FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

LIGHT STRUCTURE LABORATORY

OPEN ENDED LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS

HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL

LABORATORY
(BFC 21201)

Prepared by:
DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
 Faculty :
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Page 1
Engineering
Department : Edition 1
Structural and Materials Engineering Checking No
Title : Effective Date 30/Jan/18
General Instruction Amendment Date
GENERAL INSTRUCTION:

In this lab sheet, it has THREE (3) open ended laboratory instructions to be performed.
Students must plan and organize for solutions by integrating the fundamental knowledge of
Mechanics of Materials and technical skill with appropriate laboratory testing equipment and
methodology to fulfill the requirement of each open ended instruction. Students must
consult/present and get approval against the equipment operational procedure, type of data
collection and analyses from lecturer and laboratory assistant based on respective laboratory
proposal or solution before conducting any testing. Students are reminded to emphasize safety
and good ethic when handling the equipment and other facilities in Light Structural Laboratory.
All findings must be verified, prepared and fulfilled the requirement of technical report
criteria and others from respective laboratory instructions.

START

Week 1: OPEN ENDED LABORATORY BRIEFING

AND EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTORY (BY
LECTURER) TESTING VARIABLES/ PARAMETERS
AND TYPE OF ANALYSES
(CONSULT WITH LABORATORY
LECTURER)
PLAN AND ORGANIZE METHOD OF TESTING AND ANALYSIS
(BY STUDENTS)
Week 1&2: Proposal Preparation
EQUIPMENT AND TESTING
PROCEDURE
(CONSULT WITH LABORATORY
ASSISTANT)
NO
Week 3: PROPOSAL DISCUSSIONS/ PRESENTATION
FOR APPROVAL BY LECTURER

YES
PERFORM LABORATORIES AND
DATA ACQUISITION
Week 4: Laboratory 1
Week 5: Laboratory 2
Week 6: Laboratory 3

Week 7: PREPARATION OF
TECHNICAL REPORT

Week 8: SUBMISSION

END

FLOWCHART OF OPEN ENDED LABORATORY

 Faculty :
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Page 2
Engineering
Department : Edition 1
Structural and Materials Engineering Checking No
Title : Effective Date 30/Jan/18
Force, Stresses and Deflection in Beam Amendment Date
Introduction
This Mechanics of Materials open ended laboratory is designed to construct an integrated
laboratory exercises on (1)beam element subjected to external and internal forces, stresses and
deflection. (2)mechanical properties of steel material and (3)the Euler’s theory and application on
compression member
LABORATORY 1:
Identification of Internal Forces, Stresses and Deflection of Simply Supported Beam

Objectives
The main objectives of this laboratory are as follows:
i. To investigate the existence of internal shear force and bending moment developed
in beam based on external loading applied
ii. To calculate the shear stress and bending stresses developed
iii. To identify the relationship between load and displacement, and estimate the
modulus of elasticity of the materials.

Background of Overhead Crane

Figure 1.0 shows the illustration of overhead crane. The moveable two bridge girders are installed on
the runway beam to move and transfer stuffs by lifting operational by trolley frame. The application of
simply supported beam has clearly been applied in this structural system.

Figure 1.0: Overhead Crane

 Faculty :
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Page 3
Engineering
Department : Edition 1
Structural and Materials Engineering Checking No
Title : Effective Date 30/Jan/18
Force, Stresses and Deflection in Beam
& Mechanical Properties of Steel Amendment Date

Instruction to Conduct Laboratory 1:

You are required to evaluate the application of static load of one of the bridge girder under a few
considerations of lifting masses at specific moving distances. By utilizing three (3) main apparatus
provided in Light Structure Laboratory (see Appendix A) representing the above structural system and
its application, investigate the outcome under identified external load and beam length to one of your
beam against:

a. development of internal forces such as shear forces and bending moment along the beam, with
its stress distributions under the maximum condition
b. deflection behavior and characteristics from the load-displacement relationship obtained

In your solutions, you are required to provide appropriate idealized model and free body diagram with
respect to a specific amount of lifting masses and distances. From the concepts of Hooke’s law,
statically determinate beam and static equilibriums, verify your finding theoretically and mathematically
through the basis static and mechanics applications. Finally, extend your calculations to identify the
distribution of bending stress and shear stress.

NOTE: Discuss with your lecturer about the number of (1)masses to be applied, (2)
distances of the
applied mass and (3)type of cross section and appropriate sizes to be used.

