CAS Protocols Reference Manual

P/N 6675-10

Natural MicroSystems Corporation

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Framingham, MA 01702
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1.0 June, 1999 SJC
This manual printed: June 23, 1999
Table of Contents

About This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Developer Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

1 MFC-R2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 MFC-R2 Line Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 MFC-R2 Register Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 TCP Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5 Country-Specific Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.5.1 Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.5.2 Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.5.3 Bolivia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.5.4 Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.5.5 Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.5.6 China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.5.7 Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.5.8 Czech Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.5.9 Honduras. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.5.10 India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.5.11 Indonesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.5.12 Korea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.5.13 Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.5.14 Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.5.15 Panama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.5.16 Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.5.17 Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.6 State Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.6.1 Startup and Idle States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1.6.2 Inbound Compelled States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
1.6.3 Inbound Accept and Answer Call States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
1.6.4 Outbound Call Setup States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
1.6.5 Connected States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.7 TCP Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Natural MicroSystems i
 Table of Contents CAS Protocols Reference Manual

1.7.1 Call Setup Timing Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

1.7.2 Call Setup Resource Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
1.7.3 Behavior Under Load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

2 R1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.2 System R1.5 Line Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.2.1 R1.5 Line Signaling – Group 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.2.2 R1.5 Line Signaling – Group 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.3 System R1.5 Register Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.3.1 Register Signaling – MF-PS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.3.2 Register Signaling – DEK (in Combination With MF-PS) . . . . . . . . 91
2.3.3 Register Signaling – ANIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
2.3.4 Algorithm Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2.3.5 Category Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.4 TCP Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.4.1 Flow Control Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.4.2 Flow Control Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2.4.3 Outbound Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2.4.4 Inbound Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
2.4.5 Dialing Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
2.4.6 Ring / Busy Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
2.4.7 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
2.5 Call Setup Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
2.5.1 Local Inbound and Outbound Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
2.5.2 Long Distance Outbound Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
2.5.3 Long Distance Inbound Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
2.6 State diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
2.6.1 Inbound and Outbound TCP States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2.7 TCP performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
2.7.1 Optimal Task Processor Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
2.7.2 Call Setup Resource Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
2.7.3 Behavior Under Load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Appendix A Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

ii Natural MicroSystems
 About This Manual

The CAS Protocols Reference Manual presents reference information about NMS
Trunk Control Programs (TCPs), scripts that implement telephony protocols in NMS’
Alliance Generation architecture. This version of the manual contains information
about two TCPs (among several) in the NMS AG CAS product. (More TCPs will be
added in future versions.) This manual is for use by NMS support and sales engineers,
and by external organizations wishing to use the TCP development kit for
implementation of their own TCPs in NMS architecture. Each individual TCP is
described within a chapter, outlining its capabilities and requirements.
Within each chapter, a TCP’s line and register signaling protocols are discussed
through the use of text (for description) and tables (for raw data organization). Also
within these chapters is a comprehensive list of the parameters used in programming
each TCP. Then, to illustrate the TCP’s reaction to various scenarios, diagrams are
given showing the state of the TCP at significant points in the cycle. Finally, each
chapter ends with a set of test data (shown through charts and log files) to analyze the
performance of the TCP and its influences on MIPS and DSP resources.
This manual is organized as follows:

For... See...
Information on implementing the MFC-R2 TCP Chapter 1 - MFC-R2

Information on implementing the R1.5 TCP Chapter 2 - R1.5

A glossary of terms Appendix A - Glossary

Natural MicroSystems iii

 About This Manual CAS Protocols Reference Manual

Related Documents

For more information, refer to the following manuals:

This manual... Provides...

CT Access Developer’s An overview of CT Access and a reference of functions, events,
Reference Manual reason codes, and errors.

AG CAS Installation and Describes how to install and run NMS Channel Associated
Developer’s Manual Signaling (CAS) protocol software.

AG Runtime Configuration Information about the AG configuration file, agmon, AG board

and Developer’s Manual and driver error messages, and AG task processors.

TCP Developer’s Kit Consists of manuals and tools used to create Trunk Control
Manuals Programs for use on Alliance Generation Natural MicroSystems
telephony boards.

CASmon User’s Manual Information about installing and using CASmon, a tool for
monitoring and testing digital trunks and protocols.

PROTtest User’s Manual Information on installing and using PROTtest, a tool that provides
an environment for testing telephony protocols.

The following manuals provide an overview of the capabilities and functions of

the services that use CT Access:
Æ ADI Service Developer’s Manual
Æ ADI Service Function Reference Manual
Æ T1/E1 Digital Trunk Monitor Service Developer’s Reference Manual

iv Natural MicroSystems
 Developer Support

Natural MicroSystems provides quality assistance to users of its products. If you have
any technical questions or problems, please contact us using any of the following
addresses and telephone numbers:
Natural MicroSystems Corporation
100 Crossing Blvd.
Framingham, MA 01702 USA

Developer Support (508) 271-1333 (8:30-8:00 eastern time)

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Corporate Headquarters (508) 620-9300 (8:30-5:30 eastern time)
Fax (508) 271-1123
Internet [email protected]
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Natural MicroSystems Asia

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#1 Science Museum Road
Tsim Sha Tsui East
Kowloon, Hong Kong
NMS Asia +852.2926.1820
Fax +852.2620.5600
Internet [email protected]
Natural MicroSystems v
 Developer Support CAS Protocols Reference Manual

Developer Support engineers are available Monday through Friday. To assist the
engineer who answers your call, please make sure to do the following:
Æ Write down what you were doing when the problem occurred, listing the
steps you followed before the problem occurred and the exact text of any
error messages displayed on your screen.
Æ Know which NMS telephony boards are installed in your system including
the AG board model number, part number, revision number, and serial
number (i.e., model AG-8, P/N 2450, rev. D5, S/N 19564). The last three
items are on a single sticker on the back of the board.
Æ Have some knowledge of the computer you are using including the type of
the computer, the speed of the processor, the amount of memory (RAM),
and the operating system and its version number.
Æ Know which version of NMS drivers and software you have installed and
the names, sizes, and creation dates of any files that were downloaded from
the NMS web site.
Æ Be prepared to submit by fax or e-mail, copies of configuration files and
diagnostic files such as ag.cfg, ag.rpt, agerror.log, qx.cfg, qx.rpt,
qxerror.log, cta.cfg, and applicable code fragments from your
application.

vi Natural MicroSystems
Chapter 1

MFC-R2

1.1 Introduction 2 1.6.4 Outbound Call Setup

States 55
1.2 MFC-R2 Line Signaling 2
1.6.5 Connected States 57
1.3 MFC-R2 Register Signaling 4
1.7 TCP Performance 58
1.4 TCP Parameters 11 1.7.1 Call Setup Timing
Analysis 59
1.5 Country-Specific 1.7.2 Call Setup Resource
Implementation 25 Diagrams 65
1.5.1 Argentina 26 1.7.3 Behavior Under Load 69
1.5.2 Bahrain 27
1.5.3 Bolivia 27
1.5.4 Brazil 29
1.5.5 Chile 31
1.5.6 China 31
1.5.7 Colombia 33
1.5.8 Czech Republic 37
1.5.9 Honduras 38
1.5.10 India 38
1.5.11 Indonesia 41
1.5.12 Korea 42
1.5.13 Malaysia 42
1.5.14 Mexico 44
1.5.15 Panama 46
1.5.16 Singapore 46
1.5.17 Thailand 48
1.6 State Diagrams 49
1.6.1 Startup and Idle States 50
1.6.2 Inbound Compelled
States 52
1.6.3 Inbound Accept and
Answer Call States 53

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Chapter 1 MFC-R2 CAS Protocols Reference Manual

1.1 Introduction

This chapter characterizes the Natural MicroSystems MFC-R2 protocol package,

consisting of:
Æ Two Trunk Control Programs (TCPs) that run on Natural MicroSystems
AG Boards, performing call setup functions with the MFC-R2 line protocol.
The TCPs interact with an application running on the host through the NMS
standard API (CT Access), by receiving commands and sending events
according to CT Access’s specifications.
Æ A set of parameter files, each programming the TCP to execute the
MFC-R2 variation used in a particular country or on a particular network.
This chapter is divided into four sections dealing with the TCPs:

Section Description
Line Signaling Set of signals that represent fixed events in the course of call setup.

Register Signaling The way in which the protocol transmits information as it changes
for each call; as addresses and category specifications for the call.

Parameters A description of all the parameters the host can send the TCP to
program its behavior.

Country-specific A list of variations from the CCITT standard for each country which
Implementation MFC-R2 can be implemented.

1.2 MFC-R2 Line Signaling

This section summarizes the MFC-R2 line signaling protocol implemented by

NMS’s MFC-R2 TCP, in the normal case where no errors occur for the duration
of the call. The TCP follows the CCITT recommendations Q.421 and Q.422
(CCITT Blue Book Volume VI, Fascicle VI.4, Geneva 1989).
Although E1 Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) framing supports 4 signaling
bits, only 2 of them (per direction) are used for R2 line signaling. Thus the
signaling channels supporting the R2 line signaling protocol are referred to as A f
and Bf in the forward direction, and Ab and Bb, in the backward direction. The
forward channel indicates the condition of the outgoing switch equipment and
reflects the condition of the calling party’s line. The backward channel indicates

2 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual MFC-R2 Line Signaling

the condition of the called party’s line. The following table summarizes the
signaling states of a typical call:

State Outbound AfBf Direction Inbound AbBb

Idle 10 10
ÄÅ
Seizure 00 01
Å
Å
Seizure Acknowledged 00 11

The outbound side starts to send the address information, using in-band compelled MF tones. The
inbound side completes the compelled sequence by accepting or rejecting the call, using the last
backward compelled tone. If the call has been accepted, the inbound side plays a ring tone on the
line, and then signals that the call has been answered by setting the Ab bit to 0.
Å
Ringing 00 11
Å
Answer - conversation state 00 01

If the inbound side rejects the call, the outbound side clears forward by setting the Af bit to 1. The
inbound side goes back to idle, by setting the Bb bit to 0.

Clear forward 10 11
Å
Å
Idle 10 10

During conversation, the outbound protocol can receive billing pulses, to signal that a unit of cost
has been billed to the call. The bit used to carry a billing pulse depends upon national specifications.
Å
Answer - conversation state 00 01
Å
Billing pulses 00 11 or 00
Å
Answer - conversation state 00 01

Depending upon which of the sides hangs up the call first, a clear back signal, or a clear forward
signal occurs. Depending on national specifications, there might be a period of time in which the
inbound side holds a release guard state. This state is the same as clear back but happens when the
outbound side is already in the idle state. Idle follows.

Inbound side hangs up first: Clear 00 Å 11

back

Clear forward 10 11
Å

Natural MicroSystems 3
Chapter 1 MFC-R2 CAS Protocols Reference Manual

State Outbound AfBf Direction Inbound AbBb

Idle 10 10
ÄÅ
Outbound side hangs up first: Clear 10 01
forward
Å
Å
Release guard 10 11

Idle 10 10
ÄÅ

1.3 MFC-R2 Register Signaling

This section defines the register signaling protocol implemented by the NMS
MFC-R2 TCP. The protocol is defined by the CCITT recommendations Q.440 to
Q.442 (CCITT Blue Book Volume VI, Fascicle VI.4, Geneva 1989).
The protocol consists in the exchange of multi-frequency tones, following a
compelling sequence.

4 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual MFC-R2 Register Signaling

The tones used are composed of two single-frequencies each, according to the
following table:

Single Tone # 1 2 3 4 5 6
Digits Forward (Hz) 1380 1500 1620 1740 1860 1980

1140 1020 900 780 660 540

Backward (Hz)
1 X X

2 X X

3 X X

4 X X

5 X X

6 X X

7 X X

8 X X

9 X X

10 X X

11 X X

12 X X

13 X X

14 X X

15 X X

This table is interpreted as follows: each tone is composed of the two single
frequency tones marked with an X. There are two kinds of tones: forward and
backward. Forward tones are defined as the combination of the frequencies in the
forward row. Backward tones are defined as the combination of the frequencies in

Natural MicroSystems 5
Chapter 1 MFC-R2 CAS Protocols Reference Manual

the backward row. For example, a forward 15 is composed of (1860+1980) Hz; a

backward 1 is composed of (1140+1020) Hz.
Tones have specific meanings in the context of the call set-up. Forward tones are
divided into groups of meaning, used to convey both address information (the
number being called), and information about the call (the caller’s number, and the
call’s category). This grouping is controlled by the receiving party, using
backward tones to request specific information from the caller. The backward
tones are divided into groups, so a different meaning is attached to them
depending upon the logical group to which they belong.
Under the CCITT standard, there are two classes of forward tones, Group I and II
(some countries have a Group III), and two classes of backward tones, Group A
and B, (some countries also have a Group C).
The following tables list the standard CCITT meanings of the different tones in
the various groups. A blank and shaded cell signifies a tone that, although
specified by CCITT, is not supported by the current release of NMS’s MFC-R2
protocol package.

Forward Group I Forward Group II

Designation of Meaning of the Signal Designation of Meaning of the Signal
the Signal the Signal

I-1 digit 1 II-1 Subscriber without priority

I-2 digit 2 II-2 Subscriber with priority

I-3 digit 3 II-3 Maintenance equipment

I-4 digit 4 II-4 Spare

I-5 digit 5 II-5 Operator

I-6 digit 6 II-6 Data transmission

I-7 digit 7 II-7 Subscriber (international)

I-8 digit 8 II-8 Data transmission

(international)

I-9 digit 9 II-9 Subscriber with priority

(international)

I-10 digit 0 II-10 Operator with forward

transfer facility
(international)

6 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual MFC-R2 Register Signaling

Forward Group I Forward Group II

Designation of Meaning of the Signal Designation of Meaning of the Signal
the Signal the Signal

I-11 II-11 Spare for national use

I-12 Request not accepted II-12 Spare for national use

I-13 Satellite link not included II-13 Spare for national use
(1)

I-14 Incoming half-echo II-14 Spare for national use

suppression required (2)
Satellite link included (1)

I-15 End of information II-15 Spare for national use

1. This tone meaning arises in response to a A-13 request from the inbound side (send nature of circuit).
2. This tone meaning arises in response to a A-14 request from the inbound side (request information on
half-echo suppression).

Backward Group A Backward Group B

Designation of Meaning of the Signal Designation of Meaning of the Signal
the Signal the Signal

A-1 Send next digit (N+1) B-1 Spare for national use

A-2 Send last digit (N-1) B-2 Send special information

tone

A-3 Address completed, change B-3 Subscriber line busy

to reception of Group B

A-4 Congestion in the national B-4 Congestion

network

A-5 Send calling party’s B-5 Unallocated number

category

A-6 Address complete, charge, B-6 Subscriber line free, charge

setup speech conditions

A-7 Send second-to-last digit B-7 Subscriber line free, no

(N-2) charge

A-8 Send third-from-last digit B-8 Subscriber line out of order

(N-3)

Natural MicroSystems 7
Chapter 1 MFC-R2 CAS Protocols Reference Manual

Backward Group A Backward Group B

Designation of Meaning of the Signal Designation of Meaning of the Signal
the Signal the Signal

A-9 Spare for national use B-9 Spare for national use

A-10 Spare for national use B-10 Spare for national use

A-11 B-11 Spare for national use

A-12 B-12 Spare for national use

A-13 Send nature of circuit B-13 Spare for national use

A-14 Request info on use of half- B-14 Spare for national use
echo suppression

A-15 B-15 Spare for national use

The meaning of both forward and backward tones vary widely for different
countries. See Section 1.5 for an interpretation of each target country’s MFC-R2
tones meaning.
The tones specified in the previous table are exchanged between the two ends of
the link using a compelling procedure. During the procedure, the address
information associated with the calling and called party is transferred from the
outbound register to the inbound register.
For example, the outbound protocol will seize the line as the first step in placing a
call. After receiving a seizure acknowledgment, the outbound protocol will play
the first DID digit (using the multi-frequency codes specified in the Digits table at
the beginning of this section). This digit will be acknowledged by means of an
A-1 tone (the convention “A-1” signifies that the digit 1 (1140 Hz + 1020 Hz ) is
played in the backward direction while in the Group A context). The A-1 tone also
indicates that the outbound protocol should send the next DID digit. This process
continues until the outbound protocol indicates (using an appropriate forward
tone) that there are no more digits to send. Upon receipt of the backward signals
A-3 or A-5, the outbound protocol switches its forward tones to Group II
meaning. Note that the meaning of the tones belonging to the various groups
varies by country.

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CAS Protocols Reference Manual MFC-R2 Register Signaling

Figure 1 illustrates the compelling sequence and related timing:

Forward transmission delay Acknowledging

Backward
Send 1st
DID Digit
Ack 1st digit
request 2nd digit

Send 2nd
DID Digit
Ack 2nd digit
request 3rd digit

.
.
.
time

Sending Receiving

Figure 1. MFC-R2 Compelling Cycles

Figure 1 illustrates the first two cycles of a compelled sequence. The outbound
register starts dialing a digit, by means of a forward tone. This is detected by the
inbound register, which starts a backward tone. This tone is both an
acknowledgment that the digit has been received and a request for a second digit.
The inbound side can choose what kind of digit it is requesting (DID, ANI or
Category) by transmitting different backward tones to the outbound side.
The timing of the cycle is as follows:
Æ As soon as the inbound side detects the forward tone, it starts playing its
backward tone.
Æ As soon as the outbound side detects the backward tone, it stops playing its
forward tone.
Æ As soon as the inbound side detects silence, it stops playing the backward
tone it was playing.

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Æ As soon as the outbound side detects silence, it starts playing a new digit,
and another cycle begins.
There is no fixed timing. The whole cycle proceeds at the maximum speed
allowed by the tone detection and generation equipment.
However, there is a timing constraint on how slow the cycles can be. The CCITT
specifications define three timers in the compelled sequence:

Timer Description
T1 The maximum time a forward tone can be on, from the outbound perspective.

