coefficient = 3.09
L = Crest Width in ft (m)
H = Hw – Top Elevation in ft (m)

4.1.4 Supercritical Profiles

Culvert Studio has the ability to compute supercritical flow profiles with hydraulic
jumps automatically. During friction loss calculations, if the energy equation cannot
balance, the software reverses the calculation procedure, i.e. from upstream to
downstream, and computes the supercritical profile.

It should be noted that Culvert Studio does not compute supercritical flow profiles for
elliptical or arch shapes. In these cases, critical depth is assumed.

Hydraulic Jump
The Momentum Principle is used for determining depths and locations of hydraulic
jumps. At each step (one tenth of the culvert length) during supercritical flow
calculations, Culvert Studio computes the momentum and compares it to the
momentum developed during the subcritical profile calculations. If the two momentums
equal, it is established that a hydraulic jump must occur. There may be occasions
when a hydraulic jump does not exist or is submerged.

The condition which must be satisfied if a hydraulic jump is to occur is

Momentum, M1, of the subcritical profile equals the momentum, M2, of the
supercritical profile.

Where:

Where:

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 50 Culvert Studio

Q = flow rate
A = cross-sectional area of flow
Y = distance from the water surface to the centroid of A

The location of the jump is the point along the culvert barrel when M1 = M2 and is
reported as the distance from the downstream end of the barrel.

The length of the jump however is difficult to determine, especially in circular channel
sections. There have been many experimental investigations which have yielded
results which are contradictory. Many have generalized that the jump length is
somewhere between 4 and 6 times the Sequent depth. Culvert Studio assumes 5.

4.2 Channels
Culvert Studio computes various parameters for a wide variety of channel shapes. In
all cases, steady flow is assumed and thus normal depth is assumed. Manning’s
equation is used exclusively. When a known Q is specified it solves for the depth using
an iterative procedure.

Manning's Equation

Where:

Q = Flow rate in cfs

n = Roughness coefficient
A = Cross-sectional area in sqft
R = Hydraulic radius = A / Wetted Perimeter
S = Channel slope in ft/ft

Composite Manning’s n
With user-defined sections that have varying n values, Culvert Studio uses the
following Horton-Einstein equation to first compute a composite roughness coefficient.
Then it employs Manning’s equation as described above.

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 Computational Methods 51

Where:
nc = Composite n-value
Pi = Wetted perimeter of subdivision i
ni = n-value for subdivision i
P = Total wetted perimeter of channel

Critical Depth
Yc, or critical depth is computed using the following equation along with an iterative
procedure:

Where:

Q = Flow rate
A = Cross-sectional area
T = Top width

4.3 The Rational Method

The Rational method was developed over 100 years ago and continues to be used for
urban watershed modeling, typically on areas <= 20 acres. While there exists many
varieties of the Rational method, Culvert Studio uses the most popular... the Standard
Rational.

Standard Rational Method

The Standard Rational method computes the peak discharge as determined by the
well known Rational formula.

Where:

Qp = peak discharge (cfs)

C = runoff coefficient
A = basin area (ac)
i = intensity (in/hr)
Cf = frequency correction factor

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52 Culvert Studio

The rainfall intensity is computed by one of the following equations:

FHA Equation

Where:

B, D and E are constants

Tc = time of concentration in minutes subject to the Minimum Tc

Third Degree Polynomial Equation

Where:

I = rainfall intensity in in/hr

X = Ln(time duration in minutes)
A, B, C, D = coefficients

Appropriate values for X are 8 to 180 minutes subject to the Minimum Tc.

The constants are pre-computed by the program, or as manually entered, and are
based on geographic location.

© 2015 Hydrology Studio

Part

V
 54 Culvert Studio

5 Useful Tables

5.1 Runoff Coefficients

Description of Area Coefficient Typical Design

Business
Downtown 0.70 - 0.95
Neighborhood 0.50 - 0.70

Residential
Single family 0.35 - 0.45
Multi-units detached 0.40 - 0.75
Suburban 0.25 - 0.40
Apartments 0.50 - 0.70

Industrial
Light 0.50 - 0.80
Heavy 0.60 - 0.90

Parks, cemeteries 0.10 - 0.25

Playgrounds 0.20 - 0.35
Railroad yards 0.20 - 0.40
Lawns
Sandy soil 0.05 - 0.20
Heavy soil 0.18 - 0.35 0.30

Unimproved 0.10 - 0.30 0.30

Asphalt 0.70 - 0.95 0.90

Concrete 0.80 - 0.95 0.90
Roofs 0.75 - 0.95 0.90

© 2015 Hydrology Studio

 Useful Tables 55

5.2 Manning's n-values

Material Manning's n
Culverts
Reinforced concrete 0.012
HDPE pipe 0.012
Corrugated aluminum pipe 0.031
Corrugated steel pipe 0.024
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 0.011
Corrugated Poly 0.024

Natural Channels
Gravel beds, Straight 0.025
Gravel beds, large boulders 0.040
Earth, straight, some grass 0.026
Earth, winding, no vegetation 0.030
Earth, winding 0.050

Overland Flow
Smooth surfaces, concrete, 0.011
asphalt, bare soil

Fallow 0.05

Cultivated soils, residue <=20% 0.06

Cultivated soils, residue >20% 0.17

Short grass 0.15

Dense grass 0.24
Bermuda grass 0.41

Light underbrush woods 0.40

Dense underbrush woods 0.80

© 2015 Hydrology Studio

Part

VI
 End User License Agreement (EULA) 57

6 End User License Agreement (EULA)

EULA stands for End User Licensing Agreement. This is the agreement through which
the software is licensed to the software user.