LABORATORY 2:
Identification of Yield Strength and Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement Bar

Objectives
The main objectives of this laboratory are as follows:
i. To investigate the mechanical properties of steel reinforcement under tensile test by
using universal testing machine.
ii. To adapt the application of Hooke’s law and characterize the behavior of a material
under stress and strain action.

Background of Steel Reinforcement

In concrete construction such in Figure 2.0, the application of steel reinforcement is essential to resist
the tensile action. It is compulsory to verify the actual strength of the steel material via tensile testing
prior to construction. Universal Testing Machine (see Figure 2.1) is widely used in identifying the
engineering properties of steel reinforcement. During testing, determination of the yield point will lead
to classification of elastic and plastic regions, which the elongation of the material is measured by the
extensometer equipment.
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Engineering
Department : Edition 1
Structural and Materials Engineering Checking No
Title : Effective Date 30/Jan/18
Mechanical Properties of Steel Amendment Date

Figure 2.0: Steel reinforcements and its application

Figure 2.1: Universal Testing Machine and extensometer

Instruction to Conduct Laboratory 2:

A client has sent to you a few sizes of high yield steel reinforcement bars for identification of
mechanical properties and authentication of the steel strength characteristics. The certificate of
the steel production is provided in Appendix B. Provide report of your laboratory testing by
including:
a. the main guideline based on standard code of practice referred to,
b. the outcome of load (P) VS elongation (δL)
c. the important of steel deformation modes under elastic and plastic regions.
d. the relationship between the stress, strain and modulus of Elasticity obtained.
e. verification of the tested material against the acceptable strength as authorized from the
certificate issued by the mill.

NOTE: Discuss with your lecturer about the number of sample, types and sizes of high yield steel
deformed bar to be tested by using Universal Testing Machine and take all safety precaution in
conducting the experiment.
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Engineering
Department : Edition 1
Structural and Materials Engineering Checking No
Title : Effective Date 30/Jan/18
Buckling of Compressive Members Amendment Date
LABORATORY 3:
Investigation of Compression Members under Multiple Type Length of End Restraint
Condition

Objectives
The main objectives of this laboratory are as follows:
i. To investigate the influence of multiple column lengths and end restraint (support
conditions) under axial loading
ii. To derive the Euler buckling factor (see Table 3.1) by accounting a few columns length
and end restraint conditions

Background of Steel Compressive Member and Buckling

A column is a structural member which resisting compression loading. Meanwhile, buckling
phenomenon is happens when a column is experienced under axial load which makes the
member to deflect sideway and triggering failure after excessive forces. The critical load of a
column is the maximum axial load that a column can support, before failure and any load
greater than the critical load will cause the beam to deflect laterally and bow out. To engineers
it is important to predict buckling levels so that the destructive, dangerous and sudden level
could be estimated before it occurs.
(a) (d)

(b)

(c)

Figure 3.0: (a) Moment resisting frame of steel structure, (b) column subjected to bucking
failure, (c) the characteristics of compression member under buckling and (d) type of
supports
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Engineering
Department : Edition 1
Structural and Materials Engineering Checking No
Title : Effective Date 30/Jan/18
Force and Stress in Beam Amendment Date

Instruction to Conduct Laboratory 3:

The buckling theory under compressive axial load was discovered by Leonard Euler within
1707 to 1783. By taking the end restrained condition supported by pinned connections and
frictionless, an ideal column which is symmetric with deflection occurring only in one plane is
derived and expressed by equation 1.0.
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1.0)
(𝑘𝐿)2
where,
Pcr : buckling load before the columns start to buckle
E : Modulus of Elasticity
I : least moment of inertia (the weakest axis) for the column’s cross sectional
area.
L : actual length
k : (1/𝑛)2 factor accounting for the end conditions
Table 3.0: n-k relationship
n 1 4 2 0.25
k 1 0.5 0.7 2

To study the effect of end conditions, you are required to calculate the values of 1/L2 for the
struts and examine the Euler buckling equation. By establishing a linear relationship between
the buckling load versus 1/L2, identify the ‘n’ factor from the gradient ratio. Provide report of
your laboratory testing by including:
a. derivation of Euler relations as given in equation 1.0
b. determination of the buckling factor as tabulated in Table 3, and discuss your finding
either identical or else.
NOTE: Discuss with your lecturer about the number of sample, column length and end restrained
condition to be tested
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Engineering
Department : Edition 1
Structural and Materials Engineering Checking No
Title : Effective Date 30/Jan/18
Force and Stress in Beam Amendment Date

