Scribd
Upload
2K views46 pages

M L Khanna

boi

Uploaded by

Sourav Sutradhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
2K views46 pages

M L Khanna

boi

Uploaded by

Sourav Sutradhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 46
tag Ww Analytie Funct ns ae oi esis ee t 78, Raj. 8, Agra 74579 IAS. 63) ytic at point. ‘ he as vawed function f(z) in a doit i ee oie analytic at a point z=a if there exists a neighbo | at all points of which the function is differentiable Le. S'(2) exists. larities. . alytic in a domain. Singulariti nig. at cua oiat ae If the above function /(z) is differential y domain Diexcept possibly at a finite number of exceptional points then the function is said to be analytic in the domain D. These exceptional points at which f‘(z) does not exist are called singular points or singularities of the function. a by fegular function Ifa function f(z) be such that f’(z) exists at every’ ‘Point of the domain D then f(z) is said to be regular in D. Note. The terms regular and homomorphic are aise some- times uspd.as synonyms for analytic. ‘auchy Riemann Partial Differential Equations m 1. Necessary conditions for f(z) to be analytic: The necessary condition for w=/(z)=u (x, y)+19 (k,\y) to be analytic (i.e. differentiable) at any point z=x-+iy of its ‘domain D is that the four partial derivatives Ug, Uy, Vx and v, should exist and satisfy the Cauchy Riemann partial differential equations w=, and ty=—v, aut jue ie ae ay By a5" KM (Kanpur 71, Benaras 71, Raj. 79, 64, : Agra 61, 72, Proof. Let f(z)=u(x, ¥)4-iv(x, 3) be analytic at ¥ its domain therefore Lt fet Se “= 57-50 ? exists and i is unique. hey t of the path omg which 8250. a | 2 Also 2=x- also 0. 2 SO yd Lt “Bx-70, 3-0 wll) Now let us consider two possible approaches in which 52-0. In the first case take 8z to be purely real so that 25x, 5y=0 and 3x-+0. Hence from | we get f= ) u(x, rules ¥) pretin a: v(x or + (2) Since f(z) exists therefore the above limit exists which in other words means that us and rx exists. In the second case let 82-0 along the imaginary axis so that $z is purely imaginary and hence 8z=i8y, x=0 and dy-70. Hence from I we get Lt u(x, y+8) xy v(x, v4 fe iyo (x, Yt yo u(x ¥) 4; VO VA ou av = Fey Fay +3) ° Since /’(z) exists woes a above limit exists which in other words means that wy and y, exist. Also ‘by definition we'know that the limit should be.tnique and hence the two limits obtained in (2) and (3) seats be identical. we Urine sity + Vy. Equating real and imaginary parts we get ux=Vvy and uy=—y. Above equations are known as Cauchy differential equations. v(x, 9) hy = —iuy-bvy. Complex Fae ics 44 oe Be Me 2. Sufficient condition fcr f(z) to be analytic. The function w=f{(z)=u(x, y)-+iv(x, 3) is analytic in a domain 2 Vv ic in =—r,, (l) vere differentiable in D and Uy = Py, Uy! q % The partial derivatives 11,, Uy, vx and vy are all continuous in D. | 2 0. (Agra 72, 61, Raj. 78, Meerut 78, Kanpur 70, 71) Weubiv 3 bw but iby (1) bu= u(x+5x, y+ by) —ulx, yy =[W(x+ 8x, ¥+39)~ u(x, I++ [u(x, »+8y)— u(x, MI. ...(2) The above Step may be noted we have subtracted and added U(x, y-+5y), SA+h)—FO)=h f(a oh) where 0<8<}. Applying the: result of above theorem in both the breackets in (2) We get bus Bue x, Pty) + dy -1r,(x, +0 dy) where O<0<1 and O ; i oe by a? 2 same apy at r But from a Fy and hence from above. we obtain an _sin ae “cos 9 ot — Fo apsin @ 3 4.008 0 oan au au ar, au. a9 Again 5 5, “% 8. ay msin 9 460s 0 ay ir r ao = ay ay * OF ox ag 5, cos 9 Hi. sin 9a, or te it~ t Gy M4 hence trom 4 But from (1) pitas rea 49 . +4) gee multiplying ei by sin @ and (3) by cos @ and subtrac- ting we g 1 du _& a au, “FR e 7 oO (5) Equations (4) and (5) give the corresponding polar form of Cauchy Riemman equations, Derivative of w in polar form Theorem 6. To mores that dw i ‘i ow Ge = (cos @—i sia 0) ee F (eos @—i sin 0) 5 We have proved that in cartesian form. fete 1 ow ; & as 7 ay (Note I. Page 45) dw _2w _aw ar wT) dy ax ar ax aw ‘au, . a \/—sind Pd cos 0 (35 +i =)( 7 ) by A and w=u-+ly, ‘We want the result in terms or and hence we shall put for and - from Cauchy Riemman equations (4) and (5) polar form. 3 cos 0+[- tn 4] Forte t ee = cos @-isin 6 7 (u+iv) ow aw = 5, 008 o—isin@ Pat =(cos 0—i sin 0) = : ws(2) Again from 1 we have ow a atin lly Aand woe si . Varia, . is of a We want the result in terms Of ay we shal av, Cauchy Riemman put for! and 5 from in =F tin) cos @+F a 95° Polar form S<2!" Derivative of analytic function w= f(z) ; dw ty a ‘ ‘ ape. SO or - r z + Cartesian form = (C08 0—i sin gy 2 sin @) Ds lfw=f(2)=u-+iv be Laplace equation i.e, A, 9: ants 4 and.y are called 4+ Constructi am analytic function then u 0 an ee oe 0 ang ant g=0 njugate functions, of analytic function when is : al 1 Analytic Function Ist Method. We replace] 2 and Bp by Cauchy naan equations in terms of derivative; of a function v and then the resulting equation oUt folbe exact ; On integrating we shall find the value of» opt Method. q By setting z=2 i.e. z= =x, y=0 we have w=f(z)=u(z, 0)+iv(z, 0). a i a 8, eat wu, av # ox oe We replace ax by yy by Cauchy Riemman equation. au ‘ / =a py (R ber) . S(2)=2 me i ay (Remember) ~ Now choose Matx, »)=f(2, 0) by putting x=z Fe Hc Ale, 0), a with (EH, 646,0) by ,Q) and ®) Prove that the function u given as under is harmonic its harmonic conjugate and the corresponding analytic Sunction f(z) in terms of z, FE au_ ay au_* = a (2) and y=0. (Agra 51) Let the mney of u be v- © Then dyn ae ax 3H dy dy= a dx + Gxt-3y8) A) dy. Above is exact equation and hence on integrating ©. ¥sf Oxy det J—3y8 dy-te J const: only those hich do not Contain x wi (C. R. Eq.) Complex Varia: eo ; ysixty—yite. . . Fae epee igual (xty-F) te =xtgart (b)$3x PHO +e s xtiytesste’, ; q Sp to obtain the result by Milne Thomson metho: u=y—3xtp Ve as above 4 ys 3xy tte, fe) (@//a=3 log ee Van oe dus py ze ea? x “Sap Pu ye a Sa EHP AF Gt Be Cleary usatisies Laplace's equation #4 #4 +22=0, and hence ext a #is harmonic. x Let the ena of u be y then : “Et oer o> CR.Eq) sores tap = 2 Above equation is a and hence on integrating eto “wet [odse, or vay tae a 5 tentan(— S)se = “H-w (3). : core tkstannJ We may also write G ) eG den 2b —3de xdy~ydy a=. = . Sa | A A eS oF BF doi. stan~* yix—c’, 4 . SG BSH Log Gt yy ; Heats: vic Aaj Gt) +e. Ae ‘a anty sy beth Complex Variable; 56 a, 2)\(2+5)« ty, 8 (3H a) 28) aY. a2 EH -2 ay(sxt ay (er 4 by (2) and (3) ‘ ou iy y == , a Be (ait art aver us BH 20, * i mat: * , . hs i u satisfies Laplaces equation uy 2 Po, daa" Grey ey rer ay 5° Fv, OV Similarly 2 aa? haty ae 0. Hence u and v a‘ the solutions ¢ of 2 428, ox? -? Seb +5an Proved 2nd part. cy ateaeie is known and we have to find.v (xt yy i or u=X—Y4 Y* {l) ou a ee wr drm § ax tS drm — Oe au axy or dm2vars (ay dy. Above dnd (rars arial cation yad ON Y4e, 2 Integrating =2y (x4) 4x4 46 (2) 3 Jann tM tety te, OM putting for X and Y Teor aya OXY Y La +24 iy: © cites eth nek Y)+ ic or Kt (2) =, el poms Pat a ~yy —s Laplace's eaaton “aS Pre mo had a en both wand y satis/? & 4 as Ytle function ¢ fe ig 2k ' Analytic Function o. Ou_, Cu__ 5 a= 3s at 2 axe z er ‘ane From above it is clear a atu Ou aatg gyn? an and x at Above shows that both w and » satisfy