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    8 - Reaction Kinetics

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    Anthony Benson
    1. The rate of a reaction is affected by concentration, temperature, and catalysts. 2. Increasing concentration or temperature increases the frequency and number of effective collisions between reactant particles, thus increasing the reaction rate. 3. Catalysts provide an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy, allowing more particles to exceed this energy barrier and react.

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    8 - Reaction Kinetics

    Uploaded by

    Anthony Benson
    22 views50 pages
    1. The rate of a reaction is affected by concentration, temperature, and catalysts. 2. Increasing concentration or temperature increases the frequency and number of effective collisions between reactant particles, thus increasing the reaction rate. 3. Catalysts provide an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy, allowing more particles to exceed this energy barrier and react.

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    8 - Reaction Kinetics

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    1. The rate of a reaction is affected by concentration, temperature, and catalysts. 2. Increasing concentration or temperature increases the frequency and number of effective collisions between reactant particles, thus increasing the reaction rate. 3. Catalysts provide an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy, allowing more particles to exceed this energy barrier and react.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    22 views50 pages

    8 - Reaction Kinetics

    Uploaded by

    Anthony Benson
    1. The rate of a reaction is affected by concentration, temperature, and catalysts. 2. Increasing concentration or temperature increases the frequency and number of effective collisions between reactant particles, thus increasing the reaction rate. 3. Catalysts provide an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy, allowing more particles to exceed this energy barrier and react.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    REACTION KINETICS (AS)

     1.Rate of reaction = change in concentration


    of reactant or product over time
     Rate of reaction = [reactant]/time OR
    [product]/time
    2.Concentration –time graphs

    Conc of
    a reactant Conc of reactant decreases
    with time

    time
    Conc of product
    increases with
    Conc of time
    After certain time ,conc of
    product products becomes
    constant

    time
     a. Rate of reaction at time , t :
    (instantaneous rate)
     draw a tangent to the concentration
    vs time curve at time t
     the gradient of tangent = rate of
    reaction
    Example

    [reactant ]
    Gradient = y/x =
    rate of reaction
    at time , t

    Unit : mol dm-3 s-1 or


    y mol dm-3 min-1

    t time
     Note :
     i)Average rate : rate measured over a
    period of time
     Eg : rate = change in [reactant]/ t2 – t1
     ii)Initial rate : rate at almost t=0
     b. Rate of rxn is proportional to
    concentration of most reactants
     Concentration increases, rate increases
    Note : Rate is independent of
    concentration of a reactant
     Concentration changes but rate is constant

     Zero order reaction

    Conc of Conc decreases with time


    reactant Constant gradient
    Rate is constant

    time
    THEORIES OF REACTION
    RATES
     1. Collision theory :
     a. reactions occur due to collision of

    reactant particles
     b. not all collisions results in reaction

     effective collisions : collisions


    between reacting particles that
    results in a reaction
    c.Characteristics of effective collisions
    :
     i) have favourable orientation
     eg C – C – C – C –Br + OH-
     C – C – C – C –OH + Br-
    collision of an OH- with the
    bromoethane molecule is unlikely to
    result in a reaction if it hits the end of
    the molecule away from the Br
     ii) possess a minimum energy = Ea
     (1) Definition : Activation energy ,Ea,
    is the minimum energy required for a
    reaction to take place
     High Ea  slow reaction

     (2) Ea is used to enable bonds in the


    reactants to stretch and break as new
    bonds form in the products
     2. Transition state theory :
     a. reactions takes place via transition
    state in which reactants come together
     b. bond making and breaking occur
    continuously and simultaneously
     In the transition state, bonds are in the
    process of making and breaking.
     A-B + C  A + B-C

     A B C
    Bond breaking transition state Bond forming
     c. reaction profile/enthalpy diagram :
     Note :

     (1) Transition state is the highest


    point in the reaction profile
     (2) Energy gap between reactants and
    transition state = Ea
     (3) Ea forward rxn ≠ Ea reverse rxn
    Reaction profile or energy / enthalpy
    diagram for uncatalysed reactions

     exothermic reversible reaction


    Transition state
    Energy

    Ea forward rxn
    Ea reverse rxn

    Reactants H

    Products

    Extent of reaction
    endothermic reversible reaction

    Transition state
    Energy
    Ea reverse rxn
    Ea forward rxn

    Products
    H

    Reactants

    Extent of rxn
    d. Multi step reaction

     Reaction that takes place via an


    intermediate
     Mechanism of rxn involves a multi
    step reaction
     The intermediate will occur at a
    minimum on the graph
     One minimum = one intermediate
    Eg :
    Step 1 : Reactants  Intermediate ,
    H = positive
    Step 2 : Intermediate  Products ,
    H = negative

    Overall : Reactants  Products ,


    H = negative
    Transition state 1
    Transition state 2
    Energy
    Ea(1) Ea (2)

    Intermediate

    Reactants
    Overall H

    Products

    Extent of rxn
     e. Reacting particles must possess
    energy greater than or equal to the Ea
    before they can react
    FACTORS AFFECTING
    RATE OF REACTION
     Concentration

     Temperature

     Catalyst
     I. Concentration of reactants
     1. conc increases , rate normally
    increases
     ( exception : zero order )