T2 The maximum time a forward tone can be off, from the outbound perspective.

T3 The maximum time a whole compelled cycle can take, from the inbound perspective.

If any of these timers expire, the compelled sequence is interrupted. In certain

cases, the compelled sequence can resume, in others, the call setup fails.

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CAS Protocols Reference Manual TCP Parameters

1.4 TCP Parameters

This section describes the parameters that program the TCP. The parameters are
used to adapt the TCP to the national variations of MFC-R2 used in the different
countries of operation, as well as to give the host application more flexibility in its
interaction with the TCP. The parameters are of different types. Some of them are
application-dependent, and can be changed at will by the user. Others (the
majority) are rigidly fixed for a given country and/or a given network. The
following table explains the parameters’ meaning.

Flow Control Parameters

The following four parameters are public; they can be freely modified by the user:

Parameter name
(category) Unit Comments Default #
ADI.MFC.DIDnumber number Inbound side: number of DID digits to expect. 7 0

ADI.MFC.ANInumber number Inbound side: number of ANI digits to expect. 8 1

ADI.MFC.DIDBeforeANI number Inbound side: DID number to receive before 2 2

asking for category.

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Parameter name
(category) Unit Comments Default #
ADI.MFC.optionflags mask Flags controlling TCP behavior (inbound 0x0 3
side):
Æ bit 0 (& 0x1): Does the TCP play busy
when rejecting a call? If not, the switch
does it instead.
1=do not play, 0=play (default)
Æ bit 1 (& 0x2): Set this bit if the trunk you
are using is inbound only (no calls can be
placed on it).
Æ bit 2 (& 0x4): Set this bit if the trunk you
are using is outbound only (no calls can
be received on it).
Æ bit 3 (&0x8): Set this bit if a cleardown
tone (busy tone) is necessary when the
inbound side hangs up a call first.
Æ bit 4(& 0x10): Set this bit if you need to
play a message while rejecting a call. If
the bit is set, the TCP will send to the
network the backward Group B tone to
accept the call, thus causing the network
to establish the voice path. The TCP will
then wait for the far end to hang up.
Æ bit 5 (& 0x20): If this bit is set, the TCP
will answer an incoming call from Group
A, without asking the network for the
caller’s category (Group II forward
tone). The caller’s category will
therefore be missing from the incoming
call-related information delivered to the
host.

ADI.MFC.debugmask mask Trace level specification, as follows: 0x0 4

Æ Show states: 0x01
Æ Show tones: 0x02
Æ Show line code: 0x04
Æ Show tone ends: 0x08
Æ Show compel errors: 0x10
Æ Show tone validity errors: 0x20
These values can be ORed for cumulative
effect. The debug printouts have effect if
running AGTRACE 1000 or higher.

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CAS Protocols Reference Manual TCP Parameters

Compelled Timers
The following parameters are reserved. Do not modify these parameters, as this
would affect regulatory compliance in the target country.

Parameter name
(category) Unit Comments Default #
ADI.MFC.compelledtimers internal All compelled timers, both for the 0x3F6F 5
inbound side and the outbound side,
expressed in seconds and packed in a
16-bits word. The timers are the
following:
1. T1 (forward tones max on-
time): lowest 5 bits.
Example 01111 = 15 s
2. T2 (forward tones max off-
time): middle 5 bits.
Example 11011 = 27 s
3. T3 (inbound side compelled
cycle timer): highest 6 bits.
Example 001111 = 15 s

Flow Control Timers

The following parameters are reserved. Do not modify these parameters, as this
would affect the regulatory compliance of the AG-E1 board in the target country.

Parameter name
(category) Unit Comments Default #
ADI.MFC.releaseguardtime time (ms) Inbound side: time to wait in release 0 6
guard, if set (regulated time for the
inbound protocol to remain in
blocking state after mutual hang-up)

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Parameter name
(category) Unit Comments Default #
ADI.MFC.inboundqualtimers internal Group of three inbound line 0x222 7
qualification timers (which determine
how long the inbound protocol will
wait to recognize a line signaling
change), expressed in units of 10 ms
as follows:
1. Qualification time during the
idle state: lowest hexade, typical
value 20 ms.
2. Qualification time during the
compelled sequence: middle
hexade, typical value 20 ms.
3. Qualification time during the
connected state: middle hexade,
typical value 20 ms.

ADI.MFC.outboundqualtimers internal Group of three outbound qualification 0x222 8

timers (which determine how long the
protocol will wait to recognize a line
signaling change), expressed in units
of 10 ms, as follows:
1. Qualification time during idle:
lowest hexade, typical value 20
ms.
2. Qualification time during the
compelled sequence: middle
hexade, typical value 20 ms.
3. Qualification time during
connected: middle hexade,
typical value 20 ms.

ADI.MFC.seizureacktime time (ms) Outbound side: time to wait for 240 9

seizure acknowledge after seizure,
before clearing forward. The CCITT
Blue Book value is 200 ms, but the
TCP must account for internal
transmission time.

14 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual TCP Parameters

Parameter name
(category) Unit Comments Default #
ADI.MFC.answertime internal Outbound side: group of two timers 0x0F3C 10
used during the answering phase of
call setup. Both timers are expressed
in seconds.
1. Lower byte: maximum time for
the protocol to wait between
receipt of the Group B backward
tone until the phone is answered
(line signaling event). After this
timer expires, the TCP clears the
line.
2. Higher byte: maximum time for
the protocol to wait between the
generation of the Group II
forward tone and the detection
of the Group B backward tone.
This is usually the same as timer
T1 from the parameter
ADI.MFC.compelledtimers, but it
can be different in some
countries.

ADI.MFC.inboundreleasetime time (ms) Outbound side: the time after which a 0 11

clearback seen by the outbound side is
treated as a remote hangup signal. If
the signal lasts less than this value, it
could be a billing pulse. (Only
applicable during conversation.)

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Compelled Tones
The following parameters specify all the tones needed by the protocols to
implement the country-specific variation of R2. Each parameter holds more than
one tone. Each tone uses 4 bits (one hexade) of the 16 bit word. Tones are listed
from least to most significant inside each parameter.
The following parameters are reserved. Do not modify these parameters, as this
would affect regulatory compliance in the target country.

Parameter name
(category) Unit Comments Default #
ADI.MFC.tonesgroupA internal Backward Group A tones. The TCP 0x3551 12
uses these tones to send requests to
the calling party during the compelled
sequence. Each hexade of the
parameter contains one request. Low
to high hexade:
1. Send next DID (A-1).
2. Send Group I category (A-5).
3. Send next ANI (A-5).
4. Send Group II tone (and switch
to group B tone reception)(A-3).

ADI.MFC.tonesgroupB internal Some backward Group B tones. The 0x8354 13

TCP uses these tones to send the final
indication of the compelled sequence
to the calling party. Each hexade of
the parameter contains one Group B
indication. Low to high hexade:
1. Indicate congestion (B-4). This
is also applicable during Group
A transmission.
2. Indicate unallocated number
(B-5).
3. Indicate busy (B-3).
4. Indicate line out of order (B-8).

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CAS Protocols Reference Manual TCP Parameters

Parameter name
(category) Unit Comments Default #
ADI.MFC.tonesendofinfo internal Forward tones that indicate the end or 0x0FCF 14
the non-availability of certain types of
information. The types of information
are:
1. In some countries, a tone that
signals the end of the DID digits
does not exist. In this case, the
first hexade will be 0.
2. Caller’s category. In some
countries, the category must be
available to the caller, so the
second hexade will be 0.
3. End of ANI - caller ID available.
4. End of ANI - called ID
restricted. In most countries,
there is no distinction for
MFC-R2 between restricted and
non-restricted caller ID. In this
case, the fourth hexade is 0.

ADI.MFC.tonesanswer internal Backward tones indicating 0x0667 15

acceptance of the call. Each hexade of
the parameter contains one distinct
type of acceptance indication. Low to
high hexade:
1. Call accepted in Group B -
charge (B-6).
2. Call accepted in Group B - free
call (B-7).
3. Call accepted in Group A (A-6).
4. Alternative tone for call
accepted in Group B (not in
CCITT specs, but necessary in
some countries).

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Parameter name
(category) Unit Comments Default #
ADI.MFC.tonesmiscellaneous internal Request or indication tones used in 0x0C11 16
different contexts by the TCP . They
are (low to high hexade):
1. The tone the outbound part of
the TCP plays in Group II (toll
category in some countries)
(II-1, normal subscriber).
2. Default user category (Group I
category) to be used if the
application does not provide it
(in some countries the outbound
side must play it in all cases)
(I-1, normal subscriber).
3. Tone meaning that after the user
category no ANIs are available
(I-12, or 0xC).
4. Backward Group B tone used in
some countries to reject an
incoming call while requesting
that the voice path be open for a
special announcement.

ADI.MFC.tonesrepeatrequest internal Backward Group A tones the inbound 0x0872 17

side plays to request a digit repetition
from the outbound side. Consider the
DID that the outbound side played
last to be DID n. Low to high hexade:
1. Repeat DID n-1 (A-2)
2. Repeat DID n-2 (A-7)
3. Repeat DID n-3 (A-8)
4. Repeat all DIDs (restart dialing)
(Not specified by the CCITT
Blue Book, but used in many
countries.)

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Parameter name
(category) Unit Comments Default #
ADI.MFC.tonesgroupC internal Backward tones that the inbound side 0xED01 18
plays when it is collecting ANIs (the
specifications of some countries
identify a Group C in this case). Low
to high hexades:
1. Request the outbound side to go
back to sending DIDs, and send
the next DID. This is typically
the same as the normal send
DID tone, hexade 1 of
ADI.MFC.tonesgroupA, but it
can be different in some
countries.
2. Request the outbound side to go
back to sending DIDs, and
repeat the last DID transmitted
(Not supported by the CCITT
Blue Book).
In this parameter there are two more
hexades, not related with the Group C
tones. These are:
1. Tone that the inbound side sends
to request that the outbound side
specifies the nature of the
circuit, either land-based or
through a satellite link (A-13)
2. Tone that the inbound side sends
to ask if a half-echo suppressor
is needed (A-14)

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Ring / Busy Control

These parameters do not have a CCITT specification describing them, but rather
they describe the target country’s call progress tones. Their default values are set
to a reasonable international standard.
The following parameters are reserved. Do not modify these parameters, as this
would affect regulatory compliance in the target country.

Parameter name
(category) Unit Comments Default #
ADI.MFC.ringfreq1 Hz Inbound side, ring frequency #1. 425 19

ADI.MFC.ringfreq2 Hz Inbound side, ring frequency #2 (if 0 20

the ringing tone is composed of 2
frequencies: otherwise, 0).

ADI.MFC.ringontime time (ms) Inbound side, time the ring tone is on 1000 21
in a ring cycle.

ADI.MFC.ringofftime1 time (ms) Inbound side, time the ring tone is off 4000 22
in a ring cycle.

ADI.MFC.ringofftime2 time (ms) Inbound side, ring off-time two (for 0 23

UK-style ringing cycles, e.g., 400 on,
200 off, 400 on, 2000 off).

ADI.MFC.busyfreq1 Hz Inbound side, busy frequency #1 425 24

ADI.MFC.busyfreq2 Hz Inbound side, busy frequency #2 (if 0 25

the busy tone is composed of 2
frequencies: otherwise, 0).

ADI.MFC.busyontime time (ms) Inbound side, time the busy tone is on 500 26
in a busy cycle.

ADI.MFC.busyofftime time (ms) Inbound side, time the busy tone is off 500 27
in a busy cycle.

ADI.MFC.ptoneslevel IDU Inbound side, amplitude of call 350 28

progress tones (ring and busy).

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Miscellaneous
The following parameters are reserved. Do not modify these parameters, as this
would affect regulatory compliance in the target country.

Parameter name
(category) Unit Comments Default #
ADI.MFC.compelledtoneslevel IDU R2 tones amplitude (forward and 330 29
backward)

ADI.MFC.signalingflags mask Parameter containing flags describing 0x1021 30

signaling variations. These are:
Æ bits 0, 1 (& 0x3): Value of the C
and D bits (usually, C=0, D=1)
Æ bit 2 (& 0x4): What to do if next
DID does not come: pulse
congestion (0) or pulse request
for Group II tone (1). This
addresses the problem of those
protocol variations without a
tone to signal the end of DID
digits. In this case, the bit is set
to 1, so the compelled sequence
continues with the request to
send the Group II tone and
switch to reception of Group B
tones.
Æ bit 3 (& 0x8): Ignore bit faults
during ring (0), or detect and
abort the call (1).
Æ bit 4 (& 0x10): Expect metering
pulses on the A bit (1=yes,
0=no).
Æ bit 5 (& 0x20): Expect metering
pulses on the B bit (1=yes,
0=no) (if no metering pulses,
both these bits are set to zero).

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Parameter name
(category) Unit Comments Default #
ADI.MFC.signalingflags (cont.) mask Æ bits 6 and 7 (& 0xC0): Controls 0x1021 30
the length of delay after the
outbound protocol hangs up
before the application is able to
place a new call. This is needed
by some switches to clear the
line and be seized again. Values:
0x0 = no delay
0x1 = 400 ms delay
0x2 = 700 ms delay (default)
0x3 = 1000 ms delay
Æ bit 8 (& 0x100): Flag to
determine if an inbound side
clearing back is signaled by a
release guard (AB=11), value 1,
or by a forced release (AB=00),
value 0.
Æ bit 9 (& 0x200): Flag to
determine if the bit detector
should be set with a simultaneity
window of zero (if clear), or of 5
ms (if set). Having two bit
transitions falling in the same 5
ms period is the definition of
simultaneous bit transitions on
the line. Double bit transitions
are illegal in some countries.
Æ bit 10 (& 0x400): Expect
metering pulses on the C bit
(1=yes, 0=no).
Æ bit 11 (& 0x800): If set, a half-
echo suppression is needed in
international implementation
(the outbound side answers with
a I-14 to a A-14 request, in
CCITT speech).

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Parameter name
(category) Unit Comments Default #
ADI.MFC.validDIDmask internal The valid DID tones in the target 0x87FE 31
country. If a DID received by the
inbound side is not valid, the
compelled sequence is aborted with a
congestion indication.
The mask is the following:
FEDC|BA98|7654|321-
1000|0111|1111|1110

ADI.MFC.validANImask mask The valid ANI tones in the target 0x97FE 32

country. If an ANI received by the
inbound side is not valid, the
compelled sequence is aborted with a
congestion indication.
The mask is the following:
FEDC|BA98|7654|321-
1001|0111|1111|1110

ADI.MFC.validcategorymask mask The valid category tones in the target 0x07FE 33

country. If an invalid category is
received by the inbound side, the
compelled sequence is aborted with a
congestion indication.
The mask is the following:
FEDC|BA98|7654|321-
0000|0111|1111|1110

ADI.MFC.validGroupIImask mask The valid Group II tones in the 0x07FE 34

country. If an invalid Group II tone is
received by the inbound side, the
compelled sequence is aborted with a
congestion indication.
The mask is the following:
FEDC|BA98|7654|321-
0000|0111|1111|1110

ADI.MFC.catnoANImask mask The category tones that imply that no 0x0 35

ANI follows. The mask is the
following:
FEDC|BA98|7654|321-
0000|0000|0000|0000

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Parameter name
(category) Unit Comments Default #
ADI.MFC.tonesinternational internal Forward Group A tones that the 0xEED 36
outbound side plays to answer the
inbound side’s request for
information about the presence or
absence of a satellite link in the
circuit, and the need for half-echo
suppression. Low to high hexade:
Æ No satellite link in the circuit
(I-13)
Æ Satellite link in the circuit
(I-14), or half-echo needed for
other circumstances
Note: If half-echo suppression is not
needed, the outbound side
ignores the request and plays
any other tone.

ADI.MFC.reanswerdelay time (ms) Time to wait for re-answer pulse. This 0 37

might be needed for special switches
in certain countries. Set to zero to
disable.

ADI.MFC.reanswerpulsetime time (ms) Length of re-answer pulse. Disabled 0 38

if ADI.MFC.reanswerdelay is set to
zero.

ADI.MFC.resourcegettimes internal This parameter addresses a special 0x0a0f 39

need of protocols running on an AG
Quad board with resource
management enabled. In this case, for
certain operations it is necessary to
acquire a resource from a resource
pool on the board. The parameter
defines two timeouts after which the
operation is aborted if a resource is
not available. (This is a very unlikely
occurrence.)
Æ Low byte: time to wait for
resource before placing a call
(15 s).
Æ High byte: time to wait for
resource when a resource is
needed by the inbound side to
release a call (e.g., to play a
cleardown tone) (10 s).

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CAS Protocols Reference Manual Country-Specific Implementation

1.5 Country-Specific Implementation

Variations of the MFC-R2 protocol used in different countries are captured by the
TCP parameters, as previously discussed. This section details the values of the
parameters most important for implementing the various national specifications.
The parameters that tend to differ the most from country to country generally
describe tones that request or transmit specific information in the protocol:

Parameter Type Description

Request The backward tones used in register signaling. Both Group A tones and Group
B tones change in their meaning for different countries and networks.

Transmit The forward tones used in register signaling. Most of them represent address
information, however, there are forward tones to signal the absence or end of
information, and these tones differ among networks.

Note: In some cases, parameters other than tones are unique to particular
countries.
Each supported country/network is treated separately in this section. Deviations
from the standard CCITT specification are highlighted, and the relevant parameter
values are discussed.

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1.5.1 Argentina

The Argentine MFC-R2 specifications use the same tones as the CCITT standard
specifications for register signaling. However, they introduce meanings for some
of the backward tones that CCITT leaves to the country-specific specification.
The following table gives the meaning of the backward tones. The tones with a
special national meaning in Argentina are in bold.