EULA
END-USER LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR CULVERT STUDIO. IMPORTANT.
PLEASE READ THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS LICENSE AGREEMENT
CAREFULLY BEFORE CONTINUING WITH THIS PROGRAM INSTALL: Culvert
Studio End-User License Agreement ("EULA") is a legal agreement between you, THE
BUYER, and Hydrology Studio. By installing, copying, or otherwise using the
SOFTWARE PRODUCT, Culvert Studio, you agree to be bound by the terms of this
EULA. This license agreement represents the entire agreement concerning the
program between THE BUYER and Hydrology Studio, and it supersedes any prior
proposal, representation, or understanding between the parties. If you do not agree to
the terms of this EULA, do not install or use the SOFTWARE PRODUCT.
The SOFTWARE PRODUCT is protected by copyright laws and international
copyright treaties, as well as other intellectual property laws and treaties. The
SOFTWARE PRODUCT is licensed, not sold.
1. GRANT OF LICENSE
THIS SOFTWARE PRODUCT IS COPYRIGHTED AND ALL RIGHTS ARE
RESERVED BY HYDROLOGY STUDIO. THE DISTRIBUTION AND SALE OF THIS
PRODUCT ARE INTENDED FOR USE OF THE ORIGINAL PURCHASER ONLY.
YOU MAY INSTALL AND USE ONE COPY OF THE SOFTWARE ON A SINGLE
COMPUTER. THE PRIMARY USER OF THE COMPUTER ON WHICH THE
SOFTWARE IS INSTALLED MAY MAKE A SECOND COPY FOR HIS OR HER
EXCLUSIVE USE ON A PORTABLE COMPUTER. YOU MAY ALSO INSTALL A
COPY ON A NETWORK SERVER, USED ONLY TO RUN THE SOFTWARE;
HOWEVER, YOU MUST ACQUIRE AND DEDICATE A LICENSE FOR EACH
SEPARATE COMPUTER ON WHICH THE SOFTWARE IS INSTALLED OR RUN
FROM THE STORAGE DEVICE. EXCEPT AS PROVIDED HEREIN, A LICENSE
FOR THE SOFTWARE MAY NOT BE SHARED OR USED CONCURRENTLY ON
DIFFERENT COMPUTERS.
2. COPYRIGHT
All title, including but not limited to copyrights, in and to the SOFTWARE PRODUCT
and any copies thereof are owned by Hydrology Studio or its suppliers. All title and
intellectual property rights in and to the content which may be accessed through use
of the SOFTWARE PRODUCT is the property of the respective content owner and
may be protected by applicable copyright or other intellectual property laws and
treaties. This EULA grants you no rights to use such content. All rights not expressly
granted are reserved by Hydrology Studio.

© 2015 Hydrology Studio

58 Culvert Studio

3. NO WARRANTIES
Hydrology Studio expressly disclaims any warranty for the SOFTWARE PRODUCT.
The SOFTWARE PRODUCT is provided 'As Is' without any express or implied
warranty of any kind, including but not limited to any warranties of merchantability or
fitness of a particular purpose. Hydrology Studio does not warrant or assume
responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of any information, text, graphics, links
or other items contained within the SOFTWARE PRODUCT.
4. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
In no event shall Hydrology Studio be liable for any damages (including, without
limitation, lost profits, business interruption, or lost information) rising out of
'Authorized Users' use of or inability to use the SOFTWARE PRODUCT, even if
Hydrology Studio has been advised of the possibility of such damages. In no event will
Hydrology Studio be liable for loss of data or for indirect, special, incidental,
consequential (including lost profit), or other damages based in contract, tort or
otherwise. Hydrology Studio shall have no liability with respect to the content of the
SOFTWARE PRODUCT or any part thereof, including but not limited to errors or
omissions contained therein, trademark rights or business interruption.

Copyright © 2015 Hydrology Studio

All Rights Reserved

© 2015 Hydrology Studio

 Index 59

Index -I-
IDF Curves 18
-A- IDF Equation Coefficients
Import NOAA 23
24

Activating the software 6 Inlet Control 43, 47

Inlet Edge 27
Installing 6
-B-
Barrels 27 -L-
License Agreement 57
-C-
Cf 26
Channel List 10
-M-
Composite n-value 50 Manning 55
Create new IDF curves 18 Manning's equation 50
Crest Width 27 Material 27
Critical depth 50
Culvert input data 27
Culvert List 10
-N-
Culverts 27 NOAA 20
n-value 27
-D- n-values 55

depth 34
Discharge 27
-O-
Open files 13
-E- Open-bottom Arch 44
Outlet Control 43, 44
Entrance Loss 44 Output 32
EULA 57 Overtopping 34
Exit Loss 44 Overtopping flow 48

-F- -P-
Frequency Correction Factors 26 Printing 12
Friction Loss 44 Program Updates 7
Project folders 17

-H- -R-
HGL 34
Hydraulic Jump 49 Rational method 51
Hydro-35 20 Reports 12
Results table 34

© 2015 Hydrology Studio

 60 Culvert Studio

roughness coefficient 55
runoff coefficients 54

-S-
Save files 13
Skew angle 27
Submerged 47
Supercritical flow 49

-T-
Tailwater 27
Top Elevation 27
Top Width 27

-U-
Unsubmerged 47

-V-
velocity 34

-W-
Weir Equation 48

© 2015 Hydrology Studio