Laplace’ s tes But from above we conclude that , ee Su av au ay ax* ay Md FARE Above shows that Cauchy Riemman equations. are not satis- fied and hertce the function f(z) =u-+ iv is not analytic. lif gand pare functions of x and y satisfying Laplace’s equation, show that s+ it is analytic where, -# a a6 a and t= aarta,: (Agra 63) We are age ie both ¢ and are harmonic functions. « OY 7 atta wn(1) Now S(2)=s+it will be analytic if sand t satisfy Cauchy Riemman equations i.e. as dr tha 2 ae or ® ax yo 3s pias sa) as 8 (a ap) a4 ay ax 2 a). “axdy” Oxt aos (ae ap \ ep ay. OS aH ay~ ay \ax tay )“dyax tay? ayox ant Y From above we conclude that 5 Similarly we can prove that ast ay Hence s-|- it'satisfies Cauchy Riemman equations and hence it is an analytic function. Milne Thopison method rove that the function ux? —3xyt+3x2—-3ytt 1 satisfies Laplace’s equation and determine the corresponding analytic Sunction + iv (Agta 55, Raj. 59) Complex Variub|. du _ gy 3p 6x efit I) ax Be eay ») eu Gu _ _ 6x6 FU _ 6x46, a= OX ie 6x+% Fra / au tu Laplace's equation . pty and hence u satisfies Laplac® © Putting x=2, y=0 we get $i(2, Oe (2, )=0 © au. , av Ou__, ou L@= de atl ag ax! a =p(2, QT (= (328462) —% Integrating we get - so=| (3224-62) de-pomz?+32tte ff u=sin x cos hy £2 cos.x sin hytxt—ye ay then prove thai u satisfies Laplace’s equation ‘and determine the corresponding analytic function u+iv. . _—— a“ =cos x cos hy—2 sin x sin hy toeebyn ate ») 7 ou a sin x sin hy-+2 cos x cos hy—2y+-4x= mae y) eu : . ga ins cos hy—2 cos x-sin hy+2 3 cia Gos BLD obs x Sim 2m OO ‘ bys ais Putting x=z, y=0 we get * $,(2, 0)=cos 24-22, $4(z, 0)=2 Vea tah; te ye Os 2 tee = He tax ax tt ie 7ag ay =i(z, 0) =i 4,(z, 0) =(cos 2++-22)— Stay eng) . fe\= fa- 2i) (Cos 24-22) dz-+e=(1—2i) (sin sate Ak Complex Variables of sin 2x ee cos h 2y+cos 2x" Sunction f(z)=u-+-iv ou 2 cos 2x (cosh 2y-+.608 2x) =! ax = (cosh 2y+-cos 2x) 2 cos 2x. cosh 2y+2 =" (eosh 2y-+c0s y-Foos Axyh iC Pe . 2 cos 2242. a 1 es “+ Ae N= Tres 22)" 2 Theos lz corresponding analytic (Agra 57) ie 2sin'2x sinh 2y _ ~ (osh 2y+c0s 2x)? =H 9) $,(z, 0)=0. F a ow uy dy du. au Now f= 7 =a get! oem ae! e =4,(z, oe 1 daz, 0)=sec? 2. o. £2) = sec? z dz+c=tan z4-c. Hof w= In teriMTsof z. u—v=e* (cos y—-sin y), (Agra 52) 7 x Bnet (cos y—sin » =f (2)=u-+iv and u—v=e* (cos y—sin y) find f(z) va(1) * (sin J+cos y). Solving 1 and 2 for and 2 we get Hae cosy, 3) Hi $ile, Oeil % met sin ymax, 9) fi D200, Now £2) My tid G9) . *. Semf (H(z, of 4 (2, O)) dete 59, wQ) Analytic Functions 61 or re yes Xb sin x+sin i ‘2 cos x8 oF a sae f i Sunction of z=x-Liy, find f(z) subject to the conditl S@=utiv S. ifG@)=iu--v. 4) f@)=(u—y) + ilu =U+IV say where U and.F° are functions of u and v and hence of x Nand y. FQ) =(14i) flaysu+iv, ‘say where Uauivis is known ya 1 sosxtsin x—(cos hy sin ys 2 cos x=cost iy =4 (one Gans out) tins} 05 x- cos hy voa| ier hy Bee 2 cos.x—cos hy) aU or Ul 3 [oe x—cos hy).cos-x—(sin x+-sin hy) (- ax 2 (Cos x=cos hy)® : —cos z $2, O)= oltre z= woz Bice 3 ay 2 (cos x= cos hy)? a cos z—1 aCe, O)=4 res | rey t-3 OW _' au. mH, 0)-1 $: (2, 0) =} cosect 2/2-(14i). Integrating we get F(z)=3 (143) (=2 cot 2/2)+e aor (14-i) f(2)=—4 (1+) cot z/2+e ~ fle z c 2 yt, ® Complex Vari, @ 2 feats eet ond @ yu re yao ; nd fie) bee flz)=cot ete 4 to the -i where oe by the ei initial condition. ‘ : 2sin2x 6 cyte is an anal (9 Wurm arpew tos a ; =x-+iy, find f(z) in terms Of 2. function of 2: aa a” au. . FO=(1+i) =U y+iuty) =U where U and V are functions of w and ¥ and hence of x and y< also V is known function of zextly, above Proteed 2 sin 2x =__sin 2x Now V= yesh Jy—2 cos 2x cosh 2y—Cos 2x dw _aw_a, , v_ av WV FO Gan et! ox att ae =x, y+ palx, WD aV_.2sin 2x sinh 2y_ 3y" Gosh 2y—cos 2x)? =x, Y) va(z, )=0 vn 2 cos. 2x(cosh 2y — i i ea > £08. 