Backward Group A Backward Group B

Designation of Meaning of the Signal Designation of Meaning of the Signal
the Signal the Signal

A-1 Send next digit (N+1) B-1 Not Used

A-2 Send last digit (N-1) B-2 Send special information tone,
and setup speech conditions

A-3 Address completed, change to B-3 Subscriber line busy

reception of Group B

A-4 Congestion in the national B-4 Congestion

network

A-5 Send calling party’s category B-5 Unallocated number

A-6 Address complete, charge, B-6 Subscriber line free, charge

setup speech conditions

A-7 Send second-to-last digit (N-2) B-7 Subscriber line free, no charge

A-8 Send third-from-last digit (N-3) B-8 Subscriber line out of order

A-9 Send the last digit again B-9 Not Used

A-10 Repeat the DID digits from B-10 Not Used

the beginning

A-11 B-11 Not Used

A-12 B-12 Not Used

A-13 Send nature of circuit B-13 Not Used

A-14 Request info on use of half- B-14 Not Used

echo suppression

A-15 B-15 Not Used

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The following is a list of Argentine forward absence or end of information tones:

Meaning Tone Comments

End of DID digits none Expiration of timer T3 and pulsing of A-3 from the
inbound side is used

End of ANI digits I-15, I-12 I-15: end of ANI, presentation allowed
I-12: end of ANI, presentation restricted

Category not available none Compulsory category digit - the outbound side must
provide the information

ANI digits not available I-12 If no ANI received

Other variations:
Æ The forward I-15 tone signals the end of ANI digits, but not the end of DID
digits. If the inbound register expects a variable number of inbound digits,
and it requests one DID more than the outbound register has to offer, the
outbound side remains silent until the inbound side times out. When this
happens, the inbound side pulses an A-3 tone to resume the compelled
sequence and switch to the Group II / Group B compelled cycle.
Æ Metering pulses, if provided by the switch, come on the A-bit. Since in this
case the line code that the outbound equipment sees during a metering pulse
is the same as the line code that signals a clear back condition, this line code
must subsist for at least 400 ms to be qualified as a clear back, as set by the
parameter ADI.MFC.inboundreleasetime.

1.5.2 Bahrain

Same as CCITT specifications.

1.5.3 Bolivia

The Bolivian MFC-R2 specification differs from the CCITT standard

specifications for register signaling only in the definitions of a few backward
tones.

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The following table gives the meaning of the backward tones. The tones that
differ from the CCITT specification are in bold.

Backward Group A Backward Group B

Designation of Meaning of the Signal Designation of Meaning of the Signal
the Signal the Signal

A-1 Send next digit (N+1) B-1 Not Used

A-2 Send last digit (N-1) B-2 Announcement follows

A-3 Address completed, change to B-3 Subscriber line busy

reception of Group B

A-4 Congestion in the national network B-4 Congestion

A-5 Send calling party’s category B-5 Unallocated number

A-6 Answer from Group A B-6 Subscriber line free, charge

A-7 Send second-to-last digit (N-2) B-7 Subscriber line free, no charge

A-8 Send third-from-last digit (N-3) B-8 Not Used

A-9 Repeat the DID digits from the B-9 Not Used
beginning

A-10 Not Used B-10 Not Used

A-11 B-11 Not Used

A-12 B-12 Not Used

A-13 Send nature of circuit B-13 Not Used

A-14 Request information on use of B-14 Not Used

half-echo suppression

A-15 B-15 Not Used

The following is a list of Bolivian forward absence or end of information tones:

Meaning Tone
End of DID digits I-15

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CAS Protocols Reference Manual Brazil

Meaning Tone
End of ANI digits I-15

Category not available I-12

ANI digits not available I-12

1.5.4 Brazil

The Brazilian MFC-R2 specification differs from the CCITT standard

specifications for register signaling only in the definition of some meanings for
backward tones.
The following table gives the meaning of the backward tones. The tones that
differ from the CCITT specification are in bold.

Backward Group A Backward Group B

Designation of Meaning of the Signal Designation of Meaning of the Signal
the Signal the Signal

A-1 Send next digit (N+1) B-1 Subscriber line free, charge

A-2 Repeat the DID digits from the B-2 Subscriber line busy
beginning

A-3 Address completed, change to B-3 Not Used

reception of Group B

A-4 Congestion in the national network B-4 Congestion

A-5 Send calling party’s category B-5 Subscriber line free, no

charge

A-6 Not Used B-6 Not Used

A-7 Send second-to-last digit (N-2) B-7 Unallocated number

A-8 Send third-from-last digit (N-3) B-8 Not Used

A-9 Send last digit (N-1) B-9 Not Used

A-10 Not Used B-10 Not Used

A-11 B-11 Not Used

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Backward Group A Backward Group B

Designation of Meaning of the Signal Designation of Meaning of the Signal
the Signal the Signal

A-12 B-12 Not Used

A-13 Send nature of circuit B-13 Not Used

A-14 Request info on use of half-echo B-14 Not Used

suppression

A-15 B-15 Not Used

The following is a list of Brazilian forward absence or end of information tones:

Meaning Tone Comments

End of DID digits none Expiration of timer T3 and pulsing of A-3 from the inbound side is
used

End of ANI digits I-15

Category not available I-12

ANI digits not available I-12

Other variations:
Æ The forward I-15 tone signals the end of ANI digits, but not the end of DID
digits. If the inbound register expects a variable number of inbound digits,
and it requests one DID more than the outbound register has to offer, the
outbound side remains silent until the inbound side times out its request.
When this happens, the inbound side pulses an A-3 tone to resume the
compelled sequence and switch to the Group II / Group B compelled cycle.
Æ Some switches have a provision for a “reanswer” signal with which an
inbound terminal equipment can automatically reject all collect calls. To do
this, the equipment pulses a clear back line code, immediately after
signaling the answer line code to connect a call. If this pulse is sent to the
switch, and the call is a collect call, the switch clears the call back and then
clears the line forward.

30 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual Chile

The relevant parameters are:

Parameter Description
ADI.MFC.reanswerdelay The time between when the answer signal is put on the line, and
when the clear back pulse starts.

ADI.MFC.reanswerpulsetime The duration of the clear back pulse.

1.5.5 Chile

The Chilean MFC-R2 specification is very similar to the CCITT standard. All
backward and forward tones have the same meaning.
Only one difference exists: billing pulses are conveyed to a terminal placing a call
by means of bit variations on the C-bit.

1.5.6 China

The Chinese MFC-R2 specifications are rather different from the CCITT standard
specifications, especially for register signaling.
The following table reports the meaning of the backward tones. The tones that
differ from the CCITT specification are in bold.

Backward Group A Backward Group B

Designation of Meaning of ths Signal Designation of Meaning of the Signal
the Signal the Signal

A-1 Send next digit (N+1) - no B-1 Subscriber line free,

matter if DID or ANI charge

A-2 Repeat the DID digits B-2 Subscriber line busy

from the beginning

A-3 Address completed, change B-3 Not Used

to reception of Group B

A-4 Congestion in the national B-4 Congestion

network

A-5 Not Used B-5 Unallocated number

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Backward Group A Backward Group B

Designation of Meaning of ths Signal Designation of Meaning of the Signal
the Signal the Signal

A-6 Send calling party’s B-6 Subscriber line free, no

category charge

A-7 Not Used B-7 Not Used

A-8 Not Used B-8 Subscriber line out of order

A-9 Not Used B-9 Not Used

A-10 Not Used B-10 Not Used

A-11 B-11 Not Used

A-12 B-12 Not Used

A-13 Send nature of circuit B-13 Not Used

A-14 Request information on use B-14 Not Used

of half-echo suppression

A-15 B-15 Not Used

The following is a list of Chinese forward absence or end of information tones:

Meaning Tone Comments

End of DID digits none Expiration of timer T3 and pulsing of A-3 from the inbound
side is used

End of ANI digits I-15 Necessary to decode the end of ANI

Category not available I-15

ANI digits not available I-15 If no ANI are received

Other variations:
Æ The forward I-15 tone signals the end of ANI digits, but not the end of DID
digits. If the inbound register expects a variable number of inbound digits,
and it requests one DID more than the outbound register has to offer, the
outbound side remains silent until the inbound side times out. When this

32 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual Colombia

happens, the inbound side pulses an A-3 tone to resume the compelled
sequence and switch to the Group II / Group B compelled cycle.
Æ The fact that the backward tone to request ANI digits is the same as the one
to request DID has wide implications. The inbound register is no longer in
control of the type of digits it receives, so to distinguish between ANI and
DID it must wait for an I-15 (end of ANI) from the outbound register. In
turn, this means that the parameter ADI.MFC.ANInumber (which is used by
the inbound side to determine when to switch from requesting ANI back to
requesting DID) has no meaning. In the Chinese variation of the MFC-R2
package this parameter is set to 30, a number higher than any possible caller
ID.
Æ In the CCITT line signaling specifications, the C and D bits are set to 0 and
1 respectively, in China they are both set to 1. However, they are never
used, so their value never changes during a call.

1.5.7 Colombia

Natural MicroSystems supports two network-specific variations in Colombia.

Telecom Colombia
Telecom Colombia has an MFC-R2 variation similar to the Chinese variation.
However, it is closer to the CCITT specifications.
The following table reports the meaning of the backward tones. The tones that
differ from the CCITT specification are in bold.

Backward Group A Backward Group B

Designation of Meaning of the Signal Designation of Meaning of the Signal
the Signal the Signal

A-1 Send next digit (N+1) - no matter B-1 Subscriber line free, charge
if DID or ANI

A-2 Send last digit (N-1) B-2 Subscriber line busy

A-3 Address completed, change to B-3 Not Used

reception of Group B

A-4 Congestion in the national network B-4 Congestion

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Backward Group A Backward Group B

Designation of Meaning of the Signal Designation of Meaning of the Signal
the Signal the Signal

A-5 Not Used B-5 Subscriber line free, no

charge

A-6 Send calling party’s category B-6 Unallocated number

A-7 Send second-to-last digit (N-2) B-7 Not Used

A-8 Send third-from-last digit (N-3) B-8 Not Used

A-9 Not Used B-9 Not Used

A-10 Not Used B-10 Not Used

A-11 B-11 Not Used

A-12 B-12 Not Used

A-13 Send nature of circuit B-13 Not Used

A-14 Request information on use of B-14 Not Used

half-echo suppression

A-15 B-15 Not Used

The following table lists forward absence or end of information tones for Telecom
Colombia:

Meaning Tone Comments

End of DID digits I-15

End of ANI digits I-15 Necessary to decode the end of ANI

Category not available I-12

ANI digits not available I-12 If no ANI received

Other variations:
Æ The fact that the backward tone to request ANI digits is the same as the one
to request DID has wide implications. The inbound register is no longer in
control of the type of digits it receives. To distinguish between ANI and

34 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual Colombia

DID, it must wait for an I-15 (end of ANI) from the outbound register. In
turn, this means that the parameter ADI.MFC.ANInumber (which is used by
the inbound side to determine when to switch from requesting ANI back to
requesting DID) has no meaning.
Æ Metering pulses, if provided by the switch, come on the A-bit. Since in this
case the line code that the outbound equipment receives during a metering
pulse is the same as the line code that signals a clear back condition, this
line code must subsist for at least 800 ms to be qualified as a clear back, as
set by the parameter ADI.MFC.inboundreleasetime.

ComSel (Colombian Cellular provider)

ComSel provides a MFC-R2 variation very similar to the Chinese MFC-R2.
The following table reports the meaning of the backward tones. The tones that
differ from the CCITT specification are in bold.

Backward Group A Backward Group B

Designation of Meaning of the Signal Designation of Meaning of the Signal
the Signal the Signal

A-1 Send next digit (N+1) - no matter B-1 Subscriber line free, charge
if DID or ANI

A-2 Repeat the DID digits from the B-2 Call rejected, no indication
beginning of cause

A-3 Address completed, change to B-3 Not Used

reception of Group B

A-4 Congestion in the national network B-4 Congestion

A-5 Not Used B-5 Subscriber line free, no

charge

A-6 Send calling party’s category B-6 Not Used

A-7 Not Used B-7 Not Used

A-8 Not Used B-8 Not Used

A-9 Not Used B-9 Not Used

A-10 Not Used B-10 Not Used

A-11 B-11 Not Used

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Backward Group A Backward Group B

Designation of Meaning of the Signal Designation of Meaning of the Signal
the Signal the Signal

A-12 B-12 Not Used

A-13 Send nature of circuit B-13 Not Used

A-14 Request information on use of B-14 Not Used

half-echo suppression

A-15 B-15 Not Used

The following is a list of forward absence or end of information tones for ComSel:

Meaning Tone Comments

End of DID digits none Expiration of timer T3 and pulsing of A-3 from the
inbound side is used

End of ANI digits I-15 Necessary to decode the end of ANI

Category not available I-15

ANI digits not available I-15 If no ANI received

Other variations:
Æ The forward I-15 tone signals the end of ANI digits, but not the end of DID
digits. If the inbound register expects a variable number of inbound digits,
and it requests one DID more than the outbound register has to offer, the
outbound side remains silent until the inbound side times out. When this
happens, the inbound side pulses an A-3 tone, to resume the compelled
sequence and switch to the Group II / Group B compelled cycle.
Æ The fact that the backward tone to request ANI digits is the same as the one
to request DID has wide implications. The inbound register is no longer in
control of the type of digits it receives. To distinguish between ANI and
DID it must wait for an I-15 (end of ANI) from the outbound register. In
turn, this means that the parameter ADI.MFC.ANInumber (which is used by
the inbound side to determine when to switch from requesting ANI back to
requesting DID) has no meaning.
Æ Metering pulses, if provided by the switch, come on the B-bit.

36 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual Czech Republic

1.5.8 Czech Republic

The specifications for the MFC-R2 variation in the Czech Republic are similar to
the CCITT specifications.
The following table gives the meaning of the backward tones. The tones that
differ from the CCITT specification are in bold.

Backward Group A Backward Group B

Designation of Meaning of the Signal Designation of Meaning of the Signal
the Signal the Signal

A-1 Send next digit (N+1) B-1 alternative answer tone

A-2 Send last digit (N-1) B-2 Not Used

A-3 Address completed, change to B-3 Subscriber line busy

reception of Group B

A-4 Congestion in the national network B-4 Congestion

A-5 Send calling party’s category B-5 Unallocated number

A-6 Address complete, charge, setup B-6 Subscriber line free, charge
speech conditions

A-7 Send second-to-last digit (N-2) B-7 Subscriber line free, no charge

A-8 Send third-from-last digit (N-3) B-8 Subscriber line out of order

A-9 Not Used B-9 Not Used

A-10 Not Used B-10 Not Used

A-11 B-11 Not Used

A-12 B-12 Not Used

A-13 Send nature of circuit B-13 Not Used

A-14 Request information on use of B-14 Not Used

half-echo suppression

A-15 B-15 Not Used

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The following is a list of Czech forward absence or end of information tones:

Meaning Tone Comments

End of DID digits I-15

End of ANI digits I-15

Category not available none Compulsory category digit - the outbound side must provide
the information.

ANI digits not available I-12 If no ANI received.

Other variations:
Æ The compelled timer T3 (inbound compelled whole-cycle timer) is set to 5
seconds (the CCITT value is 15 sec.). This means that in the case of a slow
compelled sequence, the inbound equipment will time out before the
outbound one, initiating a clearing of the connection.
Æ When an outgoing call from a CPE reaches conversation state, if the
inbound switch clears back first, the line signal used is a forced release
rather than a release guard. The CPE will see the B-bit going to 0, instead
of the A-bit going to 1. However, the protocol is not symmetrical in this
point: an inbound CPE releases the call normally by setting the A-bit to 1.
This behavior is programmed in the TCP by the parameter
ADI.MFC.signalingflags & 0x100 being 0.

Æ Metering pulses, if provided by the switch, come on the B-bit.

1.5.9 Honduras

Same as CCITT specifications.

1.5.10 India

MFC-R2 specifications in India define three line signaling standards: Digital

Types 1, 2 and 3. Of these, only Digital Type 1 follows the CCITT
Recommendation Q.421, and is thus supported by NMS standard MFC-R2
product.
Indian specifications define only 10 possible tones of the 15 standard CCITT
forward and backward tones. CCITT Recommendation Q.441 describes this

38 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual India

arrangement. It is cheaper in terms of MF tone detection equipment, because the

first 10 backward and forward tones are generated using 2 frequencies out of a
pool of 5, instead of 6. This eliminates the need for one backward and one forward
frequency.
This model places some restrictions on the possible kinds of register signaling.
These are described later in this section.
The following table reports the meaning of the backward tones. The tones that
differ from the CCITT specification are in bold.

Backward Group A Backward Group B

Designation of Meaning of the Signal Designation of Meaning of the Signal
the Signal the Signal

A-1 Send next digit (N+1) B-1 Not Used

A-2 Repeat the DID digits from the B-2 Changed number
beginning (announcement on the line)

A-3 Address completed, change to B-3 Called line busy

reception of Group B

A-4 Send next ANI digit B-4 Congestion

A-5 Send calling party’s category B-5 Unallocated number

A-6 Call accepted (from Group A) – B-6 Call accepted - charge

switch through the voice path

A-7 Send second-to-last digit (N-2) B-7 Unallocated number

A-8 Send third-from-last digit (N-3) B-8 Not Used

A-9 Send last digit (N-1) B-9 Not Used

A-10 Not Used B-10 Not Used

A-11 not defined B-11 not defined

A-12 not defined B-12 not defined

A-13 not defined B-13 not defined

A-14 not defined B-14 not defined

A-15 not defined B-15 not defined

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Note: This is the only case we know of an A-4 tone with a different meaning
from a B-4 tone. Also, a Group A congestion signal is not defined.
The fact that only 10 tones are defined in each direction puts some constraints in
how the outbound side communicates end of digits or no availability of digit types
to the inbound side:
Æ DID: the terminating (inbound side) exchange is supposed to use its internal
knowledge of the numbering plan, to determine the number of expected
DID from the initial digits. However, the timeout – pulsed A-3 method can
be used.
Æ ANI: a fixed number of ANI (10) is transmitted. If less than 10 digits are
available, the outbound exchange fills the remaining places in the digit
string with ‘0’s (I-10). Also, an additional field is defined at the beginning
of the ANI digits. As a response to the first A-4, the outbound exchange
sends a ‘0’ (I-10) if ANI digits are not available, or a ‘1’ (I-1) if ANI digits
are available.
Sending the category digit as a response to an A-5 is obligatory. Categories are
defined as follows:

Forward Group II
Designation of the Signal Meaning of the Signal

II-1 Ordinary subscriber

II-2 Priority subscriber

II-3 spare

II-4 spare

II-5 Operator

II-6 Pay phone

II-7 spare

II-8 spare

II-9 spare

II-10 spare

40 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual Indonesia

1.5.11 Indonesia

The Indonesian MFC-R2 specification defines some different meanings for

backward tones that appear in the CCITT standard specifications for register
signaling.
The following table gives the meaning of the backward tones. The tones that
differ from the CCITT specification are in bold.