TECHNICAL REPORT FORMAT (for each laboratory):

COVER PAGE
Attach green open ended laboratory rubric cover page for every laboratory performed (See
Appendix C)

For each laboratory report, the following contents must be prepared:

1. TABLE OF CONTENTS

2. ABSTRACT (in 300 words maximum)

Brief explanation about your testing in overall which consists of:
a. Introduction
b. Objective of you study
c. Laboratory scope (specimens and methodology etc.)
d. Results and discussions
e. Conclusion

3. CHAPTER 1 (Introduction)
a. General
Study background

b. Goal and objectives

You may create up to maximum four (4) objectives, but all results and discussions must
be presented and concluded for each objective.

c. Laboratory scope
The discussions could be emphasized on:
a. configuration of the specimen such as material types, no. of specimen,
dimensions, cross section and etc.
b. instrumentation and testing specifications
c. standard code of practice involved
d. type of testing (compression/tensile/ bending/ deflection)
e. specific theory/ fundamental concept used
f. others which are relevance to your scope of work.

d. Significance of laboratory testing

What have been archived or being appreciated from this laboratory towards knowledge,
technical skills or soft skills that could be discussed, for instance in the following area:

a. fundamental/ Experimental knowledge Mechanic of Materials.

b. enhancing student learning domains and generic skill.
c. data contribution to extend the study.
d. contribution to industries. Construction field, university, community etc.
 Faculty :
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Page 8
Engineering
Department : Edition 1
Structural and Materials Engineering Checking No
Title : Effective Date 30/Jan/18
Force and Stress in Beam Amendment Date

4. CHAPTER 2 (Literature Reviews)

Discussions must be carried out to any references related to laboratory performed.
a. Published materials such as book, journal, standard code of practice, conference, manual,
technical magazine, catalogue etc.
b. Un-published material published by authorized website.

5. CHAPTER 3 (Methodology)
a. Provide study flow chart from the beginning to the end of your laboratory.
b. Clarify each steps/ phases/ stages used. Explanation must be given to every chart, figure,
table, equations etc.
c. Provide related standard code of practices, theories, derivations etc. if available

6. CHAPTER 4 (Results, Data Analysis and Discussions)

Your findings must be reported and discussed in form of text and supported by related type of
chart, figure, table, equations and etc. The following criteria must be emphasized in this
chapter:
a. Sample of calculations must be indicated clearly
b. Provided citation from any reliable references to strengthen your findings and discussions

7. CONCLUSIONS
Provide conclusive finding against the requirement of objectives

8. REFERENCES
Refer to UTHM Thesis Guideline for citation and reference format

YOU MUST AWARE TO PROVIDE?

a. All technical reports of Laboratory 1 to 3 must be compiled together. Distinguish each report by
green open ended laboratory rubric cover page separator.
b. Font type: Times New Roman, font size: 12 with 1.5 spacing
c. Comb ring binding.

.
 APPENDIX A

BUCKLING OF STRUTS DEFLECTION OF BEAM

SHEAR FORCE IN BEAM BENDING MOMENT IN BEAM

APPENDIX
APPENDIX B
B
 APPENDIX C
(green cover page) OPEN ENDED LABORATORY
LABORATORY TOPIC : __________________________________________ HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL LABORATORY
GROUP MEMBERS: MATRIC NO. DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING
1. ______________________________________________ ________________ FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
2. _______________________________________________ _______________
3. _______________________________________________ _______________
4. _______________________________________________ _______________
5. _______________________________________________ _______________ SECTION: _____________
LABORATORY REPORT RUBRIC: CLO 1 CLO 2 CLO 3
Criteria 5= Very Good 4=Good 3=Moderate 2=Poor 1= Very Poor W Total W Total W Total
Concise and clearly covers
Abstracts: Clearly covers all, but need to Many key component are Abstract is missing or if
all key components in All components are
CLO 1 [PLO4, C2]
appropriate numbers of
provide a little clearer
satisfactory covered
missing, and unclear and/or present, it provides with no 0.5
explanation are not stated concisely relevant information
words
Introductions:
CLO 1 [PLO4, C2]
Components in
- Background Components in introductions Components in introductions Components in
introductions are clearly Components in introductions
- Goal and objective
discussed with sufficient
are sufficient but with little
are moderate discussions
are partially identified but not introductions are poorly 1.0
- Scope mistake clearly discussed discussed and confusing
background
- Significance of
laboratory