28) - 2x (2 sin 2x) = 2.008 2x cosh 2y—2 i ~ ak 2 25 Qt — Yale, » dle, Oya Fob de—2 Omar 35 2) TSR —cosect z or (49/0 Oh, Odes Fe=icot +e » flz)= be cary 1+ “HO4D cot zie it Sat frites (+a, i, Analytic Functions 63 &-*{(x?—y4) COS y+ 2x y /Meerut 75, Agra 72, MY ume (x siny—ycos yp) Ist Method 57, L.A.S. 71, Kanpur 79, (a) U-me* COSY Gujarat 70. Ou. gee Te 08 yy sin v4-cos y] pre te sin y-~sin yy cos y) = (= mm $e 1-9, ( aw me ate ant i Hence by Milne’s Method S(z)=Jl4x, 0) —F CZ, 0] dz+-e =Jet(2+1) dz-+o=zet-+e 2nd SE ay dx4 2 7 dy: (=) des (#) dy by Cauchy Riemman Eqn. “ dv=—e(—x sin y—sin y—y cos) dx +-e*(x cos y—y sin y-+cos y) dv =M dx+-N dy. Above equation is exact and hence on integrating we get v. v=zf[xe* sin y+-(sin y+-y cos y) e*] dx-+J0 dy, =c const. e* (x—1) sin y-+e* (sin y-+-y cos y+ “se (x sin y+) cos y)+e S(2)=u+ iv=e*[(x cos y—y sin y) +i(x sin y+y cos y]+le =e*[x(cos y-+/ sin y)+iy (cos y+-i sin y)] 4 fc or =e ely (x+iy)te! Sete (x+iy)te! =ze'+e! ‘Ss z=x+iy. (b) ue {(x*—y*) cos y+-2xy sin y}. Ist Method. ee —e™* {(x*—-y4) cos y+ 2xy sin y}-+e* {2x cos y-+-2y sin J} (x,y) Complex Variables a 39, em ass wy find the corresponding analytic function f(z)=u+-iv (Agra 57) au _ 2 cos 2x (cosh 2y-tcos 3x)—sin a2 sin 2x) ax = (cosh 2y+ cos 2x)* » 2 cos 2x cosh 2y+2 _ i ‘ ‘ ="(eosh 2y-+eos 2xjt 1% Y)- { _2cos 2242 _ 1 a : “+ AG VC yeas tay ~? Theos te 2 Dears " msectz . _2 sin-2x sin h 2y ~ (Cosh 2y-Feos Zak HY) &(z, 0)=0. ; Now sim ae y_au_; du ax"! ax ax a 8 u—y=et (cos y--sin y), (Agra 52) ou av F * ax ay (08 sin y) eal) au av Bayne sists) Y or 2 _BU__\4% (sin y-+c0s ») by Cauchy Riemman Eq, a , or & Bae (sin Jet pos y). (2) Solving 1 and 2 for 4 and # we get Maer cos yates Hye, Qe av “ap Roe i. IaH Y) ' ae aw _ Ou Now (Fart ge C59 + ide (xs 9) 1. Se\=| [O44 G Oat Analyte Panrettons 63 URN)" (ute) cox 1 2 al) po Meet 78, Agen 72 7 6B, AT, 1,A.S, 71, Kanpur 79, Meme (NAT We cosy) (dl) w=e* cos» AD , Gujarat 70. Ast Method Peon ore yal boos =a 2) 4 f aed VN Ye sin pay cos N= AY | ” a) Putting v2, y=0 we have, Ae, Ye CED, le, QO yey tN Du) Oe Ou) Ow PO a 76 eg aN! Heneo by Milne's Method P=, OT We, OL debe - feet l) debeszetbe 2nd Method drape det i -(- ae aX} (i ) av by Cauchy Riemman Eqn, d= eM(m ] cos )) dx cos y—y sin y-+c08 yy dy dy aM dnt N dy Above equation Is exact and hence on integrating we get y. Av wseflve® sin ye Gin yey cosy) e} deb JO dy, se Pconst, or were’ (v= 1) sin ge} e* (sin yy cos y)-be ee¥ (vain yey cos y)-be A PG) Sth ire el(v cos yoy sin y) bay sin yeby cos y]-ble ef x(oos hE sin bay (Cos pei sin] te seek el? (yop oer Heh (vt dybet eet fe! Yoo rexbdy (by usen* ((xt =p?) cos yeh 2xy sin y), Tat Method, ou 7" em (x= y") cos yeh Quy sin y)-bem™ Complex Numbe,, 64 s p23 , au =e-4(—(t- ys) sin y—2y Cos y+2x sin J'+2xy cos y} ay ; = 45,5 2, Ose! (—2#+22), gy (z, 0)=0 te Ba: an_au _, Ou SO= ER te! Be! Fy =4(x, Y)—i p.lx, 9). Hence by Milne Thomson method Ae)=I [gil2)-1 4.