Backward Group A Backward Group B

Designation of Meaning of the signal Designation of Meaning of the signal
the signal the signal

A-1 Send next digit (N+1) B-1 Subscriber line free, charge

A-2 Repeat the DID digits from the B-2 Subscriber line busy
beginning

A-3 Address completed, change to B-3 Not Used

reception of Group B

A-4 Congestion in the national network B-4 Congestion

A-5 Address complete, charge, setup B-5 Subscriber line free, no

speech conditions charge

A-6 Send calling party’s category - B-6 Not Used

and ANI digits

A-7 Not Used B-7 Unallocated number

A-8 Send last digit (N-1) B-8 Not Used

A-9 Send second-to-last digit (N-2) B-9 Not Used

A-10 Not Used B-10 Not Used

A-11 B-11 Not Used

A-12 B-12 Not Used

A-13 Send nature of circuit B-13 Not Used

A-14 Request info on use of half-echo B-14 Not Used

suppression

A-15 B-15 Not Used

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The following is a list of Indonesian forward absence or end of information tones:

Meaning Tone
End of DID digits I-15

End of ANI digits I-15

Category not available I-15

ANI digits not available I-15

There are no other variations.

1.5.12 Korea

The Korean MFC-R2 specification is similar to CCITT. The only difference is

that the backward tone A-9, that CCITT leaves free for the national specifications
to use, means “Repeat the DID digits from the beginning”.

1.5.13 Malaysia

The Malaysian MFC-R2 specifications are very similar to the Indonesian

specifications (see Section 1.5.11), with several variations from the CCITT
specifications in the backward register signaling tones.
The following table reports the meaning of the backward tones. The tones that
differ from the CCITT specification are in bold.

Backward Group A Backward Group B

Designation of Meaning of the Signal Designation of Meaning of the Signal
the Signal the Signal

A-1 Send next digit (N+1) B-1 Subscriber line free, charge

A-2 Repeat the DID digits from the B-2 Subscriber line busy
beginning

A-3 Address completed, change to B-3 Unallocated number

reception of Group B

A-4 Congestion in the national network B-4 Congestion

42 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual Malaysia

Backward Group A Backward Group B

Designation of Meaning of the Signal Designation of Meaning of the Signal
the Signal the Signal

A-5 Not Used B-5 Subscriber line free, no

charge

A-6 Send calling party’s category - B-6 Not Used

and ANI digits

A-7 Not Used B-7 Not Used

A-8 Send last digit (N-1) B-8 Not Used

A-9 Send second-to-last digit (N-2) B-9 Not Used

A-10 Not Used B-10 Not Used

A-11 B-11 Not Used

A-12 B-12 Not Used

A-13 Send nature of circuit B-13 Not Used

A-14 Request information on use of B-14 Not Used

half-echo suppression

A-15 B-15 Not Used

The following is a list of Malaysian forward absence or end of information tones:

Meaning Tone Comments

End of DID digits I-15

End of ANI digits I-15

Category not available none Compulsory category digit - the outbound side must provide
the information

ANI digits not available I-12 If no ANI received

There are no other variations.

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1.5.14 Mexico

Mexican MFC-R2 specifications are considerably different from the CCITT

standard. Not only do most backward tones have different meanings, but a
backward Group C is defined, together with a forward Group III. Group C tones
are those that the inbound register sends while receiving the Category and ANI
digits. Forward Group III tones are the Category and ANI digits themselves.
The following table gives the meaning of the backward tones. The tones that
differ from the CCITT specification are in bold.

Backward Group A Backward Group B Backward Group C

Designation Meaning of Designation Meaning of Designation Meaning of
of the Signal the Signal of the Signal the Signal of the Signal the Signal

A-1 Send next B-1 Subscriber C-1 Send next

DID digit line free, ANI digit
(N+1) charge

A-2 Repeat the B-2 Subscriber C-2 Same as A-2:

DID digits line busy request
from the transition to
beginning Group A,
restart from
first DID

A-3 Address B-3 Not Used C-3 Same as A-3

completed,
change to
reception of
Group B

A-4 Congestion in B-4 Congestion C-4 Congestion

the national
network

A-5 Not Used B-5 Subscriber C-5 Request

line free, no transition
charge back to
Group A, and
send next
DID

44 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual Mexico

Backward Group A Backward Group B Backward Group C

Designation Meaning of Designation Meaning of Designation Meaning of
of the Signal the Signal of the Signal the Signal of the Signal the Signal

A-6 Send calling B-6 Not Used C-6 Request

party’s transition
category and back to
change to Group A, and
reception of repeat last
Group C DID
tones

A-7 Not Used B-7 Not Used C-7 Not Used

A-8 Not Used B-8 Not Used C-8 Not Used

A-9 Not Used B-9 Not Used C-9 Not Used

A-10 Not Used B-10 Not Used C-10 Not Used

A-11 Not Used B-11 Not Used C-11 Not Used

A-12 Not Used B-12 Not Used C-12 Not Used

A-13 Not Used B-13 Not Used C-13 Not Used

A-14 Not Used B-14 Not Used C-14 Not Used

A-15 Not Used B-15 Not Used C-15 Not Used

The following is a list of Mexican forward absence or end of information tones:

Meaning Tone
End of DID digits I-15

End of ANI digits I-15

Category not available I-15

ANI digits not available I-15

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Other variations from CCITT specifications:

Æ The forward I-15 tone signals the end of ANI digits, but not the end of DID
digits. If the inbound register expects a variable number of inbound digits,
and it requests one DID more than the outbound register has to offer, the
outbound side remains silent until the inbound side times out. When this
happens, the inbound side pulses an A-3 tone to resume the compelled
sequence and switch to the Group II / Group B compelled cycle.
Æ Even though the tone to request DID digits is the same as the one to request
ANI digits, if the request C-5 can make the outbound register stop sending
ANI digits and send DID digits, then the inbound register can still be in
control of ANI / DID requesting.
Æ The time the inbound register has to accept or reject the call (by sending the
Group B tone) is longer than the normal compelled sequence timer. In this
case it is 90 seconds. This time is set in the high byte of the parameter
ADI.MFC.answertime.

1.5.15 Panama

The Panamanian MFC-R2 specification is very similar to the CCITT. The only
difference is that the backward tone A-9, that CCITT leaves free for the national
specifications to use, means "Repeat the DID digits from the beginning".

1.5.16 Singapore

Singapore’s MFC-R2 specifications are very similar to the Indonesian MFC-R2

specifications (see Section 1.5.11), with several variations from the CCITT
specifications in the backward register signaling tones.
The following table gives the meaning of the backward tones. The tones that
differ from the CCITT specification are in bold.

Backward Group A Backward Group B

Designation of Meaning of the Signal Designation of Meaning of the Signal
the Signal the Signal

A-1 Send next digit (N+1) B-1 Subscriber line free, charge

46 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual Singapore

Backward Group A Backward Group B

Designation of Meaning of the Signal Designation of Meaning of the Signal
the Signal the Signal

A-2 Repeat the DID digits from the B-2 Subscriber line busy
beginning

A-3 Address completed, change to B-3 Unallocated number

reception of Group B

A-4 Congestion in the national network B-4 Congestion

A-5 Not Used B-5 Subscriber line free, no

charge

A-6 Send calling party’s category - B-6 Not Used

and ANI digits

A-7 Not Used B-7 Not Used

A-8 Send last digit (N-1) B-8 Not Used

A-9 Send second-to-last digit (N-2) B-9 Not Used

A-10 Not Used B-10 Not Used

A-11 B-11 Not Used

A-12 B-12 Not Used

A-13 Send nature of circuit B-13 Not Used

A-14 Request information on use of B-14 Not Used

half-echo suppression

A-15 B-15 Not Used

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The following is a list of forward absence or end of information tones for

Singapore:

Meaning Tone Comments

End of DID digits I-15

End of ANI digits I-15

Category not available none Compulsory category digit - the outbound side must provide
the information

ANI digits not available I-12 If no ANI received

The only other difference from CCITT specifications is that a number of values of
the caller’s category digit are defined, for which it is known that the ANI digits
are not available. This is controlled by the parameter ADI.MFC.catnoANImask,
that in this case has a value of 0x382. This means that the following categories are
not followed by ANI information, and the TCP will not ask for ANI after
receiving them:
Æ II-1: operator with trunk offering
Æ II-7: line test desk
Æ II-8: interception operator
Æ II-9: call from transit exchange without the calling subscriber number
information

1.5.17 Thailand

Same as China.

48 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual State Diagrams

1.6 State Diagrams

This section contains the state diagrams of the MFC-R2 TCP. States that interface
with the line or the host are shown, grouped logically (if appropriate). For
instance, fault states that wait for the line to return to idle, but can transition into
one another if a new line fault code is received, are contracted into one. Pass-
through states (states in the TCP script that simply execute instructions without
receiving input from the external world) are omitted.
The following symbols are used in the state diagrams:

Description Icon
State block
state name

short description

Reference to a state within same machine

State
name

Link betweeen states

event or command
description

Reference to a state in another machine

coming
from
another
diagram

Reference from a state in another machine

going to
another
diagram

Each of the following state diagrams describes a phase of the TCP execution flow.

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1.6.1 Startup and Idle States

Figure 2 depicts the TCP states that implement the startup phase of the TCP, and
its idle condition:

StartUp

Start the bit

From detector,
connected initialize
states variables, see if
line not idle
we have Idle on
the line. Idle line fault states

idle on the line Wait until the line

From is idle, refuse
compelled commands from
states line becomes not idle the application.
(on error) Idle
idle on the line
Wait for events line back to idle
or commands,
mainly a line
seizure or a place
call command.

seizure detected

Seizure Acknowledge
place call received Initialize Call
Send seizure
acknowledge on Get the number to
the line, go wait Resource be called, and set
Get call setup Seizure
for resource. granted, pointers to the
resource acknowledge
outbound beginning of DID, timer expired
Request a call ANI, category
setup resource, digits.
with a wait period.
If line is seized
(glare), send
seizure acknowledge. Seize the line
Resource
granted,
Signal seizure on
inbound resource timer expired the line, wait for
seizure
To acknowledge.
compelled
inbound No resource, abort
received seizure acknowledge
states
Tell the host, if
inbound wait for
idle, to go to idle. To
compelled
outbound
states

Figure 2. State Diagram: Startup and Idle

50 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual Startup and Idle States

When in idle, the TCP waits for either a command to place a call, or a seizure on
the line. In both cases, the resource management state is entered next. If resource
management is not necessary for the type of board being used, the TCP
immediately transitions the following state. If resource management is necessary,
a call setup resource is requested and the state waits for it to be granted before
continuing.

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1.6.2 Inbound Compelled States

Figure 3 depicts the states going from the reception of the first DID digits to the
reception of the Group II category digit, the last forward digits of the compelled
sequence.

From getting
call setup
resource
Seizure fault states

Wait until the line

is idle, refuse
commands from
the application. invalid line
Check forward digit
signal Get first digit digit detected
Check the digit to
Get the first DID see if it is valid. If
digit from yes, buffer it. See
outbound. what should be invalid
requested next. digit
Timer T3 Group II
expired digit
detected

outbound Pulse digit digit

valid digit
signals detected
idle outbound If timeout occurred while
signals the forward digit was
idle playing -- pulse congestion.
Otherwise, see if timeout is
the terminating condition for Get digits
DIDs, then pulse request. Timer T3
If yes, Group B; expired last digit
According to the protocol
if not, congestion. parameters, get the various kinds
outbound Wait for results. of digit outbound sends:
signals idle - DID digits
- User category
- ANI digits
outbound
Clear back signals idle invalid
line signal
Put idle back on Seizure
the line and go to fault
invalid Compel congestion
the idle state. states
outbound line signal
signals idle Compel with the
tone that means
congestion.
outbound invalid
signals idle line signal
Incoming call

Send the buffer to

the host, wait for
decision on what
to do.

To the
Host specifies
idle state
what to do

To the
accept and
answer
states

Figure 3. State Diagram: Inbound Compelled States

52 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual Inbound Accept and Answer Call States

In the Incoming Call state, the TCP sends to the host an INCOMING_CALL event,
with the received digits attached. The host must then decide if the call is to be:
Æ Accepted (without committing to answer it): adiAcceptCall, seen by the
TCP as an ACCEPT_CALL command
Æ Answered: adiAnswerCall, seen by the TCP as an ANSWER_CALL
command
Æ Rejected: adiRejectCall, seen by the TCP as a REJECT_CALL command
The TCP translates this command from the host into a backward Group B tone.
See Section 1.5 for the meaning of the various Group B tones in each supported
country. The backward Group B tone is the last of the compelled sequence. Its
detection makes the outbound side stop the forward Group II tone, and ends the
compelled sequence.

1.6.3 Inbound Accept and Answer Call States

Once the host has told the TCP what to do with the call, the TCP plays the Group
B tone that accepts or rejects the call with different reasons and modes.
Depending on the host’s command, the TCP then does one of the following:
Æ If the call has been rejected, the TCP plays busy or lets the host play a reject
message until the call is cleared by the calling party
Æ If the host committed to answer the call or commanded to accept the call
and played ring indefinitely, the TCP plays ring tone and then answers
Æ If the call has been provisionally accepted, the TCP stays silent or allows
the host to play a custom message
Note: If the TCP rejects the call, it is unlikely that it will stay in the Play Busy
state for long, or that it will even reach this state, since the outbound side
is supposed to clear the call as soon it detects the Group B rejection tone.

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Chapter 1 MFC-R2 CAS Protocols Reference Manual

Figure 4 depicts behavior during the Inbound Accept and Answer Call States.

From
inbound
compelled
sequence

End compelled
host said sequence
to reject Send to the line
the tone specified host said
by the host (to to accept
accept or reject
Play Busy
the call). On end
of the forward
Play busy tone or
tone, transition.
leave control of
DSPs to host for
custom message,
wait for outbound host said
to reject Wait for answer
to clear. outbound command
signals idle
Do nothing, and
leave control of
outbound host said the DSPs to the
signals idle to answer host for a custom
outbound message if so
Clear back signals idle required.

Put idle back on

the line and go to host said
the idle state. to answer
outbound
signals idle Play Ring
answer without
Play the specified ring tone
number of rings.
To the end of rings,
idle state or second answer
command
Answer call
To
Signal answer
connected
code, enter
states
connected state.

Figure 4. State Diagram: Inbound Accept and Answer Call States

54 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual Outbound Call Setup States

1.6.4 Outbound Call Setup States

The outbound compelled sequence proceeds smoothly from one digit to the next.
Backward tones from the inbound side are analyzed and a pointer to the forward
digit to play next is set accordingly, or the compelled sequence aborts if a
backward congestion indication is detected.
Figure 5 illustrates the cycle in a somewhat abstract manner. The main Send Digit
state actually consists of three states:
Æ One that sends DID digits
Æ One that sends the category digit
Æ One that sends ANI digits
These states are accessed from the check backward digit state, which checks the
received digit and sets the pointer to the next forward digit to transmit. In reality,
this state is also a virtual one, composed of a number of states, to take into account
the different backward tones that can come in the different phases of register
signaling.

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Chapter 1 MFC-R2 CAS Protocols Reference Manual

from
seize state

valid backward digit

Send digit

Send the requested digit. This is

the first DID; the first time this state illegal
is entered, it can be an ANI or the line state
category later. Wait for the detected
compelled tone from inbound that
requests the next digit.

backward tone
Check backward digit backward digit
not detected
received
or not stopped
Check the digit to
see if it is valid. If
yes, set the
pointer to the digit Seizure fault states
string to the congestion tone or
requested value. Set the line to
invalid backward digit
idle, wait until the
line is idle from
backward digit
inbound, go to idle
requests Group II
state.
Seizure
fault Send Group II
backward digit category
states means answer
Send the illegal line
outbound Group II state detected
Category digit. or Group B
illegal line digit means to the
state reject idle state
Wait for answer
detected
Wait for the line Group B Check Group B
signal that means digit request
that the call has means Analyze the
been answered. accept received Group B
answer tone.
timer
answer
expired if CP
signal
requested
detected

to to call
connected progress
state states

Figure 5. State Diagram: Outbound Call Setup States

56 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual Connected States

1.6.5 Connected States

The host can request to perform call progress detection before declaring the call
connected. Call progress is only used to connect on a particular condition (i.e.,
voice detected, SIT tone detected, etc.). It is not used to distinguish an accepted
call from a rejected call, since the Group B backward tone contains this
information.
if CP from inbound connected

From call
From call
progress
if CP from setup states
states, on
call setup Figures
CP
4&5
termination

if CP from Enter connected

outbound
connected Stop all running functions,
gives control of the DSPs to
the host, auto-start DTMF
detector, perform all
necessary initializations.

if if outbound if inbound
releasing

outbound connected inbound connected

command To call command
Wait for events. Detect and to start progress to start Wait for events.
send to the host billing CP states CP
pulse events if enabled.

if releasing if releasing

Releasing

state accessed
by all connected
states when the inbound, RequestCSResource
host says to if cleardown
release. tone needed A resource is
needed if playing
outbound a tone to clear
back the call.
outbound complete
release
signal idle, wait inbound, if cleardown
for inbound to do tone not needed
the same (after inbound, if resource
release guard). idle on the line granted

idle on the line

inbound complete
inbound release
release
idle
To the if needed, maintain idle play clearback
on the
idle state the release guard received tone, signal
line
signal for the release guard.
specified time.