Student has prepared Student has missed a lot of

Student has prepared complete Student has missed some Student unable to write
complete methodology methodology and carry out a
Methodology: methodology with a little methodology and do some methodology for
CLO 3 [PLO5, A2]
with correct protocol in
mistake in experimental and mistake in experimental and
lot of mistakes in
experimental and analysis
1
experimental and analysis experimental and analysis
analysis procedure analysis procedure procedure correctly
procedure procedure

Strong review and enough Adequate example of review Minimal review and
Literature review: Proficient example of a
CLO 1 [PLO4, C2]
depth to cover all related
review but can be improved
and cover just minimal enough insufficient depth or less Poor reviews and off topic 1.0
topic topic relevance topics
Provides accurate and Provides good data with Provides data with fewer
Results, Data Analysis Provides data with appropriate Students provide incorrect
insightful data with reliable reliable discussions with some discussions with many
and Discussions:
discussions without mistakes found from the
discussions with some mistakes
mistakes found from the
data with unclear statement 2.5
CLO 1 [PLO4, C2] found from the finding against their results
mistakes finding finding.
Conclusive finding with Sufficient finding and
Findings are concluded but Findings are concluded with Weak findings and no
Conclusions strong agreement against agreement against the
CLO 1 [PLO4, C2] the achievement of achievement of objectives but
less reflected to the very little agreement to the agreement made against 0.5
achievement of objectives objectives the objectives
objectives with a little mistakes
Description of scientific Description of scientific Description of scientific Description of scientific Descriptions of scientific
Scientific Terminology &
terminology, facts, terminology, facts, concepts, terminology, facts, concepts, terminology, facts, concepts, terminology, facts,
Accuracy
concepts, theories are most and theories are complete & and theories are partially and theories are either concepts, theories are 0.75
CLO 2 [PLO2, P4]
complete & correct correct. complete & correct. incorrect or missing. insufficient.
In-text citation and
In-text citation and reference In-text citation and reference In-text citation and
reference list are complete In-text citation and references
References, citations and list are complete and properly list are formatted but with reference without listed
and properly formatted. show in a lot of mistakes.
Technical Report Format:
The technical format is
formatted but with little some missing
Technical format is somewhat
and proper formatting. 0.25
CLO 2 [PLO2, P4] mistakes. The technical citation/references. Technical Technical format is totally
perfects incorrect
format is nearly perfects format is adheres to standard. incorrect
(IN-LAB.) CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT OPEN ENDED LABORATORY
HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL LABORATORY
GROUP MEMBERS: MATRIC NO. DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING
1. _______________________________________________ _______________ FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
2. _______________________________________________ _______________
3. _______________________________________________ _______________
4. _______________________________________________ _______________
5. _______________________________________________ _______________ SECTION: _____________

LABORATORY PROPOSAL AND EQUIPMENT HANDLING CLO 2 CLO 3

AVG.
Criteria 5= Very Good 4=Good 3=Moderate 2=Poor 1= Very Poor W AVG. Total W
Total
Practical Ability in
Student is aware on the Student is aware on the
Handling Equipment Student is completely Student is prepared to handle procedure to conduct procedure to conduct
CLO 2 [PLO2, P4] Student require fully
prepared to handle the the equipment effectively laboratory but raise some laboratory but raise many
equipment effectively with few questions have been questions and start requesting questions and start requesting
guidance to conduct 1.0 /3
laboratory
without questionable raised for assistance to operate the for assistance to operate the
equipment equipment

LABORATORY 1

LABORATORY 2

LABORATORY 3

Demonstrates full
Demonstrates somewhat Demonstrates satisfactory Able to demonstrate very thin Students unable to provide
Delivery of proposal/ knowledge, provides clear
clear knowledge and good knowledge and proposal on knowledge and laboratory relevant information for
solutions proposal on methodology
CLO 3 [PLO5, A2] and analysis technique to
proposal on methodology and methodology and analysis proposal methodology and proposal, methodology 1.0 /3
analysis technique to be used technique but with little analysis technique with some and analysis technique to
be used to conduct the
to conduct the laboratory components missed components missed be conducted
laboratory

LABORATORY 1

LABORATORY 2

LABORATORY 3