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Control Systems

The document contains figures and descriptions of different control systems including temperature, light, and humidity control. Figure 1 and 2 show the off and on states of a temperature control system using an LM35 sensor and fan. Figures 3 and 4 depict the off and on states of a light control system using an LDR sensor and 555 timer circuit. Figure 5 simulates an automatic humidity control system using a DHT22 sensor and fan controlled by an Arduino board.

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Qasim Muhammad
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57 views

Control Systems

The document contains figures and descriptions of different control systems including temperature, light, and humidity control. Figure 1 and 2 show the off and on states of a temperature control system using an LM35 sensor and fan. Figures 3 and 4 depict the off and on states of a light control system using an LDR sensor and 555 timer circuit. Figure 5 simulates an automatic humidity control system using a DHT22 sensor and fan controlled by an Arduino board.

Uploaded by

Qasim Muhammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Table of Figures:

Figure 1: OFF State: Temperature control system ........................................................................................ 3


Figure 2: ON State: Temperature Control system ........................................................................................ 3
Figure 3: OFF State: Light control system ..................................................................................................... 5
Figure 4: On state: Light control system ....................................................................................................... 5
Figure 5: Simulation of humidity Control system ......................................................................................... 6

1
Automatic feedback temperature control System

Abstract:
The project is based on the working of temperature controller using LM35 and fan as cooler.
The circuit automatically senses the temperature and works normally within a particular
temperature range. Above that range the sensor produces a signal and automatically turns on
the cooling fan to control the testing temperature.

Components Used:
LM35
Relay
Op-Amp
Resistor
Transistor NPN
Diode(1N4001)
DC Motor(fan)

LM35:
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is
linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage
over linear temperature sensors calibrated in˚ Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a
large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does
not require any external calibration. The LM35’s low output impedance, linear output, and
precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy.

Working:
The Op-Amp is working as a comparator. The non-inverting input is receiving input voltage from
LM35 temperature sensor while the inverting input is powered by a voltage source. This voltage
source sets the voltage reference level. When the voltage at non inverting input exceeds this
reference level the comparator gives output voltage and the DC motor attached to the circuit is
turned on through a relay.

2
Figure 1: OFF State: Temperature control system

The voltage at non-inverting input of Op-amp is less than the voltage at inverting input so the
comparator output is zero.

Figure 2: ON State: Temperature Control system

When the temperature rises above the reference voltage level, in this case 0.26v set by the
BAT1, the DC motor is switched on through a relay.

3
Light Control System
Abstract:
This project aims at designing and executing the advanced development in embedded systems
for energy saving of street lights with light depending resistor. In our project we are using LDR,
whose resistance varies according to the amount of light falling on its surface, this give an
indication for us whether it is a day/night time.

Components Used:
Battery
Switch
Resistor (470 ohms)
LDR
555 Timer IC
Led
Variable resistance of 50 kilo ohms

555 timer IC:


The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation,
and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as
a flip-flop element. In this project the comparator of 555 timer is used. IC 555 has got comparator
inbuilt, which compares between the input voltage from pin2 and 1/3rd of the power supply
voltage.

WORKING:
When light falls on the LDR then its resistance decreases which results in increase of the voltage
at pin 2 of the IC 555. IC 555 has got comparator inbuilt, which compares between the input
voltage from pin2 and 1/3rd of the power supply voltage. When input falls below 1/3rd then
output is set high otherwise it is set low. Since in brightness, input voltage rises so we
obtain no positive voltage at output of pin 3 to drive relay or LED, besides in poor light
condition we get output to energize.

4
Figure 3: OFF State: Light control system

When there is not much light the resistance of the LDR is high and hence high voltage drop
which results in low output from built in comparator.

Figure 4: On state: Light control system

When the amount of light falling at LDR increases its resistance decreases hence low voltage
drop across it, consequently high input at pin2 which sets the output of comparator high. This
output then in turn switches the led

5
Automatic feedback Humidity Control System:
DHT22:
The DHT22 is a low cost digital temperature and humidity sensor with a single wire digital
interface. It uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to measure the surrounding air,
and spits out a digital signal on the data pin (no analog input pins needed).The sensor is
calibrated and doesn’t require extra components so you can get right to measuring relative
humidity and temperature. It is quite simple to use, but requires careful timing to grab data.
You can only get new data from it once every 2 seconds.

Components used:
Arduino Uno
DC Motor
Proteus
DHT 22

Working:
When the humidity rises more than the threshold value the fan(motor) works until it becomes
lower than the threshold value. The process is automated and simulated in Proteus 8. The
increasing and decreasing is done manually here.

Arduino Code:
#include "DHT.h"
#define DHTPIN 8
#define DHTTYPE DHT22
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);
int FAN=7;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(FAN, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
float h = dht.readHumidity();
Serial.println(h);

if(h>=75)
{
digitalWrite(FAN,HIGH);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(FAN,LOW);
}

delay(500);
}

6
Figure 5: Simulation of humidity Control system

The threshold level is set at 75% humidity by the code. When humidity rises above the threshold
level the DC motor is turned on by the Arduino. This threshold level can be set according to will
keeping in view the limitation of the sensor.

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