Figure 6. State Diagram: Connected States

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Chapter 1 MFC-R2 CAS Protocols Reference Manual

1.7 TCP Performance

TCP performance is the measure of:

Æ How fast a call can be set up, either inbound or outbound
Æ The DSP resources necessary to set up a call
Æ The load limits, i.e., the number of calls that can be set up simultaneously
for each board
To analyze the call setup timing, the signal on the line is captured and recorded.
The spectral distribution of the energy on the line is then analyzed, and the timing
is deduced. A model of the timing is also produced, to explain the observations in
the light of the AG architecture. Note that in general the timing results will be
different if the TCP is run “back-to-back” or is talking to a switch. In the case of
MFC-R2, switches are usually faster than the TCP, so the call setup timing will
generally be shorter if one of the sides is a network switch.
All results in this section come from tests executed on AG boards. AG 2000 and
AG 4000 boards are faster. A full battery of tests has not been completed at the
time of writing using AG 4000 boards.
Note: The end of this chapter contains some preliminary results of these tests.
The resources necessary to setup the call differ among protocols. The kinds of
resources depend on the signaling method in use. Diagrams are included, plotting
MIPS consumption against time, per channel. The timing of the diagram is
derived from the previous time analysis and the TCP code, identifying the point in
the TCP where DSP functions are started and stopped.
The number of calls that can be set up simultaneously depends on the TCP MIPS
consumption, the type of board the TCP runs on, and (possibly) any task
processors optimization carried out in the AG configuration file. Thus the matter
is very complex, and only some general calculations and guidelines are reported
in the following sections.

58 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual Call Setup Timing Analysis

1.7.1 Call Setup Timing Analysis

Figure 7 represents the line energy distribution against time for a complete
MFC-R2 compelled sequence, captured in back-to-back mode on an AG-E1
board.

80 pt FFT of "mfcr2_2.pcm," 10 msec frame size

3500

3000

Fr 2500
eq
(H 2000
z)
1500

1000

500

680 1360 2050 2730 3410

time (msec)

Figure 7. Spectral Analysis of Line Energy Distribution

Figure 7 was obtained by first adding the signals of the inbound and outbound
voice channels (with the use of a conference card), recording the signal, and then
performing a spectral analysis on it.

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Chapter 1 MFC-R2 CAS Protocols Reference Manual

The compelled sequence represents the whole of register signaling for the
MFC-R2 protocol. A compelled sequence is composed of compelled cycles, that
are the unit of digit transfer. A compelled cycle is shown in Figure 8.
The time granularity is apparent here, each pixel representing a 10 ms time period.
Figure 8 shows that a whole compelled cycle performed by two instances of the
MFC-R2 TCP connected back-to-back takes exactly 240 ms to complete, from the
moment in which a forward tone appears on the line to the moment the next
forward tone is seen.
80 pt FFT of "mfcr2_2.pcm," 10 msec frame size

2000
Freq (Hz)

1500

1000
2050
time (msec)

Figure 8. Spectral Analysis of a Compelled Cycle

In the spectral analysis in Figure 8:

Æ The forward tone is alone on the line for 70 ms.
Æ The two tones are both on the line for 40 ms.
Æ The backward tone is alone on the line for 50 ms.
Æ There is silence on the line for 80 ms.

60 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual Call Setup Timing Analysis

This can be explained using the model contained in the following table
(remembering that the clock cycle in an AG board is 10 ms long).
The table starts from the moment the outbound part of the TCP calls the service
function that starts the compelled sequence cycle. However, we do not see the
tone on the line until roughly 30 ms later, and this is taken as time 0 for this
analysis.
Three entities play a role in this model: the TCP, the DSP overlay, and the MVIP
processor. The line transmission time is negligible. Each event has an associated
delay that follows it, and determines a step in the time count in the rightmost
column. Refer to Figure 8 to identify the correct spot on the compelled cycle; this
is marked by the What is on the Line column in the table. The qualification time
for an incoming tone and an incoming silence varies between 20 and 30 ms,
depending on when during the clock cycle the tone actually arrives to the MVIP /
H.100 processor.

Event Associated Delay What is on the Line Time

Outbound TCP calls silence -30 ms
Compel_R2forward

One clock cycle to get to the DSP silence

Outbound DSP starts silence -20 ms

the tone

Double buffering, so 2 clock cycles to silence

get to the MVIP bus / external line

Forward tone on the forward tone 0 ms

line

Inbound DSP starts forward tone 0 ms

receiving the tone

Qualification time forward tone

Tone is detected by forward tone 30 ms

the inbound DSP

Event is transmitted to the TCP forward tone

Inbound TCP receives forward tone 40 ms

the event

TCP processing (negligible) forward tone

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Chapter 1 MFC-R2 CAS Protocols Reference Manual

Event Associated Delay What is on the Line Time

Inbound TCP calls forward tone 40 ms
Compel_R2backward

One clock cycle to get to the DSP forward tone

Outbound DSP starts forward tone 50 ms

the tone

Double buffering, so two clock cycles forward tone

to get to the MVIP bus / external line

Backward tone on the forward & back 70 ms

line

Outbound DSP starts forward & back 70 ms

receiving the tone

Qualification time forward & back

Outbound DSP stops forward & back 100 ms

the forward tone

Double buffering, so two clock cycles forward & back

to get to the MVIP bus / external line

Forward silence on the back tone 120 ms

line

Inbound DSP starts back tone 120 ms

receiving silence

Qualification time back tone

Inbound DSP stops the back tone 150 ms

backward tone

Double buffering, so two clock cycles back tone

to get to the MVIP bus / external line

Backward silence on silence 170 ms

the line

Outbound DSP starts silence 170 ms

receiving silence

Qualification time silence

62 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual Call Setup Timing Analysis

Event Associated Delay What is on the Line Time

Silence is detected by silence 200 ms
the outbound DSP

Event is transmitted to the TCP silence

TCP receives the silence 210 ms

event

TCP processing (negligible) silence

Outbound TCP calls silence 210 ms

Compel_R2forward

One clock cycle to get to the DSP silence

Outbound DSP starts silence 220 ms

the tone

Double buffering, so two clock cycles silence

to get to the MVIP bus / external line

Forward tone on the forward tone 240 ms

line

The same time analysis can be performed from the TCP point of view. The
following table is a TCP trace with time stamps that mark the tens of milliseconds
when the:
Æ Outbound TCP calls the compelled function
Æ Inbound TCP detects the forward digit
Æ Inbound TCP calls the compelled function
Æ Outbound TCP detects the backward tone
Æ Inbound TCP detects silence
Æ Outbound TCP detects silence
The phase of this period is the same as the one of the preceding table, starting
from the compelled R2 forward cell.

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Chapter 1 MFC-R2 CAS Protocols Reference Manual

For each event, the following table presents a:

Æ Time stamp (down to the 10 ms interval)
Æ TCP custom printout
Æ Comment
Timestamp TCP Printout Comments
111.68 Outbound side, about to call Sends first digit. The tone will be on
compel the line 30 ms later.

111.75 Inbound side, digit1 detected: 2 First digit received by the inbound side.

111.75 Inbound side, about to call compel It takes virtually no time for the TCP to
analyze the digit and decide what to
compel with; all states are pass-
through. The tone will be on the line 30
ms later.

111.82 Outbound side, backward tone 5 The DSP stops the forward tone 10 ms
detected later, since it takes 20 ms for the tone to
get to the line. Tone A5 means send
Category digit. The TCP waits for end
of tone to do it.

111.87 Inbound side, end of tone detected The DSP stops the backward tone 10
ms later. The TCP does nothing.

111.92 Outbound side, end of tone 5 The DSP detects the end of tone. The
detected TCP checks what the received digit
means and starts a new compelled
cycle with the requested new digit; in
this case, the Category digit. The tone
will be on the line 30 ms later.

end of cycle - 240 ms

The overall call setup timing depends on the compelled cycle timing, as well as
these other factors:
Æ The number of digits exchanged. There may be optimizations in the number
of dialed or expected digits that eliminate one or more compelled cycles
from a compelled sequence.
Æ The system load (for inbound calls). This is because after the caller’s
category has been collected, the TCP sends an ADIEVN_INCOMING_CALL
event to the application. The application must then decide if the call is to be

64 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual Call Setup Resource Diagrams

accepted or rejected, and call the appropriate ADI function. This takes more
time on loaded systems.
Æ The speed of the switch, generally faster than the TCP’s.

1.7.2 Call Setup Resource Diagrams

Four call setup cases are presented that illustrate the MIPS consumption and the
kind of DSP resources needed by the MFC-R2 TCPs to place and receive a call,
plotted against time.
Æ Figure 9 shows seven DID digits, category digit, inbound, AG-E1. In this
case, the DSP overlay to receive / transmit bits signaling is on. The
compelled sequence starts with the TCP only detecting R2 forward tones.
After the compelled sequence, the tone generation service is activated, to
play ring tone.
MIPS R2 backward compelled: 2.46 MIPS
3

R2 forward tones
2
detection: 1.80 MIPS

tone generation: 0.88 MIPS

signal detection / generation: 0.50 MIPS

0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 time (ms)

tone_generation detect_R2forward
compel_inbound signal_xmit + signal_recv

Figure 9. MIPS Consumption and DSP Resources for Inbound AG-E1

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Chapter 1 MFC-R2 CAS Protocols Reference Manual

Æ Figure 10 shows seven DID digits, category digit, outbound, AG-E1. The
DSP overlay to receive / transmit bits signaling is on, the compelled
sequence starts with the TCP compelling forward tones. After the
compelled sequence, call progress detection is activated (not compulsory).
MIPS R2 forward compelled: 2.46 MIPS
3

call progress generic

detection: 0.79 MIPS

signal detection / generation: 0.50 MIPS

0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 time (ms)

compel_outbound signal_xmit + signal_recv

call progress generic
detection

Figure 10. MIPS Consumption and DSP Resources for Outbound AG-E1

66 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual Call Setup Resource Diagrams

Æ Figure 11 shows seven DID digits, category digit, inbound, Quad E1. In this
case, the signaling bits detection / generation function is carried out by the
486 coprocessor directly, and no DSP overlay is required for the task. This
reduces the DSP load by 0.5 MIPS.
MIPS
3

R2 backward compelled: 2.46 MIPS

R2 forward tones
detection: 1.80 MIPS

1
tone generation: 0.88 MIPS

0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 time (ms)

detect_R2forward compel_inbound tone_generation

Figure 11. MIPS Consumption and DSP Resources for Inbound Quad E1

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Chapter 1 MFC-R2 CAS Protocols Reference Manual

Æ Figure 12 shows seven DID digits, category digit, outbound, Quad E1.
(Similar to Figure 11.)
MIPS
3

R2 forward compelled: 2.46 MIPS

call progress generic

1
detection: 0.79 MIPS

0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 time (ms)

compel_outbound call progress generic detection

Figure 12. MIPS Consumption and DSP Resources for Outbound Quad E1

68 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual Behavior Under Load

1.7.3 Behavior Under Load

The MFC-R2 TCP does not present problems when running under load on the
AG-E1 ISA board series or on the AG Quad and Dual E PCI boards, when
resource management is not needed. In this case, the TCP can run on all available
channels simultaneously.
If all line interface channels are to be used on AG Quad E boards:
Æ You need to run the protocol on more channels than the available DSP
power would support. Therefore, the resource management feature must be
used. Calls are queued and the system performance depends on the kind of
telephony application that runs on the host. In this case, it might happen that
the application runs out of resources in the conversation phase of the call,
but call setup proceeds normally regardless of the load.
Æ An explicit allocation of task processors on the board is necessary, to avoid
running out of MIPS on some task processors, while under-utilizing others.
See the AG configuration files for AG Quad E boards for details.
The CAStest utility can be used to test the protocol’s behavior under load. It
spawns a number of threads, each either placing or receiving calls. Then it collects
statistics and errors from the threads. (For more information, see the CASmon
User’s Manual.) Examples of CAStest log files for AG-E1 and AG Quad E boards
running at full capacity are presented.

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Chapter 1 MFC-R2 CAS Protocols Reference Manual

Load Test Results: Two AG-E1, One AG Quad E

In this test, two AG-E1 boards and one AG Quad E board are connected back to
back. The AG Quad E board places calls to the two AG-E1 boards on all their
available channels (60 channels in total). Statistics are gathered every 10 minutes.
Overnight test with 2 AG-E1 against 60 ports of a Quad E, MFC-R2
Quad E with CCMODE=NONE
===========================================================================
CAStest - CTA Digital CAS protocols tester V.1 (Feb 3 1998) - inbound side
test start time = Tue Feb 03 18:28:02 1998
arguments = -i -b1 -t30 -T10 -v1
===========================================================================
=
===========================================================================
=
CAStest - CTA Digital CAS protocols tester V.1 (Feb 3 1998) - inbound side
test start time = Tue Feb 03 18:28:16 1998
arguments = -i -b2 -t30 -T10 -v1
===========================================================================
=
===========================================================================
=
CAStest - CTA Digital CAS protocols tester V.1 (Feb 3 1998) - outbound side
test start time = Tue Feb 03 18:28:37 1998
arguments = -t60 -T10 -v1 -n2345678
===========================================================================
=
stat: INBOUND time = 010 minutes
attempted inbound calls.......................... 542
successful inbound calls......................... 528
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls with no resource available for application. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
stat: INBOUND time = 010 minutes
attempted inbound calls.......................... 570
successful inbound calls......................... 540
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls with no resource available for application. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
stat: OUTBOUND time = 010 minutes
attempted outbound calls......................... 1200
successful outbound calls........................ 1140
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls failed because inbound had no CS resource.. 0
calls with no resource available for application. 0
calls with no resource available for CP.......... 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0

70 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual Behavior Under Load

calls with an in-service event................... 0

stat: INBOUND time = 020 minutes
attempted inbound calls.......................... 1140
successful inbound calls......................... 1110
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls with no resource available for application. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
stat: INBOUND time = 020 minutes
attempted inbound calls.......................... 1140
successful inbound calls......................... 1110
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls with no resource available for application. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
stat: OUTBOUND time = 020 minutes
attempted outbound calls......................... 2340
successful outbound calls........................ 2280
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls failed because inbound had no CS resource.. 0
calls with no resource available for application. 0
calls with no resource available for CP.......... 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
-----------------------------
printouts omitted - no errors
-----------------------------
stat: INBOUND time = 830 minutes
attempted inbound calls.......................... 47820
successful inbound calls......................... 47790
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls with no resource available for application. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
stat: INBOUND time = 830 minutes
attempted inbound calls.......................... 47790
successful inbound calls......................... 47760
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls with no resource available for application. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
stat: OUTBOUND time = 830 minutes
attempted outbound calls......................... 95670
successful outbound calls........................ 95610
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls failed because inbound had no CS resource.. 0
calls with no resource available for application. 0
calls with no resource available for CP.......... 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0

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Load Test Results: One AG Quad E Back to Back

In this test, one AG Quad E board places calls to itself. The first two trunks of the
board receive calls. The second two trunks place calls. Resource management is
used in this case, but the application is inert in the connected phase. This simulates
a gateway application, that only switches calls through other boards / trunks,
without playing or recording voice files, or detecting DTMFs. Statistics are
gathered every minute.
Test with one Quad E with 2 trunks connected with the other 2, MFC-R2
Quad E AG config file with
CallSetupPorts = 60 # 1/2 of total, on a Quad E
CallSetupPool 0..6 = ALL
taskprocessor 0..6 = mf_a.dsp,callp_a.dsp,tone_a.dsp
taskprocessor 7 = callp_a.dsp,tone_a.dsp,dtmf_a.dsp,voice_a.dsp

===========================================================================
=
CAStest - CTA Digital CAS protocols tester V.1 (Feb 2 1998) - inbound side
test start time = Mon Feb 02 11:37:37 1998
arguments = -i -v1 -t60 -N -T1 -C10
===========================================================================
=
===========================================================================
=
CAStest - CTA Digital CAS protocols tester V.1 (Feb 2 1998) - outbound side
test start time = Mon Feb 02 11:37:41 1998
arguments = -v1 -t60 -N -n#2345678#2345678 -s16:60 -T1 -C10
===========================================================================
=
stat: INBOUND time = 001 minutes
attempted inbound calls.......................... 180
successful inbound calls......................... 120
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
stat: OUTBOUND time = 001 minutes
attempted outbound calls......................... 180
successful outbound calls........................ 120
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls failed because inbound had no CS resource.. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
stat: INBOUND time = 002 minutes
attempted inbound calls.......................... 360
successful inbound calls......................... 300
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0

72 Natural MicroSystems
CAS Protocols Reference Manual Behavior Under Load

stat: INBOUND time = 001 minutes

attempted inbound calls.......................... 180
successful inbound calls......................... 120
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
stat: OUTBOUND time = 001 minutes
attempted outbound calls......................... 180
successful outbound calls........................ 120
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls failed because inbound had no CS resource.. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
stat: INBOUND time = 002 minutes
attempted inbound calls.......................... 360
successful inbound calls......................... 300
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
stat: OUTBOUND time = 002 minutes
attempted outbound calls......................... 360
successful outbound calls........................ 300
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls failed because inbound had no CS resource.. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
-----------------------------
printouts omitted - no errors
-----------------------------
stat: OUTBOUND time = 046 minutes
attempted outbound calls......................... 8156
successful outbound calls........................ 8100
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls failed because inbound had no CS resource.. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
stat: INBOUND time = 047 minutes
attempted inbound calls.......................... 8313
successful inbound calls......................... 8261
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0