     2. as concentration increases :

     frequency of collisions increases


     no of effective collisions increases
     rate of reaction increases
     3. Expt to show effect of concentration on
    rate of reaction :
     Eg:
     Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq)  2 NaCl(aq) +
    H2O(l) + SO2(g) + S(s)
     a. Effect of [S2O32-] on rate of reaction
     b. Sulphur appears as particles of solid
     c. Measure time taken to block view of
    cross/words under conical flask
     Experiment to show effect of concentration
    on rate of reaction :
     Eg Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) 
    2 NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g) + S(s)
    a. Effect of conc of S2O32- on rate of rxn
    b. Sulphur appears as small particles of
    solid
    c. Measure time taken for enough sulphur to
    form to block view of the cross/words
    under conical flask
     d. Use different volumes of S2O32- but
    keep volume of HCl constant
     e. H2O used to keep total volume of all
    mixtures constant
     Hence volume of S2O32- used  conc
    S2O32-
     eg : volume doubles , conc doubles
    Mixture Volume of Volume of Volume of Time/s
    S2O32-/cm3 HCl/cm3 H2O/cm3

    1 10 20 30

    2 20 20 20

    3 40 20 0
     Rate of reaction α 1/time
     From expt ,
     As volume of S2O32- increases,
     [S2O32-] increases , time taken
    decreases
     Rate of reaction increases
    Rate of reaction α [S2O32-]

    1 / time

    [S2O32- ]
    II.Temperature
     1. When temperature increases :
     average speed of reacting particles
    increases
     particles collide more frequently and
    with greater energy
     no of particles with energy ≥ Ea
    increases
     no of effective collisions increases
     rate of reaction increases
     2. Why does rate increase with
    temperature?
     Molecules in a gas does not all have the
    same speed.
     Their speeds and therefore their
    energies are distributed according to the
    Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curve
     Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curve

    Fraction or no of
    molecules with
    energy E

    Most probable energy


    Energy/speed
     a. Shape : at a temp T , molecules in
    a sample of gas have different
    speed/energy
     Most probable speed/energy
    corresponds to the maximum of the
    curve.
     b. Area under the curve = total no of

    molecules in the sample


     c. As temp increases ,
     curve flattens ( have a lower peak )

     more spread out ( moves to the right )

     however total no of molecules =

    areas under the curves remains the


    same
     Effect on Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curve

    No of molecules
    with energy E Lower T
    Higher T

    Ea Energy/speed
     d. Shaded area = no of molecules with
    energy ≥ Ea
     As temp increases ,
     Size of shaded area increases
     More molecules with energy ≥ Ea
     No of effective collisions increases
     Rate of reaction increases
     Note : At temp T and ( T + 10 K ) ,
     Size of shaded area doubles
     No of molecules with energy ≥ Ea
    doubles
     Rate of reaction doubles
     e. Reactions with larger Ea are slower
    but rise in temp has more
    significant increase on the rate of
    reaction with a higher Ea
    III.Effect of catalyst ( catalysis )

     1.Catalysts are substances that affects the


    rate of a chemical reaction without being
    chemically changed themselves
     They are not consumed and are
    regenerated at the end of the reaction
     Properties of catalyst:
     increase the rate of reaction
     amount of catalyst used affects the rate
    which is proportional to the amount used
     required in small amount
     chemically unchanged after the reaction
     do not affect H
     2. Two types of catalyst :
     a. positive catalyst : increases rate of
    reaction
    eg ferum in Haber process
     b. negative catalyst / inhibitor : slows
    down a reaction
    eg glycerine or phosphoric acid
    inhibits decomposition of hydrogen
    peroxide
     3. Action of positive catalyst
     Provides alternative pathway with a
    lower Ea
     More molecules with energy ≥ Ea
     No of effective collisions increases
     Rate of reaction increases
     Note : different catalyst can affect a
    similar reaction differently
    4. Diagrams :
    a. Enthalpy diagram or energy profile :
    eg exothermic rxn

    Energy
    Ea uncatalysed rxn

    Ea catalysed rxn(lower)

    Reactants

    Products

    Reaction pathway
    b. Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curve
    ( at a certain temp T )

    No of molecules
    with energy E

    Ea uncatalysed Energy
    Ea catalysed (lower)
     For catalysed reaction :
     Size of shaded area increases
     No of molecules with energy ≥ Ea
    increases
     No of effective collisions increases
     Rate of reaction increases
     Note : another factor affecting rate is
    surface area ( higher surface area ,
    faster reaction )
    5. Types of catalyst : 3 types
     a. Heterogeneous catalyst : catalyst is in a different
    phase compared to reactants .
     Examples :
     Reaction Catalyst
     N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g) ferum (s)
    ( Haber process )
    2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g) V2O5 (s)
    ( Contact process )
    C2H4(g) + H2(g)  C2H6(g) Ni (s)
    ( Hydrogenation of alkenes in
    manufacture of margarine )
     b. Homogeneous catalyst : catalyst is present in the
    same phase as the reactants.
     Examples:
     Reaction Catalyst
     CH3COOH(aq) + C2H5OH(aq) H+ (aq)
     CH3COOC2H5(l) + H2O (l)

    S2O82- (aq) + 2I- (aq) Fe2+(aq)


     2SO42- (aq) + I2 (aq) or Fe3+ (aq)
     c. Biological catalyst ( enzymes ):
     Proteins which catalyses chemical reactions in living
    systems
     Are extremely specific , one enzyme normally
    catalyses one reaction
     Example: amylase found in saliva. It is used to break
    carbohydrates into simpler molecules.
    Autocatalysis
     1. One of the product is a catalyst for the
    reaction
     2. Reaction proceeds slowly at first at
    uncatalysed rate
     until a significant amount of the product (
    also the catalyst ) is established
     3. Then reaction will speed up to catalysed
    rate
     Reaction will stop when reactants are
    exhausted
     Eg :
     2 MnO4- + 16 H+ + 5 C2O42- 

    2 Mn2+ + 8 H2O + 10 CO2


    catalyst
    Slow decrease in conc
    Slow reaction

    [ MnO4- ] Uncatalysed rate

    Fast decrease in
    conc
    Faster reaction
    Catalysed rate

    time
    rate
    Fast
    Catalysed rate

    Slow
    Uncatalysed
    rate

    time

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