(2)] dete =J ler (—2-422)40] drte ing by parts “oe #detf2zentdebe =e Af Qze-* dz4f 2ze-* dz-+e or. I)ae* Ate ee 2ad Method. We have to determine y, u being known aad arse dy, Ou au ay tgs ay by C. R. Equations ae ch2x sin. yt2xy cos Jhde FE* Wx 08 y+-2y sin y ~ G99) cos yxy sin 3} Above is exact differe, 2 ie. dem Mdx+Ndy, v= dr=—e-* {— (8-54) sin J—zy cos ‘atial equation, : . Integrating $3) Integrate Successively by Parts. +(2y cos I~)" sin pare "EPO Ean yap (sin 9-4 cos 5)" W109 6 PEN ny) ¥~2 (Sin vty cos y) Heresy q 3 sin poy i YQRsin jag 2 corns OF SiN Y—2e Gin 4 ygg sey Y+Y¥ cos ») pa 89 yg ~ @y'cos x—y2 sin y) I~ (a yay Gin yay cues mS & fareus i, OY) MOY Dy cos yy cos) 2 sin +e me me TH2xy sin re FGtya) gin i } +2ixy cos ypte Analytic Functions és any function of second order then (107-4078 yirors (+2) rer semtat ene! [x*4 65 J) (Cos y-isiny) “+ 2ixy (cds y —i sin yi+e ++ 2ixye mel) ebiy} bem ef he, {c) Proceed as above Az)sizes +e (d) Proceed as above [(2) sete Q6 I, « = (b) © (Rip)! 2)="-+-iv is an analytic function of z= x4 ly and $ Xand y with differential coefficients. of first and (Agra 74, 65) FUEL yon TAS. 71 ap Og wap av oT inaet By oe af _.08 au | a6 Bp dy Bu dp “av ay eu ‘ ; wl) =#( -#) #( a x) "a \dx) by C.R. Equations -Q) Squaring and adding 1a nd 2 we get Ge) ()"=[(3)+22) TG) +] [(et) +()'] ree ey = M8 du, By dz ( au ax antl ay 1G) wm (BHR) eS (b) We know w=, u=Hw+h), ¥ 2 dau, aa * wu aw “dv aw lye. aw 3(é ‘oy 4 @ (ey ses : teh) 4 Fg fo. =F 9:02 ed above BE ect Differentiating 45 explain A 2p rose sO 7 DiS a2 (2) fF) =e -1) {/@) SE) a . fey fF" fey? 2 AQF =3 p(p-}) [ “r-0ff PEF] =r(- [| rer Is@)P =p(p—!) [| ue“? LE) F =p(p—1) |u PFI SE) P 7. (a) Prove that function f(z)=u- iv where 3 j-yv O—7 ¢ f@= edry-n en) <0, f(0)=0 ts continuous and that Cauchy Riemman equations are satisfiec < the origin. Yet {'(z) does not exist there, (Kanpur 72, Agra 62, 59, S© (F212 xy, Gta) SOS yet ap Tes V+ HG, 9) For z£0, we observe that both wu and y are rati i , Tat jons - of x and y with non zero denominators and hence tae: tinuous atall those points Where 23:0. There ‘ ; when 7340. Therefore /(2) is cominvo= For z=0. On changing to polar n=, and v=r(cos*@+sin' 7 (cos?9— si °8). When ro both u and y tend to zere 4 Anlivie: Bnotions x. a x Whatever valves may. be associated io, Also it is given that AOY=0 which means that actual valuee ofwand y at the origin ate Fora, Thus the actual values of wand wand their limiting values atthe origin are the same and Nence wand ¥ are continuous at the origin, Hence /(2) fk continuous for all value Cauchy Riemmman equations are’ satisfied at the origin iy 7 , Ly he ed and im ee at origin *, pay Oe 3 a Note, We have taken in place of 8x in the above | mM WO yw OO, LE yO dy yer yrO oy ae 1a D) Lt x0 ax yey x0 OX Lt vv)" 0) Lt yr) By ys rn yO y . From the above four values we ‘conclude that the Cauchy Riemman equations are satisfied. Now FO) Mt EDL) (toosing z in place of 2) we Lt ty) OEE) 1 x0 at yt xy yo Now let 2~+0 along ye=x then (yun Et Orne RD LO OTE Cry LET TRAE ED: ol) Again choosing that z-+0 along x axis, a Lt x} ix? oe LO) 5053 2) From 1 and 2 we conclude that the fimit-is not unique and hence /(0) dees not exist ée, f(z) is not differentiable at 2=0, (6). Prove that the function f(z)=/ (| xy |)] is not analytic at the origin even though Cauchy Rienman equations are satisfied at that point ; (Delhi 59) | Here x, yemv[(| xy Dy v0 3)"0. , ‘E It is easy to observe as in part (a) that all.the four, derivatives du du ay dy 3 1 ee ee Nl elit 4 Comptes y Varig ay | 172 | $2, Some basic Definitions i re | Continuous ar : | . "Let z be a point on an are L such that ph =z(N= K+. a when Kae) yal | a N-w if both $(f) and p(t) are real continuous Functions 9 real variable, 1’ defined in the range @ < ¢ < 8, then th said to be a continuous arc. 2. Multiple point of the arc / Ifthe above equations (a) and (b) are satisfied by more thy one value of ¢ in the assigned region then we say that the Point ; | | 1 or (x, »).is a multiple point of the arc L, ae Jordan arc. As stated before a continuous are withou | multiple points is called’a Jordan arc. ele tay t \cAe Regular are. An arc of a Jordan curve is said to be regular are if g(t) and y’ () are also continuous in the assigned range, =Chord AB. *) AB=P-V of B—P-Vof A Note. Incase the curve Cis a closed curve then the end Points @ and g coincide and as such. he - i Complex y 180 i ; f ji j-2a)?