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stat: OUTBOUND time = 047 minutes

attempted outbound calls......................... 8336
successful outbound calls........................ 8276
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls failed because inbound had no CS resource.. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
stat: INBOUND time = 048 minutes
attempted inbound calls.......................... 8489
successful inbound calls......................... 8434
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0

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AG 4000 Tests Preliminary Results

Tests on AG 4000 boards were carried out using the CASmon utility. CASmon is
included in the TCP Developers Kit. CASmon can monitor any number of DSP or
trunk timeslots, detecting tones and signaling bit changes. It saves the monitor
results in a log file.
CASmon has an option to connect to two different ends of a connection, by
monitoring a DSP resource and the corresponding trunk timeslot. This is useful to
track both parties of a call setup. This option has been used to produce the
following table.
The test setup is an AG 4000 board with two trunks connected with a loopback
cable. Channel 60 places calls to channel 0 using MFC-R2.
----------------------------------------------------------
CASmon - CTA Digital CAS protocols tester V.1(Apr 28 1999)
test start time = Wed Apr 28 10:44:01 1999
----------------------------------------------------------
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:21.200 Event: 0x20002065 0001
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:21.200 Event: 0x2000206f Seizure detected
00:dsp:000 10:44:21.250 Event: 0x20002065 1101
00:dsp:000 10:44:21.250 Event: 0x20002070 Seizure ack detected
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:21.320 Event: 0x20002066 R2F-1
00:dsp:000 10:44:21.360 Event: 0x20002067 R2B-5
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:21.400 Event: 0x2000206a R2F-END
00:dsp:000 10:44:21.440 Event: 0x2000206b R2B-END
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:21.480 Event: 0x20002066 R2F-1
00:dsp:000 10:44:21.520 Event: 0x20002067 R2B-5
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:21.560 Event: 0x2000206a R2F-END
00:dsp:000 10:44:21.600 Event: 0x2000206b R2B-END
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:21.640 Event: 0x20002066 R2F-C
00:dsp:000 10:44:21.680 Event: 0x20002067 R2B-1
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:21.720 Event: 0x2000206a R2F-END
00:dsp:000 10:44:21.760 Event: 0x2000206b R2B-END
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:21.800 Event: 0x20002066 R2F-2
00:dsp:000 10:44:21.840 Event: 0x20002067 R2B-1
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:21.880 Event: 0x2000206a R2F-END
00:dsp:000 10:44:21.920 Event: 0x2000206b R2B-END
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:21.960 Event: 0x20002066 R2F-3
00:dsp:000 10:44:22.000 Event: 0x20002067 R2B-1
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:22.040 Event: 0x2000206a R2F-END
00:dsp:000 10:44:22.080 Event: 0x2000206b R2B-END
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:22.120 Event: 0x20002066 R2F-4
00:dsp:000 10:44:22.160 Event: 0x20002067 R2B-1
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:22.200 Event: 0x2000206a R2F-END
00:dsp:000 10:44:22.240 Event: 0x2000206b R2B-END
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:22.280 Event: 0x20002066 R2F-5
00:dsp:000 10:44:22.320 Event: 0x20002067 R2B-1

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00:trunk 1:000 10:44:22.360 Event: 0x2000206a R2F-END

00:dsp:000 10:44:22.400 Event: 0x2000206b R2B-END
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:22.440 Event: 0x20002066 R2F-6
00:dsp:000 10:44:22.480 Event: 0x20002067 R2B-1
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:22.520 Event: 0x2000206a R2F-END
00:dsp:000 10:44:22.560 Event: 0x2000206b R2B-END
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:22.600 Event: 0x20002066 R2F-7
00:dsp:000 10:44:22.640 Event: 0x20002067 R2B-3
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:22.680 Event: 0x2000206a R2F-END
00:dsp:000 10:44:22.720 Event: 0x2000206b R2B-END
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:22.760 Event: 0x20002066 R2F-1
00:dsp:000 10:44:22.810 Event: 0x20002067 R2B-1
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:22.850 Event: 0x2000206a R2F-END
00:dsp:000 10:44:22.880 Event: 0x2000206b R2B-END
00:dsp:000 10:44:23.880 Event: 0x20002065 0101
00:dsp:000 10:44:23.880 Event: 0x20002071 Answer detected
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:43.240 Event: 0x20002065 1001
00:trunk 1:000 10:44:43.240 Event: 0x20002072 Clear Forward detected
00:dsp:000 10:44:43.260 Event: 0x20002065 1101
00:dsp:000 10:44:43.260 Event: 0x20002075 Release_Guard detected
00:dsp:000 10:44:43.290 Event: 0x20002065 1001
00:dsp:000 10:44:43.290 Event: 0x2000206e Idle detected

Results are interpreted in the following table, showing the first three compelled
cycles (shaded differently):

Timing
Event (ms) Comments
Seizure 0 Taken as base of timing

Seizure Acknowledge 50

R2 forward 1 120 Beginning of first DID

R2 backward 5 160 Beginning of backward tone (request category)

R2 forward end 200 End of first DID

R2 backward end 240 End of backward tone

R2 forward 1 280 Beginning of category digit

R2 backward 5 320 Beginning of backward tone (request first ANI)

R2 forward end 360 End of category digit

R2 backward end 400 End of backward tone

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Timing
Event (ms) Comments
R2 forward C 440 ANI not available (I-12)

R2 backward 1 480 Beginning of backward tone (request next DID)

R2 forward end 520 End of category digit

R2 backward end 560 End of backward tone

… … …

Based on these results, we can conclude that AG 4000 boards are about 33%
faster than AG boards in executing the MFC-R2 compelled sequence, with a
compelled cycle time of about 160 ms instead of 240 ms in back-to-back
operation.

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78 Natural MicroSystems
Chapter 2

R1.5

2.1 Introduction 80 2.5 Call Setup Diagrams 105

2.5.1 Local Inbound and
2.2 System R1.5 Line Signaling 80
Outbound Protocols 105
2.2.1 R1.5 Line Signaling –
2.5.2 Long Distance Outbound
Group 1 82
Protocol 106
2.2.2 R1.5 Line Signaling –
2.5.3 Long Distance Inbound
Group 2 83
Protocol 109
2.3 System R1.5 Register
2.6 State diagrams 110
Signaling 85
2.6.1 Inbound and Outbound
2.3.1 Register Signaling – MF-
TCP States 112
PS 87
2.3.2 Register Signaling – DEK 2.7 TCP performance 124
(in Combination With MF- 2.7.1 Optimal Task Processor
PS) 91 Configuration 124
2.3.3 Register Signaling – 2.7.2 Call Setup Resource
ANIs 92 Diagram 126
2.3.4 Algorithm Description 94 2.7.3 Behavior Under Load 127
2.3.5 Category Definitions 97
2.4 TCP Parameters 98
2.4.1 Flow Control
Parameters 98
2.4.2 Flow Control Timers 101
2.4.3 Outbound Timers 101
2.4.4 Inbound Timers 102
2.4.5 Dialing Control 102
2.4.6 Ring / Busy Control 104
2.4.7 Miscellaneous 104

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2.1 Introduction

This chapter characterizes the Natural MicroSystems System R1.5 protocol

package. The package consists of:
Æ Two Trunk Control Programs (TCPs) that run on Natural MicroSystems
AG Boards, performing call setup functions with the R1.5 line protocol.
The TCPs interact with an application running on the host through the NMS
standard API (CT Access), by receiving commands and sending events
according to CT Access’s specifications.
Æ A set of parameter files, each programming the TCP to execute the R1.5
variation used in a particular country or on a particular network.
This chapter is divided into three sections, dealing with the TCPs:

Section Description
Line Signaling Set of signals that represent fixed events in the course of call setup.

Register Signaling The way the protocol transmits information as it changes for each call; as
addresses and category specifications for the call.

Parameters A description of all the parameters the host can send the TCP to program its
behavior.

2.2 System R1.5 Line Signaling

System R1.5 is an asymmetrical protocol that is widely used in Russia over E1

trunks. It has provisions to interface with analog and digital switches.
There are two different line signaling schemes:

Line Signaling Scheme Description

Group 1 Direct connection lines and request-connection lines (local inbound
side and local and long distance outbound side).

Group 2 Incoming inter-city direct connection lines (long distance inbound

side only).

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Because of the protocol’s asymmetry, there are two TCPs in the Natural
MicroSystems implementation: one to receive inbound calls and one to place
outbound calls. This is needed because the protocol asymmetry prevents the
possibility of two-way trunks with R1.5.

TCP Description
R150.TCP Æ The local inbound protocol, with the Multi-Frequency Pulse Shuttle
(inbound side only) (MF-PS) or Decadic Pulses (DEK) register signaling, using
signaling Group 1.
Æ The long-distance inbound protocol, with the Multi-Frequency Pulse
Shuttle (MF-PS) or Decadic Pulses (DEK) register signaling, using
signaling Group 2.

R151.TCP Æ The local outbound protocol, with Multi-Frequency Pulse Shuttle or

(outbound side only) Decadic Pulses register signaling, using signaling Group 1.
Æ The long distance outbound protocol, with register signaling being a
combination of Pulse Shuttle and Decadic Pulses, using signaling
Group 1.

Symmetry occurs only between the local inbound side in the R150.TCP and the
local outbound side in the R151.TCP. In this case, the CPE inbound and the CPE
outbound expect to see complementary line and register signaling, enabling the
two protocols to run in back-to-back mode. In all other cases, an R1.5 switch is
required to establish a connection.
In the following tables, the signaling channels supporting the R1.5 trunk protocol
are referred to as Af and Bf, in the forward direction and Ab and Bb, in the
backward direction. The forward channel indicates the condition of the outgoing
equipment and reflects the condition of the line of the calling party. The backward
channel indicates the condition of the line of the called party.

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2.2.1 R1.5 Line Signaling – Group 1

The following table summarizes the signaling states of a typical call using line
signaling Group 1:

State Outbound AfBf Direction Inbound AbBb

Idle 11 01
ÄÅ
Seizure 10 01
Å
Å
Seizure Acknowledged 10 11

Depending on the protocol, either the inbound side starts to send the in-band tones requesting the
address information, or the outbound side starts decadic dialing.

Decadic dialing (1/0/1)0 11

Å
The inbound side completes the sequence by accepting or rejecting the call, using a specific tone.
If the call has been accepted, the inbound side may request ANI information. This is accomplished
by an answer signal, accompanied by a 500 Hz tone. If no tone had been played within a certain
time limit, the outbound side assumes that the signal meant that the call is connected.
Å
Answer (or ANI request) 10 10

After the outbound side transmits the ANI information, the inbound side may remove the answer
signal and either play a ring tone on the line and then signal that the call has been answered by
resetting the Bb bit to 0, or repeat the ANI request.
If the inbound side rejects the call, the inbound side clears backward by setting both the Ab and
the Bb bit to 0 and, depending on the protocol, may also play a backward tone indicating reject.
The outbound side goes back to idle, by setting the Bf bit to 1, then the inbound side goes to idle
too, by setting the Bb to 1.
Å
Clear back 10 00

Clear forward 11 00
Å
Å
Idle (backward) 11 01

After the connected state has been reached, depending on which side hangs up the call first, we
have a clear back signal, or a clear forward signal. Idle follows.
Å
Inbound hangs up first: Clear back 10 00

Clear forward 11 00
Å

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State Outbound AfBf Direction Inbound AbBb

Å
Idle 11 01

Outbound side hangs up first: Clear 11 1X

Å
forward
Å
Idle (backward) 11 01

There is a different hang up signal, depending on whether the inbound side or the outbound side
hangs up first in the after-answer state:

Clear forward, after answer 00 10

Å
Å
Idle (inbound side) 00 01

Idle (outbound side) 11 01

Å

2.2.2 R1.5 Line Signaling – Group 2

The following table summarizes the signaling states of a typical call using
signaling Group 2. (Long distance inbound protocol only):

State Outbound AfBf Direction Inbound AbBb

Idle 11 01
ÄÅ
Seizure 10 01
Å
Å
Seizure Acknowledged 10 11

Depending on the protocol, either the inbound side starts to send the in-band tones requesting the
address information, or the outbound side starts decadic dialing.

Decadic dialing (0/1/0)0 11

Å
The inbound side completes the sequence by accepting or rejecting the call. If the call has been
accepted, the inbound side sends "subscriber free" on the line.
Å
Subscriber free 10 10

In the case of a long distance inbound call, the inbound side does not play ring. Ring is played by
the remote switch and is triggered by “sending a call” signal from the local switch.

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State Outbound AfBf Direction Inbound AbBb

Sending a call 00 10
Å
Answer signal may come either before or during the sending of a call. No ANI request is allowed
in this protocol.
Å
Answer 1X 11

If the inbound side rejects the call, the inbound side clears backward, by setting both the Ab and the
Bb bit to 0. The outbound side goes back to idle, by setting the Bf bit to 1, and then the inbound side
goes to idle, but setting the Bb to 1.
Å
Clear back 10 00

Clear forward 11 00
Å
Å
Idle (backward) 11 01

Depending on which side hangs up the call first, we have a clear back signal, or a clear forward
signal. Idle follows.
Å
Inbound hangs up first: Clear back 10 00

Clear forward 11 00
Å
Å
Idle 11 01

Outbound side hangs up first: Clear forward 11 1X

Å
Å
Idle (backward) 11 01

If the inbound side hangs up first in the connected state, it is possible for the operator to restore the
connection (a recall). To accomplish this, inbound (instead of signaling the release sequence)
signals "subscriber free". Then, if the outbound side signals idle, inbound also signals idle.
However, if the outbound side signals “sending a call”, the inbound returns to the pre-answered
state and sends “incoming call” again.
Å
Inbound first: Clear back after answer 10 10

Outbound side (recall) 00 10

Å

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2.3 System R1.5 Register Signaling

This section defines the register signaling protocol implemented by the NMS R1.5
TCP. Two different register signaling types are considered:
Æ Decadic(DEK)
Æ Multi-Frequency Pulse Shuttle (MF-PS)
In addition, Multi-Frequency Continuous Packet (MF-CP) is implemented
specifically for the transmission of ANI information.
The following table shows the type of register signaling implemented by each
protocol, and the information carried by it:

Protocol Type of Call Supported Register Signaling

Protocol type of call Supported Register Signaling

DEK all DID information

MF-PS local + long distance inbound DID information

MF-IP1 long distance outbound side DID + ANI information

MF-IP2 long distance outbound side DID + ANI information

MF-CP local + long distance ANI information by request

(continuous packet) outbound side*

* Used during ANI transmission by outbound side when it receives the request for ANI (AB-10 + 500 Hz tone)

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This protocol consists of the exchange of multi-frequency tones. The tones used in
both directions are CCITT R1 MF (US MF) and are composed of two single-
frequencies each, according to the following table:

Digit Frequency (Hz)

# 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700

1 X X

2 X X

3 X X

4 X X

5 X X

6 X X

7 X X

8 X X

9 X X

10 X X

11 X X

12 X X

13 X X

14 X X

15 X X

Note: This table is interpreted as follows: each tone is composed by the two
single frequency tones marked with an X. For example, tone 15 is
composed of (1500+1700) Hz.
Register signaling in the R1.5 is not necessarily accomplished by using only one
of the protocols described in the following sections. Depending on the type of call
and on the type of switches encountered along the call path, the protocol may be
required to switch from one type of signaling protocol to another.

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2.3.1 Register Signaling – MF-PS

Register signaling can be carried out with decadic pulses, exchange of MF tones,
or a combination of the two. The inbound side is the master and requests
information from the outbound side.
The basic scheme of in-band signaling in the MF-PS protocol is illustrated in the
following table:

Outbound Direction Inbound

(seizes the line) (seizure acknowledge)
Å
Request for first DID (B-1)

DID #1
Å
Å
Request for next DID (B-2)

DID #2
Å
Å
Request for next DID (B-2)

DID #3
Å
Å
Request to repeat DID (B-3)

DID #3
Å
…
Å
Digits received (B-4)

request confirmation (A-12)

Å
(answer or reject)

Note: B-8, B-9 or B-10 can come as a signal to switch to Decadic dialing
(DEK). Also, B-1 is not necessarily the first command. Valid first
commands include: B-1, B-2, and B-3.

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Tones have specific meanings in the context of the call setup. Forward tones are
used to convey both address information (the number being called) and
information about the call (the caller’s number and the call’s category). Also,
some tones are used specifically as control tones. Backward tones are used only
for transmission of control signals. The following table shows the meaning of all
the tones:

Forward Backward
Designation Meaning of the Signal Designation Meaning of the Signal
of the Signal of the Signal

A-1 digit 1 B-1 Transmit the first digit

A-2 digit 2 B-2 Transmit the next digit

A-3 digit 3 B-3 Transmit the previous digit

A-4 digit 4 B-4 End of call setup

A-5 digit 5 B-5 Reject

A-6 digit 6 B-6 Repeat the last forward tone (if not
intelligible).

A-7 digit 7 B-7 Congestion

A-8 digit 8 B-8 Transmit all DID as decadic pulses

(switch to DEK register signaling).

A-9 digit 9 B-9 Transmit the next DID, and all the
rest of the DIDs as decadic pulses
(switch to DEK register signaling).

A-10 digit 0 B-10 Transmit the previous DID and then

all the rest of the DIDs as decadic
pulses (switch to DEK register
signaling).

A-11 Automatic call from B-11 Request the information on the type
subscriber with category III of call and the category of priority
of priority service. service.

A-12 Confirmation of the B-12 Spare

reception of (special)
backward signals. Sent in
response to B-4, B-5, B-8,
B-9, B-10

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Forward Backward
Designation Meaning of the Signal Designation Meaning of the Signal
of the Signal of the Signal

A-13 Repeat the last backward B-13 Spare

tone (if not intelligible)

A-14 Automatic call from B-14 Spare

subscriber with category IV
of service (without priority)

A-15 Semi-automatic call B-15 Information not accepted (followed

by a backward release)

These tones are timed, not compelled, each lasting 45 ms.

