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Group and Subqueries

The document discusses SQL concepts related to grouping data from tables using GROUP BY and HAVING clauses. It provides examples of using GROUP BY to group rows based on column values and calculate aggregate functions like SUM. It also discusses using HAVING to filter groups created by GROUP BY. The document further explains using subqueries, where an inner SELECT statement is used within another SELECT statement to retrieve values that are then used in the outer query. Examples are provided to retrieve data based on values from other tables using subqueries.

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270 views

Group and Subqueries

The document discusses SQL concepts related to grouping data from tables using GROUP BY and HAVING clauses. It provides examples of using GROUP BY to group rows based on column values and calculate aggregate functions like SUM. It also discusses using HAVING to filter groups created by GROUP BY. The document further explains using subqueries, where an inner SELECT statement is used within another SELECT statement to retrieve values that are then used in the outer query. Examples are provided to retrieve data based on values from other tables using subqueries.

Uploaded by

kiran
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GROUPING DATA FROM TABLES IN SQL

GROUP BY:
The GROUP BY clause is another section of SELECT statement. This optional clause tells oracle
to group rows based on distinct values that exist for specified columns.
I.e. it creates a data set, containing several sets of records grouped together based on a
condition.
Example:
Retrieve the product numbers and the total quantity ordered for each product from the
sales_order_details table.

Detorder_no Product_No Qty_Ordered Qty_Disp


O19001 P00001 10 10
O19001 P00004 3 3
O19001 P00006 7 7
O19002 P00002 4 4
O19002 P00005 10 10
O19003 P00003 2 2
O19004 P00001 6 6
O19004 P00006 4 4
O19005 P00004 1 1
O19006 P00006 8 8

SELECT product_no, sum(qty_ordered) “Total Qty Ordered”


FROM sales_order_details
GROUP BY product_no;

Output:

Product No Total Qty Ordered


P00001 16
P00002 4
P00003 2
P00004 4
P00005 10
P00006 19
In the above example the common rows in the column product_no are grouped together and
the total quantity ordered for each product is displayed on the screen.

HAVING Clause:
The HAVING clause can be the used in conjunction with the GROUP BY clause. HAVING imposes
a condition on the group by clause, which further filters the groups created by the group by
clause.
Example:
Retrieve the product_no and the total quantity ordered for products ‘P00001’, ‘P00004’ from
the sales_order_details
SELECT product_no, sum(qty_ordered) “Total Qty ordered”
FROM sales_order_details
GROUP BY product_no
HAVING product_no=’P00001’ or product_no=’P00004’;

Output:

Product No Total Qty Ordered


P00001 16
P00004 4

In the above example, the common rows in the column product_no are grouped together and
the total quantity ordered for only the product numbers specified in the having clause are
displayed on the screen.
SUBQUERIES
 A subquery is a form of an SQL statement that appears inside another SQL statement.
 It is also termed as nested query.
 The statement containing a subquery is called a parent statement. The parent
statement uses the rows returned by the subquery.
Subqueries can be used by the following commands

 To insert records in a target table


 To create tables and insert records in the table created
 To update records in a target table.
 To create views
 To provide values for conditions in WHERE, HAVING, IN etc. used with SELECT, UPDATE
and DELETE statements.

Examples:
1. Retrieve all orders placed by a client named ‘Rahul Desai’ from the sales_order table.
Table name: sales_order

Order No ClientNo Order Date


O19001 C00006 12-Apr-97
O19002 C00002 25-Dec-97
O19003 C00007 3-Oct-97
O19004 C00005 18-Jun-97
O19005 C00002 20-Aug-97
O19006 C00007 12-Jan-97

Table name: Client_Master

Client NO Name Bal_Due


C00001 Ashok Mehra 500
C00002 Vishal 1000
C00003 Ajay Mehta 0
C00004 Rohit 0
C00005 Nalini 0
C00006 Prem 0
C00007 Rahul Desai 0
SELECT * FROM sales_order
WHERE client_no= (SELECT client_no FROM client_master WHERE name=’Rahul Desai’);

Output:

Order No ClientNo Order Date


O19003 C00007 3-Oct-97
O19006 C00007 12-Jan-97

The table sales_order contains client_no and all associated sales order information about this
client. However the sales_order does not contain a client’s name. In client_master table, each
client is identified by a unique client_no. This table also holds the client’s name.
If we wish to see all the orders placed by a client ‘Rahul Desai’, we have to retrieve Rahul
Desai’s client_no from the client_master table. Having done this, we can retrieve the orders
placed by Rahul Desai from the sales_order table.

Exercise:
Find out all the products that are not being sold from the product_master table, based on the
products actually sold as shown in the sales_order_details table.

Table name: sales_order_details

Detorder_no Product_No Qty_Ordered Qty_Disp


O19001 P00001 10 10
O19001 P00004 3 3
O19001 P00006 7 7
O19002 P00002 4 4
O19002 P00005 10 10
O19003 P00003 2 2
O19004 P00001 6 6
O19004 P00006 4 4
O19005 P00004 1 1
O19006 P00006 8 8
Table name: Product master

Product_No Description
P00001 1.44 Floppies
P00002 Monitors
P00003 Mouse
P00004 1.22 Floppies
P00005 keyboards
P00006 CD Drive
P00007 HDD
P00008 1.44 Drive
P00009 1.22 Drive

Example:
Retrieve the names of all persons who work in Pradeep’s department and have worked on an
inventory control system as well, from the tables emp and inv_sys
Table name: emp

Emp No Ename Dept No


1 Rahul D01
2 Joshi D02
3 Lenna D01
4 Ashwariya D01
5 Pradeep D01
6 Arjun D01
7 Preetam D01
8 Sangeeta D02
9 Prashant D02
10 Melba D02

Table name: inv_sys

Ename Performance
Rahul Good
Joshi Average
Lenna Excellent
Pradeep Excellent
Preetam Ok
Sangeeta Excellent
Melba Good
SELECT ename, dept_no
FROM emp
WHERE dept_no IN ( SELECT dept_no FROM emp WHERE ename=’Pradeep’)
AND ename IN (SELECT ename from inv_sys);

If a select statement is defined as a subquery, the innermost select statement gets executed
first. Thus in the above example, oracle executes
SELECT ename FROM inv_sys
The data retrieved by the above statement will be passed to the WHERE clause of the query as
in
ename in (‘Rahul’,’Joshi’,’Lenna’,’Pradeep’,’Preetam’,’Sangeeta’,’Melba’)
Similarly when oracle executes
SELECT dept_no FROM emp where ename=’Pradeep’;
the output will be passed to the WHERE clause as in
dept_no IN (‘D01’)
Thus the final query after replacing the inner queries with retrieved values will be
SELECT ename, dept_no
FROM emp
WHERE dept_no IN (‘D01’) AND
ename IN (‘Rahul’,’Joshi’,’Lenna’,’Pradeep’,’Preetam’,’Sangeeta’,’Melba’);

Output:

Ename Dept No
Lenna D01
Pradeep D01
Preetam D01
Rahul D01

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