+ 3 (anti. ~ 8 cays Lente} +[5 on , : : - : +4ia= 5 (ax Cos] strat | an ti2g)t+ pont aged: Ex. y the value of the integral “4 me 2-a round a circle whose equation is | z—a |=P. . Since | 2—a|=p 1, > a=pel# where 6 varies from 0 to.2n, dz=pi e!* do. 3 Lem ("oh oi ot domi [” do 2ni * |r im | pe eT ; Ex.8 Show that the integral of 2 along a semi-circular are |2|=1 from —1to +1 has the value —ni or mi according as the ‘arc lies above or beiow the real axis [z|=t nea 1ee 2, de=iel dd. Also ‘e, Y Jot 0 eel dy en" ie do C2 qe ; [ 6 ] =ni, Fig-8! From above we conclude i Fr that circle in a counterclockwise direction es found the come =i - (—ni)=2ni, Also for the unit circle x2} . L 2: : Ie z (=2ni where C is complete circle. $4. Elemcatary i i . Properties of compiex integrals. Prop. 1 Jo U4 Key asx | The above property-can be generaliz functions. c fe) asf, $c) dz: ed for a finite number f | ee ae ne egration 181 series Int prop: 2: [g fl) d= Jog He ass c, flat. here Crand C; are two parts of C, prop 3-[oS@) d2=~|_ ose as where —C indicates the. curve C traversed. in the opposite direc- tion or if we denote by C, the contour C when described in oppo- sie direction then above can be written as \c,fa-= fone. Prop. 4. | ck Ia) desk J Sle) de where k is a constant, §5. An inequality for complex integrals. Theoreni If a function f(z) is continuous on a contour C of length Land if M be the upper bound of | f(z)| on C then’ | | |oAe) ae |< Mt hs Lt > NO “rat Where” a Se < Let the equation of the curve C be x=9(N), y= p(0). t= fae {fGi) =Car) 2) Alsoz=x+iy 0. dz=dx+i dy. | dz |==| dx+i dy |=[(dx)*+ Cy)". le [de |= | (t+ oor -[(¢ (#) *? dna by (2). # fetus inh 1) sum of n complex quanti- f their moduli. “We know that [_. fle) d2= aa) f%) nll) Again we know that modulus of the eS is, always less than. or equal to sum © Jtq-nvftia| <2 | (4-2) AG) jaa 1/8) | - Complex Varig | ly | ex In 362 i infinity the above inequality m,, | ae Now by tending.n 19.1” Mey fc writfen aS : ofa Jo | play az 0, it is piscbie to divi (inca eee oie of methes. either complete square, that F(z)=/(z) at every point of the region D. Thu: F(z) is analytic at every point z of the region. : 2! Thus we have established tnat F(z) the indefinite integry Of f(z) is an analytic function of its upper limit. 9 x (a) Cauchy's Integral formala. / | At A(z) is analytic within and on a closed contour C and fou @y point within C, then. —— <= = ay pang 'S We Prove thy 1 (2) dz SO=5, | foe. ; (Pb. 72, Delhi 79, 1.4.5. 69, P.C.S. 63, Agra 82, 76,64, Meerut, 83, 71. Kanpur, 70, Benaras, 71) | The above Cauchy's integral formula expresses the value of | an analytic function at any point within the contour Cin terms of | the value of the fuction at the boundary only. Proof. o Describe a circle y radius Y about the point z=a and lying entirely within C. Sz) The function ray is analytic in the Tegion between C and y. Therefore by Cauchy c Theorem for multi-connected region we have £8 geoff) 86 ef a: |, 2 a Fle where both C and y are traversed in the anti-clock wise direction or le 2 dz { £9 4 M2-fa) _ aa dea OY L@ gz a (2) ~, or I-& dz—f(a) |= (22a dz or {A dz— fla) 2ni Ex. 7 P, 189— | (2A ae pntegration con® 1 By fo-LG dz\" i $0) az 20 S| \ ae ‘ Ic oiler i 2S) | dz | {yap | zh sfe-SO! <5 << 1azs as | JG ye 4l as f(z) is continuous aif acts Ip cater for 708 F Foe [tains of EH 10 174) | $. 