The exchange of information is carried out as follows:
Æ The inbound side sends a request by playing an MF tone.
Æ The outbound side detects the request from the inbound side, and waits for
the tone to end.
Æ Once the outbound register detects the end of the tone, it waits for a few
tenths of a millisecond. This is to allow the other side to disqualify the echo
deriving from the last tone played.
Æ The outbound side dials a digit, according to the inbound side’s request.
Æ The inbound detects the tone from the outbound side, and waits for the tone
to end.
Æ Once the inbound register detects the end of the tone, it waits for a few
tenths of a millisecond. This is to allow the other side to disqualify the echo
deriving from the last tone played.
Æ The cycle continues.

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MF-PS Register Signaling Timers

The following table represents the default value of the timers and the events for
which they are used:

Duration
Timer # Description (ms)
T1 Time to recieve "seizure acknowledged". 400

T2 Time between seizure acknowledge and the reception of the first 4000
backward request.

T3 Time between end of forward signal and the reception of the backward 4000
request.

T4 Time between end of backward request and the reception of the forward 350
signal.

T5 Duration of the frequency transmission (both backward and forward 45

tones; for example: A-1 or DID).

T6 Time from end of reception of tone signal to beginning of transmission 60

(both for inbound and outbound, pause between requests and DIDs).

T7 Time from end of transmission of tone signal to activating the MF 40

detector (guaranteed no tone on the line after end of transmission - echo
cancellation).

2.3.2 Register Signaling – DEK (in Combination With MF-PS)

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Outbound Direction Inbound

(seizes the line) (seizure acknowledge)
Å
Request for first DID (B-1)

DID #1
Å
Å
Request for next DID (B-2)

DID #2
Å
Å
Request for next DID (B-2)
Switching from MF-PS to decadic dialing
can happen at any time during register
signaling, with one of the following tones:
Æ B-8: request for all DID digits in
decadic form
Æ B-9: request for DID digit N+1 (if the
last DID dialed is N) and all following
DID digits
Æ B-10: request for DID digit N-1 and all
following DID digits

A-12: request
Å
acknowledgement

if B-8: DID #1...n

Å
if B-9: DID #N...n
if B-10: DID #N-1...n

(answer or reject)

2.3.3 Register Signaling – ANIs

The outbound side transmits the ANI digits (the caller’s identification number) as
a continuous stream of MF tones (without silence between consecutive tones)
after the inbound side requests them.
The request consists of the establishment of the Answer line code (AB = 10)
together with a pure 500 Hz tone, for more than 90 ms. The tone must begin no
later than 275 ms after the answer line code is established, otherwise, the
outbound side will consider the call connected.

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Timing
Figure 13 shows the delays and necessary timers for best ANI detection:

ANSWER

B-4

500 Hz ANI

A-12

T2 T3
T1
T4

Figure 13. Delays and Timers

The following table represents the default values of the timers and the R1.5
parameter associated with each timer:

Timer Time
Number (ms) R 1.5 Parameters Description
T1 2000 adi.r15.requestdelaytime Specifies the delay between A-12 and the ANI
request line signal AB-10.

T2 230 adi.r15.tonedelaytime Specifies the delay between signaling answer

during the ANI request and sending the 500 Hz
tone.

T3 110 adi.r15.anirequestontime Specifies the duration of 500 Hz tone during an

ANI request.

T4 500 adi.r15.answersignalontime Specifies the duration of line signal AB-10

(answer) when requesting ANIs.

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2.3.4 Algorithm Description

The calling party’s number is usually 7 digits long. These digits are divided into
two logical groups: the subscriber’s number (4 digits, called ’defg’ respectively),
and the switch index (3 digits, called ’abc’ respectively). Also, the category (Ca)
of the calling party is transmitted. Thus, 8 informational digits are transmitted.
However, some digits are repeated in a standard way in order to increase
detectability, and the ANI digits are transmitted in “reverse” order. The sequence
goes as follows:

Digit Meaning
MF-13 Flag to signal the beginning of the sequence

Ca (cat) Category of the calling party

E Fourth and last digit of the calling party’s number

D Third digit of the calling party’s number

C Second digit of the calling party’s number

T First digit of the calling party’s number

c Third digit of the switch index

b Second digit of the switch index

a First digit of the switch index

MF-13 Flag to signify the beginning of the repeat

Ca Repeat of the category

E Repeat of the last digit

Since this sequence of MF tones is continuous, there is no way to detect two

consecutive digits with the same value (same tone). Therefore, the second of these
digits is represented with the tone MF-14 (repeated digit signal). However, when
the stream arrives in reverse order, the ‘14’ is actually in front of the digit itself.

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The sequence may look as follows:

1. If the number of the calling party is ‘abcdefg’ :
{d c b a [ ‘13’ Ca g f e d c b} a ] ‘13’ Ca g f e …
where the square brackets show the valid sequence and the rounded
brackets show how much information is needed to decode the sequence.
The minimum number of MF tones is twelve.
2. If the two first digits in the calling party’s number are the same, i.e., a = b,
so the number is aacdefg:
[‘13’ Ca g f e d c ‘14’ a].
3. If the category is the same as the last digit of the calling party’s number, i.e.,
Ca = g:
[‘13’ ‘14’ g f e d c b a].
Note: The correct sequence does not necessarily have to start with ‘13’. The
‘13’ may be anywhere within the packet.
The ANI detection algorithm implemented in the R1.5 TCP is as follows:
Æ Buffer all ANI digits that are sent by the switch without checking their
validity.
Æ Check the first digit (n) in the buffer and see if it matches the tenth digit
(n+9), then match second (n+1) to the ((n+1) + 9)th digit, and so on until 3
matches in a row are found.
Æ Search through the sequence composed of 9 digits, starting from where the
first match was found and find the "13", which indicates where the category
is located.
Æ Delete all irrelevant information from the buffer while putting all relevant
information into variables.
Æ Reverse the order of ANIs, by putting them into the buffer from the
variables in reversed order.
Æ Send STATUS_INFO ANI_INFO to the application, indicating the arrival of
ANIs.

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For example, consider a calling party’s number:

457-8054, with category = 1

The packet may look as shown in Figure 14, where the first row numbers the order
of arrival and the second row shows the sequence:
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

MF "13" 4 5 0 8 7 5 4 "13" 1 4 5 0

Figure 14. Example Packet

The two top and the lower bottom arrows show the correct ANI sequence within
the packet. The first digits that will match will be the 4, then 5, then 0, so the
correct packet would be extracted, starting with the 4.

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2.3.5 Category Definitions

The category of the subscriber may have one of the following meanings:

Category Definition
1 Residential and institutional telephone with access to the automatic zone, inter-
city, and international network.

2 Hotel telephone with access to the automatic zone, inter-city and international
network.

3 Residential, institutional and hotel telephone with access to the local networks,
without the access to the automatic inter-zone, inter-city and international network
and toll services.

4 Institutional telephone with access tot the automatic zone, inter-city and
international network, and toll services; priority is given to connections on inter-
zone and inter-city networks.

5 Institutional telephone for Ministry of Telecommunications with access to

automatic zone, inter-city and international network, and toll services; the
conversations are logged but not charged.

6 Payphone and inter-city public telephone located at the telecommunications center

with access to the automatic zone and inter-city network; also universal payphone
with access to inter-city and local network; conversations are charged
immediately; payphone for the access to toll services.

7 Residential and institutional telephone with access to the automatic zone, inter-city
and international network, and toll services.

8 Institutional telephone with possibility of data transmissions, facsimiles, and

electronic mail, with access to the automatic zone, inter-city and international
network.

9 Local payphone.

10 Reserved.

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2.4 TCP Parameters

This section describes the parameters that program the TCP. The parameters are
used to adapt the TCP to particular variations of R1.5, as well as to give the host
application more flexibility in its interaction with the TCP. Some of these
parameters are application-dependent, and can be changed at will by the user.
Others (the majority) are rigidly fixed for a given network. The following table
explains the parameters’ meaning:

2.4.1 Flow Control Parameters

The following four parameters are public, they can be freely modified by the user:

Default
Parameter Name Unit Comments Value #
ADI.R15.DIDnumber number Inbound side. Specifies the number of 7 0
incoming DID digits to expect.

ADI.R15.ANInumber number Inbound side. Number of ANI digits to 8 1

expect. If this parameter is set to 0, the
inbound protocol does not attempt to
request the ANIs. If this parameter is set
to any other number, the inbound protocol
will request the ANIs, and will receive as
many as the outbound side will provide.

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Default
Parameter Name Unit Comments Value #
ADI.R15.optionflags mask Inbound and outbound sides. 0x20 2
Flags controlling optional TCP behavior:
(MF-Pulse Shuttle protocol is the default
register signaling for both inbound and
outbound protocols and can be combined
or replaced with some other types of
register signaling)
Æ 0x1: Set this bit to do decadic
dialing (for both inbound and
outbound protocols).
Æ 0x2: Set this bit for long distance
inbound protocol.
Æ 0x4: Set this bit to make the
transmission of ANIs mandatory
(relevant to the outbound protocol).
Æ 0x8: Set this bit to make the
reception of ANIs mandatory
(relevant to the inbound protocol).
Æ 0x10: (default) Play busy on
timeout.
Æ 0x20: Play fast busy on timeout.
Æ 0x40: Play silence on timeout.
These values can be Ored for cumulative
effect.

ADI.R15.debugmask mask Specifies what trace messages are 0x0 3

generated (run agtrace 1000 or higher
to see them):
Æ 0x01: Show all states as they are
entered.
Æ 0x02: Show sent and received
digits.
Æ 0x04: Show signaling bits.
Æ 0x08: Print a description of
timeout related errors.
These values can be Ored for cumulative
effect.

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Default
Parameter Name Unit Comments Value #
ADI.R15.firstcommand count Inbound side. First command for inbound 1 4
protocol.
Acceptable values: 1, 2, or 3.
If the value is set to 2 or 3, make sure that
the ADI.R15.DIDnumber is set to a correct
value.

ADI.R15.anirequestattempts count Inbound side. Specifies the number of 1 5

attempts to obtain ANIs. If the parameter
is set to 0, no attempts will be made.
When the reception of ANIs is mandatory
(bit 0x8 in ADI.R15.optionflags is set) and
no ANIs are received after the first
attempt, this parameter can be used to
perform additional ANI requests before
clearing back.

ADI.R15.dialstartposition count Outbound side. Used to define the starting 4 6

position within a dial string; i.e. when the
first request from the inbound side,
defined by ADI.R15.firstcommand, is B2
(send next digit) or B3 (send the previous
digit) the first DID that is presented by the
outbound side is located in the
ADI.R15.dialstartposition position.

ADI.R15.anionebyone mask Determines whether or not the TCP will 0x0 7

send ANIs one at a time:
• 0x1: enables the detection of ANIs one
by one.

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2.4.2 Flow Control Timers

The following parameters are reserved, they should not be modified by the user,
since this would affect regulatory compliance in the target country.

Default
Parameter Name Unit Comments Value #
ADI.R15.qualtime ms Specifies the qualification time for bit 20 8
changes.

ADI.R15.waitbegintime ms Specifies the delay before starting to 60 9

play the forward and backward tones.

2.4.3 Outbound Timers

Default
Parameter name Unit Comments value #
ADI.R15.seizetime ms Specifies the maximum time to receive 400 10
the seizure acknowledge.

ADI.R15.waitbacksignaltime ms Specifies the maximum time to receive 4000 11

a backward request.

ADI.R15.pausefrstdigittime ms Specifies the initial wait before dialing 300 12

the first decadic pulse.

ADI.R15.interdigittime ms Specifies the time between two trains of 750 13

pulses while dialing with decadic
pulses.

ADI.R15.waitechotime ms Specifies the echo cancellation time. – 40 14

NOT USED (see adi.r15.toneofftime).

ADI.R15.confirmanswertime ms Specifies the timeout for differentiating 275 15

answer vs. ANI request which is
accompanied by the 500 Hz tone.

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2.4.4 Inbound Timers

Default
Parameter Name Unit Comments Value #
ADI.R15.waitfrwdsignaltime ms Specifies the maximum time to 350 16
receive a forward signal.

ADI.R15.waitfrwddeksignaltime ms Specifies the maximum time to 4000 17

receive a decadic digit.

ADI.R15.inbinterdigittime ms Specifies the time to wait before 200 18

deciding that a train of decadic pulses
is over.

ADI.R15.waitforPCtime ms Specifies the time for the TCP to wait 10000 19

for the host to answer or reject the
call.

ADI.R15.anitonetimeout ms Specifies the time to wait before 100 20

deciding that the transmission of
ANIs is over.

ADI.R15.anirequesttimeout ms Specifies the timeout to get the first 1000 21

ANI.

2.4.5 Dialing Control

Default
Parameter Name Unit Comments Value #
ADI.R15.toneontime ms Specifies the duration of the MF tone used to 45 22
convey DID information (backward and
forward).

ADI.R15.toneofftime ms Specifies the silence between the MF tones 45 23

used to convey DID information (backward
and forward) – also used for echo
cancellation.

ADI.R15.pulseontime ms Relevant to the outbound protocol. Specifies 50 24

the time a pulse should be ON while dialing
with decadic pulses.

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Default
Parameter Name Unit Comments Value #
ADI.R15.pulseofftime ms Relevant to the outbound protocols. 50 25
Specifies the time a pulse should be OFF
while dialing with decadic pulses.

ADI.R15.anitoneontime ms Relevant to outbound protocols. Specifies 40 26

the duration of the MF tone used to convey
ANI information.

ADI.R15.toneslevel IDU Specifies the amplitude of MF (call setup) 315 27

tones (forward and backward).

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2.4.6 Ring / Busy Control

Default
Parameter Name Unit Comments Value #
ADI.R15.ringfreq Hz Relevant to inbound side protocols. 425 28
Specifies the ring tone frequency.

ADI.R15.ringontime ms Relevant to inbound protocols. Specifies the 1000 29

time the ring tone is on in a ring cycle.

ADI.R15.ringofftime ms Relevant to inbound protocols. Specifies the 3000 30

time the ring tone is off in a ring cycle.

ADI.R15.busyfreq Hz Relevant to inbound protocols. Specifies the 425 31

busy tone frequency.

ADI.R15.busyontime ms Relevant to inbound protocols. Specifies the 300 32

time the busy tone is on in a busy cycle.

ADI.R15.busyofftime ms Relevant to inbound protocols. Specifies the 300 33

time the busy tone is off in a busy cycle.

ADI.R15.fastbusyontime ms Relevant to inbound protocols. Specifies the 150 34

time the congestion tone is on.

ADI.R15.fastbusyofftime ms Relevant to inbound protocols. Specifies the 150 35

duration of the first period of time the
congestion tone is off.

ADI.R15.Cptoneslevel IDU Specifies the amplitude of call progress 315 36

tones.

2.4.7 Miscellaneous

Default
Parameter Name Unit Comments Value #
ADI.R15.resourcerequesttime mask Specifies the time to wait 0x0a0f 37
for resources.

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CAS Protocols Reference Manual Call Setup Diagrams

2.5 Call Setup Diagrams

This scction presents diagrams that illustrate the functions of several R1.5
protocols in local and long distance circumstances.

2.5.1 Local Inbound and Outbound Protocols

As shown in Figure 15, the local inbound protocol is symmetrical to the local
outbound protocol, so they are depicted in the same diagram. The line signaling
used is Group 1.
Refer to the table in Section 2.2.1, R1.5 Line Signaling – Group 1.

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The register signaling is Pulse Shuttle, but the TCP can also switch to decadic
dialing.
outbound inbound
seizure

seizure ack

B-1

DID1

B-2

DID2

B-2

MF-PS
B-10 B-9
B-8
.

Decadic Pulses
DID2 DID3
. DID1 DIFFERENT
ways to
DID3 DID4
. DID2 switch to
DEK

.DID4 .
DID5 . DID3
B-4 .
. . .
. . A-12
.
. . .

ANI request

answer signal answer signal

500 Hz

ANI, continuous MF

CONNECTED

Figure 15. Local Inbound and Outbound Protocols

2.5.2 Long Distance Outbound Protocol

Switching from MF-PS to DEK

As shown in Figure 16, the register signaling starts out as Pulse Shuttle, but when
the first calling address digit is detected to be digit “8” (which is known to be the

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access to the long distance switches), the inbound side sends the end of call setup
tones and requests ANIs. Only after ANIs have been received, the DID phase
returns, but in the form of Decadic Dialing.
outbound switch

seizure

seizure ack

B-1

DID1 = ’8’

B-4 MF-PS

A-12

answer signal

ANI request
500 Hz

Cat + ANI
continus MF

answer removal signal

dial tone, 425 Hz

DID1
Decadic Pulses

.
.
DEK
.
.
Last DID

.
.
.
wait for answer
answer signal

CONNECTED

Figure 16. Switching From MF-PS to DEK

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Decadic Register Signaling for Call Setup

As shown in Figure 17, the first expected command from the switch is an ANI
request. Only after the ANIs have been received, the call proceeds with the DIDs
as decadic pulses.
outbound switch

seizure

seizure ack

answer signal

ANI request
500 Hz

Cat + ANI
continus MF

answer removal signal

dial tone, 425 Hz

DID1
Decadic Pulses

.
. DEK
.
.
.
Last DID

.
.
wait for answer

answer signal

CONNECTED

Figure 17. Register Signaling for Call Setup

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CAS Protocols Reference Manual Long Distance Inbound Protocol

2.5.3 Long Distance Inbound Protocol

Long distance inbound protocol differs only slightly from the inbound local
protocol. One difference is line signaling. Long distance protocol uses line
signaling group 2 (see the table in Section 2.2.2, R1.5 Line Signaling – Group 2).
The second difference is that the long distance protocol does not have the ability
to ask for ANIs.