2nr | 7 =2me 0 as <0. 1 [I gs. | Hence I de—2ni flay=9 or f= Tie ra atz Above is known a8 Cauchy's Integral formula. : Cor. 1. Gauss’ Meae Yelue Theorems. ME f(z) ts an function on a domain D and if the circular region ® cinained in D then (A= 9g j * Ha+re't) a. ° In other words it means that t ti nn is equal to the average of it at z=4 analytic Jz 2! cris he value of the function at the s values on the boundary of the Proof. Let y denote the circle | 2~-4 |=r. and this equation ou : inbe written as z=a-tre! (0<0<2m). dz=rie!* dg, Hence by Cauchy’s integral formula flay) j fiz) 1 ( Matre) 54 Twily z-a7 3aily rel viet do. 1 (2 ZI. Sat re!) do. ‘ Complex Vup iahtey \o@ © f. Lalo Here f(e)=! and in place of dz a have | dz}, 0 where C is a closed curve. Hence from (1) we have | [olde gro [fle as] , Llane le lesm att gg (Chord 2:%0+ Chord 242, Re reget Are 2:2)... ATC ZpZnnie re length of C between the points zy and z, Ht i § 3. Complex integral as the sum of two line integrals ihe EK 6 imegral ("22 i A ee valuare the integral \; z'dz. (Meerut 70) | | “Now flc)=z? is analytic for all values of z and as such its k . integral along a curve joining two fixed points will be the same, | whatever the path may be. | Again z=xiy | dz=dx-+idy Here we are to integrate 2? between two fixed points (0, 0) and —P +i dy Ly ! (1, 1) corresponding to z=Oand z=1+4-7. We -shall choose the « 1] path of integration joining these points as under. | 0) Part of real axis from (0, 0) to (1, 0). On the real axis \ y=0. , dz=dx ané x varies from 0 to 1. (2) This to be folloved by a line parallel to the axis of imaginaries from the point (1, 0) to (I, 1).. Along the path «=! and ¥ varies from 0 tol. tiv, dz=idy. ; int) Wn 9 ase ata roe 7 [iver [Losey idy (Ae be] +[ (+ iy)? I Ta Mie a — 4 Fiasie-1) i =hU+08 Variable, a @ isa ia | ° a tiating za 63) cacalus of Residues ; dey ig , I=RP. ffs as 2a+b(241 +) = a mee ep Dars RP tT [ef de Poles of f(z) as in Ex. 2 are given by z= nee =p. But of these only the pole z=a lies within C i.e. | z |= Res(e=a)=_" (2~a) fle) ap=1 Hence by Cauchy’s residue theorem [ofa a= i (Sum of the residues of the poles within QC mei =2n (-3) at Hence from I I=RP. of IL )--E x 3 [=atv er oF [e-V(a—b4)] Proved. rove that 5 ° cos 26 do . ~ fo 3+4 cos 0 20 2 Ta (?" £08 20 do _ tf a Sed cose POF 7, Pura Ena, iz (Agra 52) de. 542 (eer I=RP. off mater) ie t 1 tre @ aps : ofc la) dz sol) - Complex Vary thi z ae — and C is the unit circle fz TEL. wine 2)= aap : f(z) are peven by 1° re ee or (z+2) (22+1)=0, bee itical { “=, -he i _ Clearly z=- is the pole tying within C. { ‘ Res bree } e+ fle) i : : z bes : oy (Oaecy GE) Wes a i “Lt zo 14 , i F242 @+2) 2(3/2) Hence by Cauchy’s residue Theorem. | oe [ore dz=2ni (Sim of the residues of the poles within ¢) \ 1 a / oP oe: Proved i Hence from i) i ‘ 1=R.P. of 2 i )=3: r A f (3 Proved. | Ex.S. Apply the ales of residues to show that i : ‘* 142 cos @ i ‘ . srass wo | spout a 1 2439 5+4 cos 0 \ Eft 14-20t0 =RP. | off STE Tety Put zac « % _» ; yo iz 4, i i } ‘ et Nt. t 4 et ~ RP oft | Eee des | 4 2)C SHED. iz | ae =R.P.of } Silo Gabzaae i IC 223259 i where Cis the unit bincle- 2 | = one otal 42) de ' C (242433 SRP. of aI x : : wt UICZTR RP. of xf dz catedus of Residues 287 nes 2 UC isan are, < 0.< ty of the circle |z|=R- gn if { Lt | Row 2IG)=A then Lt RL Jef asia @- ny . ‘Lt Since Ro 7S)=4 we can choose R so large that | 2f(2)- 4] b> ‘ Via —6*)) Put z=¢t0 dz e'8 idg 40 =dz}iz, me \ C2lat hs 2 GFE] jel where C js unit circle | 7 or 1 aoe ae b= F fone) ous ae The poles of f(z) are given by beeeags +b=0 i } it | vet Ce deeiclt do on Ui. ig =d0.— We put quell. ¥y ae ee pe= # ee a } de an, wierd? C is the unit circle © algo cos 6=4.(¢ ‘ Tell: We z (= Fis 2. 1 Fle 244241 i feta : sl) Péies of f(z) are given by 2?+4z+1 =O zie ~24VQ), Now z= -2+V/3:is the only ole which lies inside C at‘z=—-2+44/3,) 1 wt =e at z=-24+-V3=5— : fof) dz=2ri. (sum of fesidues-of poles which lie within Cc) ee La ald 2. wi _ on Tiyryy YO) (a) Show thar” di fe Sa bes 0 @+bcosé ~ J, atbsne Noe ee VI@-F)] 9 3 ,a>b>0 Putz=e 2 dex e!. idly Jat] d: JC 2 ay ETH] where C is unit circle | z!=! CEE Flena ay nf The poles of (= ) are given by bz?199-- =v Gey or mF +b=0 or “Ty Fepe Talat 4 caieates of Residues 289 , Nowarb>O 1B] >1. Alsoap=torle| | pi=!- © since | B | > 1 therefore ja | <1. Hence z=a is the only yoke which lies within C i.e, lzleL es (e=e)= Ut (@-«) f(z). as Lt (e-«) 1 . Foe are aM ag zoe OE) Care) 8 rea 1 “b Qvla- 8b ® yp) “Te B)° 2 [ofa d= 2ni. (sum of the residues of the poles within C) t ah aa ve Hence from ay ai 2e , i fof =F aay ary Exactly as above we can evaluate the other integral, Note: Putting a=5, b=:3 we get ey ee do 2m (° an cos 8 (25-9) x fo ° ions “Vee al aticar etc. by part. (a) . 2n of ea a ~ Proceed as above ack (Gujeat 70) (a>b>0). Proceeding as above 4 zdz a4 dz oA ef patie £ [ome ) ye (Oa ae Feo Complex Varig Bie es written in, part 4. Clearly z~q ;, lig Ties within C i.e. |Z |=". meat ata pale of order m is o 1d Me a fe: a =, nal oF Bera via at 2=a, ae, at(2==—p ae Gx 1 i ae glo gla Ve —2ni (sum of the residues of the poles which lie within C) tin) : . We cou'd obtain the above result by differentiating both sides of part (a) wart. a. (©) Prove that fa -Putibs<1 in part (d) and Pe Ex. 3. Prove that Wes _sin where a>b>0. 4=Real part (RP) of a, 5 Poles e onl} Res ( Her Je PB Fo “ i 7 Calculus of Residues §1. Evalpation of real definite integrals by contour inte- ration. We have in the last chapter discussed about the residue at a point and we have also discussed the notations of complex integra- tion. In this chapter we shall deal with the evalvation of real | definite integrals. These integrals can however be evaluated by our | usual'known methods but we shall here evaluate them by simpler | method by using the Cauchy’s Theorem of residues, We shall choose a closed curve C and find the poles of f(z) and calculate residues at those poles which lie within C. Then by Cauchy’s theorem of residues we have ‘ | | Mede= | 2ni (sum of the residues of f(z) at the poles within C) The chosen clssed curve is usually called a contour which may beacircle, semi circle or a quadrant of a circle. The process of Integrating along a contour is termed as contour integration. §2. Integration round the unii circle Here we shall consider integrals of the type j $ (cos 0, sin 0) do ° Where ¢ (cos Uv. sin y¥) is a rational function of cos 0 and sin ¥, i We put z= et dd or do= sl.“ - Also cos @=} (ef +-¢~ z+1/z) i 1 , ; sind ge (et -e-)=( 2—F) \y Also | z\=1 ie. Cis the unit circle | z!=1. g(cos Ml, sin ¥) de aj _ Complex any lo 286 | i dz =[#frer +e eee) \? HM =f clay ae. where f(z) is a rational function of = and the contour C is the unit circle | 7 |=1. cle) de shall be evaluated as is explained in 91 by sg Cauchy's residues theorem. § 3. Two useful oa Theorem 1. If Ut (2a) fle)=A and if C is the are <9K5, of the circle I za lor thes mo fo [cfle) deid PA). (Agra 64 Since M4 (-a)fl2)=A, therefore for a given we can find 8 depending upon ¢ such that [@--a) fle)—A |

You might also like