Long Distance Inbound

switch inbound
seizure

seizure ack

B-1

DID1

B-2

DID2

B-10 B-9 B-2

MF-PS

B-8
.
DID2 DID3

Decadic Pulses
. DID1 DIFFERENT
ways to
DID3 DID4
. DID2 switch to
DEK

.DID4 .DID5 . DID3

.
. . .
. . .
. . .

answer signal

CONNECTED

Figure 18. Long Distance Inbound Protocol

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2.6 State diagrams

This section contains the state diagrams of the System R1.5 TCP. States that
interface with the line or the host are shown, grouped in logical groups if
appropriate. States in the TCP script that simply execute instructions without
receiving input from the external world (pass-through states) are omitted.
Note: Although it is not shown in the diagrams, every state handles error
conditions.

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CAS Protocols Reference Manual State diagrams

The following symbols are used in the diagrams:

Description Icon
TCP State
state name

short
description

Reference to a state on another diagram

Going to
another
diagram

Reference to a state from another diagram

Coming
from
another
diagram

Link between states

event or command description

Reference to a state within same page

Grouping of states of the same protocol

Same Same
Color Color

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2.6.1 Inbound and Outbound TCP States

Natural MicroSystems’s R1.5 protocol package consists of two TCPs, one

performing the functions of the inbound protocol ( r150.tcp) and the second
performing the functions of the outbound protocol (r151.tcp). Only some of the
initial, resource management and connected states are shared by the two
protocols. Some of the following diagrams will relate to both TCPs at the same
time, and others purely to inbound or outbound protocols.

Startup and Idle States

Figure 19 depicts the common states of the R150 and R151 TCPs that implement
the startup phase for the inbound and the outbound TCPs, and the idle condition.
The TCP determines whether it is an inbound or an outbound trunk and sets the
particular idle code depending on the direction of the trunk. When in idle, the
outbound TCP waits for a command to place a call, and the inbound TCP waits for
a seizure on the line. In both cases, the resource management state is entered next.
If resource management is not necessary for the type of board being used, the
TCP immediately transitions the following state. If resource management is
necessary, a call setup resource is requested and the state waits for it to be granted
before continuing.

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StartUp

Start the bit detector,

Initialize variables, From Dial and

From
Digit Reception
connected
Determine states
states
(on error)
whether the
protocol is
inbound or
outbound
idle on the line idle on the line

Idle

Wait for events

or commands,
(mainly a line
seizure or a place
call command).
If line is seized,
idle on the line seizure Invalid digit string
acknowledge is
sent OutPrepareDial
OUTBOUND
NoResSendClearBack resource timer
place call Set of transitional
received states: set up the expired
Wait for idle CS_RESOURCE
digit string, and
INBOUND check its validity - _REJECT
seizure detected both ANI and DID
send seizure ack
RequestCSResource
CS_RESOURCE_REJECT
Wait for a digit string OK
specified time to
acquire resources

INBOUND OUTBOUND
got resources got resources

InChooseType OutWaitSeizAck

Determines the first Signal seizure on

command, waits for the line, wait for
a specified time seizure
before a command acknowledge
can be played

seizure
acknowledge
decided what kind of protocol received

To digit
To Dial
reception
states
states

Figure 19. Startup and Idle

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Overview of the Outbound Dial States

Figure 20 relates only to the outbound protocol. The DID portion of call setup is
performed either by decadic pulses or with Multi-Frequency Pulse Shuttle. An
ANI request may come at any time during the DID sequence. In this case, the
outbound side must present ANIs to the inbound protocol.
The host can request to perform call progress detection before declaring the call
connected. Call progress is used to connect on a particular condition (i.e., voice
detected, SIT tone detected…); it may also be used to distinguish an accepted
from a rejected call, if the answer signal was never removed after the ANI
sequence.

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From
Seize state

digit string OK
OutWaitFirstTone

If the protocol is not

decadic, get the first
command which
Pulses (DEK) determines the starting point Pulse Shuttle
within the digit string, or how
to proceed.
If protocol is decadic,
proceeds to send pulses.

To Decadic Dial: To MF-PS:

Set of states which command from inbound to switch Set of states which
handle sending the to DEK handle MF-PS
decadic pulses Register Signaling start call
progress
long distance or connect
ANI request done on proceeding
To Call done
may come
immediately Progress
after States
Seizure Ack
on ANI reqest on ANI reqest
or answer or answer
before sending before finishing
all pulses all DIDs

From
Connected
states
on ANI reqest
or answer
OutLookForTone
wait for the 500Hz tone
return to cp
to distinguish between
if answer
answer and ANI
request

got 500Hz
tone
got 500Hz
tone,
OutStartANI have
no ANIs
First play To
Combination OutNoANIWait answer connected
13 removal state
If request comes,
but no ANIs are
available, wait for
timer expired answer removal or
clear back

OutSendANI
done with
play ANI
digit
Tone OutCountANI OutAfterANI
Watch out
Keeps track call progess
sent all for answer
of counters, removal,
reverses the ANIs
proceed to
order of ANIs call progress Long
more Distance
digits decadic
have not To
dialed OutLookFor
DIDs Dialtone

Figure 20. Outbound Dial States

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Outbound Decadic Dial States

Decadic Dialing is often used as a method of register signaling. It is used with
switches which do not have the MF capability.

From
OutWaitFirst
Tone
From
ANI
Reception
States
Pulses (DEK)

OutPause
FirstDigit

for long distance Hold a timer

protocol before
must submit ANIs starting to
on ANI reqest
before dial
or answer
sending DIDs
To the
OutLook
timer
ForTone
expired

OutLookFor
Dialtone OutDialDecadic
timer
Looks for Set the
expired on ANI reqest
the dial values or answer
tone on the
line timer
expired

more to dial done OutInterDigit

Hold a timer
before
sending next
OutDoDecadic digit
To Call
Dial by loop Progress
sending for one States
pulses on digit
the line

do another
digit

Figure 21. Outbound Decadic Dial States

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CAS Protocols Reference Manual Inbound and Outbound TCP States

Outbound Pulse Shuttle Dial States

The outbound side called number presentation sequence proceeds from one digit
to the next. Backward requests from the inbound side are analyzed, and depending
on their meanings, a particular forward digit is played next, or the DID sequence
is aborted if an error or a backward congestion indication is detected.

OutGetMFEnd

Looks for the end

of the request Timer
tone, and sets up Expired
the delay between
playing the DID
tone
OutPlayTones B-1, B-3, B-6
MF_PS (go back in
Pulse Shuttle dial string)
B1,B2,B3 Play the next DID
Digit
B1,B2,B3,B6 TONE_
TONE_ DONE
DONE (last DID
(have more dialed)
DIDs)
OutPlayError OutGetFinish OutPlayError
OutGetRequest
From Wait for the "end
Wait for the next
B6,B7 OutWaitFirst of call setup" (B-4, B2
Inbound
Tone B-5) tone, after all
command: B11-14 the DIDs have
B-1, B2... B10,
been dialed
B4 B-15
Long Distance OutPlayError
(will on ANI reqest
switch to or answer
on ANI reqest
DEK)
or answer on ANI reqest
B4,B5,
or answer
B8-B10 B4,B5
(switch B8,B9,B10
to B8-B10
DEK)

on ANI reqest
OutFinishSetup
or answer
Long Distance
Get the MF_END
(will switch to
of the "finish" tone
DEK
Play MF-12,
confirmation tone

received
B8,B9 or B10 on ANI reqest
switch to DEK done or answer

To the
OutInterDigit To
OutLookFor
To Call Tone
Progress
States

OutPlayError

Plays an error
tone and returns
to the state where
it was called from

Figure 22. Outbound Pulse Shuttle Dial States

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Inbound Digit Reception States

In the protocol where the inbound side is the master, it is very important to
parameterize the commands that the inbound protocol must send to the outbound
side. The following states show the two possible ways to accept the called party’s
address information: The Multi-Frequency Pulse Shuttle, or Decadic Pulses.
Which one of the methods is more appropriate depends on the local switch.

From Choose
DEK
Type state

InGetDigits

MF-PS Get the digit,

check for errors
No DIDs
Tone_ expected
end of a Done
digit
InPlayRequest
InPulseMake Pulse Break
MF tone
Play the
Look for a request, defined
wait for digit,
change in the by the type of
keep counters
line code, collect call.
single digit, and InFinishDigit
pulseon_ when done with
bits digit, look for Look for end of
another one. If tone, buffer it
last one, go ask timer and hold a timer
for ANIs. expired before sending
the next digit

got all digits

Got all digits

To Incoming
Call state

Figure 23. Inbound Digit Reception States

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Inbound Accept, Answer and Reject States

In the Incoming Call state, the TCP sends to the host an INCOMING_CALL event,
with the received DID digits attached. The host must then decide if the call is to
be:
Æ Accepted (without committing to answer it): adiAcceptCall, seen by the
TCP as an ACCEPT_CALL command
Æ Answered: adiAnswerCall, seen by the TCP as an ANSWER_CALL
command, or
Æ Rejected: adiRejectCall, seen by the TCP as a REJECT_CALL command
If the register signaling is done by MF-PS, this tells the TCP which backward tone
to play to terminate this phase of call setup.
Once the host has told the TCP what to do with the call, the TCP plays an “end of
call setup” tone (B-4, B-5, or B-7), that accepts or rejects the call with different
reasons and modes. Depending on the host’s command, the TCP then does one of
the following:

If the call needs to be: Then the:

Rejected TCP plays busy or lets the host play a reject message, until
the call is cleared by the calling party, if the call has been
rejected.

Accepted or answered Local inbound protocol makes an ANI request.

Accepted or answered (long distance Long distance inbound protocol sends a selection free line
inbound protocol) signal. This tells the local switch to play ring tone and then
answer if the host committed to answer the call (or
commanded to accept the call) and play ring indefinitely.

After the ANI detection phase for the local protocol, the answer line code is
removed. Depending upon whether the call needs to be accepted or answered, the
local inbound TCP then reacts in the following ways:

If the... Then the TCP...

Host committed to answer the call or commanded to Plays ring tone and then answers.
accept the call and play ring indefinitely

Call has been provisionally accepted Stays silent or allows the host to play
a custom message.

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From Digit
Reception
States
Got all digits
Got all digits (Long
(Local Call) Distance Call)

LD Incoming Call
Incoming Call
timer expired/ Expect a decision
Expect a decision reject call on how to proceed
on how to proceed from the PC.
from the PC. Answers or
ACCEPT or timer rejects a call.
Answers or
ANSWER InFinishSetup expired/ ACCEPT_CALL is
rejects a call
CALL reject call handled like
(MF-PS) Send B-4 or B-5
ANSWER_CALL
(end of call
setup) MF-PS Rejecting
DEK Local
(send reject tone) Reject an
incoming call.
InRequestANI Play tones and
TONE_DONE wait for hangup.
Request by For Local calls,
playing 500 Hz send a B-5 or B-7
tone and get A-12, or InGetReply
Combination 13 TIMER_EXPIRED
wait for A-12,
outbound ANSWER_CALL,
ANI idle
MF_13 confirmation of ACCEPT_CALL
forward B4 and
B5
A-12 (reject confirmed)

To the ANI
Reception To the
states idle state
WaitForAnswer
Command
Perform what is
necessary to
From ANI done accept the call
Reception (received depending on the
States ACCEPT_CALL) Mode of Accept, InAnsweringCall
and wait for
ANSWER or Signal answer
REJECT_CALL Plays ring tone.
After ring goes to
connected
ANSWER_ CS_RESOURCE_GIVEN
CALL

AcceptWithCS
Resources
tone done
Request CS
resources, after
they have been
released to allow
the application to
play tones before
connected To the
connected
states
done
(received
ANSWER_CALL)

Figure 24. Inbound Accept, Answer, and Reject States

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CAS Protocols Reference Manual Inbound and Outbound TCP States

Inbound ANI Reception States

After the call had been either answered or accepted, the local inbound protocol
makes an ANI request, by setting the answer line signaling code and sending a
pure 500 Hz tone.

From
RequestANIs
Fig. 20

ANI
MF_13
InGetCategory

Get the Category

InGetANI
MF tone
end of a
collect the ANIs,
digit
keep track of
counter

confirm
MF_13

InANISecondRound
end of a
digit verify some of the WriteBuffer
ANIs sent in the
first round We received ANIs
got in reversed order -
last ANI reorder them

TIMER
EXPIRED

InAfterANI

send Status Info

Update,
determine how
to proceed

done

To the
Incoming
Call States

Figure 25. Inbound ANI Reception States

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Chapter 2 R1.5 CAS Protocols Reference Manual

Connected States
Figure 26 shows the common inbound and outbound connected and call progress
states. After the call had been answered, the application may request to perform
call progress. From this point on, the TCP expects a hang-up. An unusual situation
arises for long distance inbound calls when the called party hangs up first. In this
case, there is a chance of a recall, when the calling party (the operator)
reestablishes the connection. In the case of a clear back, the inbound side waits not
only for the hang-up line code from the outbound side but also for another bit
pattern indicating recall. If this happens, the inbound side reestablishes the
connection, while in a regular case it would clear the line.

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CAS Protocols Reference Manual Inbound and Outbound TCP States

From Dial From Digit

states Reception
states

start call
progress command call answered
EnterConnected

Give the application full access

intbound outbound
to the line, also a place to exit
from call progress before
connected

Call progress states

IntboundConnected start call start call OutboundConnected
progress Perform call progress
wait for events. These could be: command progress analysis command wait for events. These could be:
- remote hangup - remote hangup
- disconnect command from the appl. - disconnect command from the appl.
- start call progress command - start call progress command

no need to
connection OK,
run call progress
done with CP
done with CP

Releasing
diconnect command diconnect command
received Check if the other received
side is not idle.
Long Distance See if need to play idle on the line
(if hanging up first) something before or no resources
releasing. If so,
idle on the line ask for resources.
or no resources Otherwise, release.

LDInboundRelease
InboundComplete got the resources
Check whether Release OutCompleteRelease
there is idle, or a
recall, If recall, wait for idle from Wait for idle from
release the call other side, when clear InOutRelease clear other side, when
and send Idle, clear forward back idle, clear
incoming call After we got the
again. resources, play
what is required,
then assert
hangup pattern
idle idle

idle
recall

To the
idle state

To the
Incoming
Call State

Figure 26. Connected States

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2.7 TCP performance

TCP performance is the measure of:

Æ How fast a call can be set up, either inbound or outbound
Æ The DSP resources necessary to set up a call
Æ The load limits, i.e., the number of calls that can be setup simultaneously
for each board
To analyze the call setup timing, the signal on the line is captured and recorded.
The spectral distribution of the energy on the line is then analyzed, and the timing
is deduced. A model of the timing is also produced, to explain the observations in
the light of the AG architecture. In general, the timing results will be different if
the TCP is run “back-to-back” or is talking to a switch. With MFC-R2, switches
are usually faster than the TCP, so the call setup timing will generally be shorter if
one of the sides is a network switch.
The resources necessary to set up the call differ for different protocols. They
depend on the signaling method in use. Diagrams are included, plotting MIPS
consumption against time, per channel. The timing of the diagram is derived from
the previous time analysis and the TCP code, identifying the point in the TCP
where DSP functions are started and stopped.
The number of calls that can be set up simultaneously depends on:
Æ The TCP MIPS consumption
Æ The type of board the TCP runs on
Æ Any task processor optimization carried out in the AG configuration file
Thus, the matter is very complex, and only some general calculations and
guidelines are reported in the following sections.

2.7.1 Optimal Task Processor Configuration

The R1.5 protocol is highly unusual, partly because it uses A-law US-MF tones to
send tones in forward and backward directions, thus requiring both the MF
Generator to be active all the time as well as the MF Detector. Both the detector
and the generator have high MIPS consumption. This is not presumed by the
default assignment of DSP files to task processors on the board. Therefore, the
default configuration allows only 23 ports to be active with this protocol on an AG

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CAS Protocols Reference Manual Optimal Task Processor Configuration

E1 board (57 MHz DSPs). To have better performance, task processors must be
explicitly specified.
The following table shows the DSP files that are most likely to be necessary to run
R1.5 protocol:

DSP file Usage

tone_a.dsp Beep, tone generation, dial

callp_a.dsp Call progress detection

signal_a.dsp Out-of-band channel associated signaling (Not used on Dual/Quad)

dtmf_a.dsp DTMF, cleardown and silence/energy detectors

voice_a.dsp NMS ADPCM play and record

mf_a.dsp MF detection

Below is the most optimal task processor assignment for the protocol. It must be
included in the AG configuration file for AG E1 boards to perform as desired.
Also specified are the assignments of DSP files to task processors on the board:

Æ taskprocessor 0..2 = callp_a.dsp,tone_a.dsp,voice_a.dsp

Æ taskprocessor 3 = signal_a.dsp,dtmf_a.dsp,mf_a.dsp
Æ taskprocessor 4..5 = mf_a.dsp,dtmf_a.dsp

This is the allocation for the AG QUAD E board and is the R1.5 equivalent to
CCMODE = HIGH. It is used for applications with very little activity in the
connected state (ideally none, like trunk-to-trunk switching applications). It gives
a maximum of 120 ports of simultaneous call setup per board, but provides a very
limited processing power for the application while the call is connected:

Æ taskprocessor 0..2 = callp_a.dsp,tone_a.dsp,voice_a.dsp

Æ taskprocessor 3 = dtmf_a.dsp,mf_a.dsp
Æ taskprocessor 4..5 = mf_a.dsp,dtmf_a.dsp
Æ taskprocessor 6..7 =
callp_a.dsp,tone_a.dsp,voice_a.dsp,mf_a.dsp,dtmf_a.dsp

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2.7.2 Call Setup Resource Diagram

The following figures represent the MIPS consumption and the kind of DSP
resources needed by the R1.5 TCPs to place and receive a call, plotted against
time. The register signaling consists of seven DID digits, category digit and seven
ANI digits, inbound and outbound.
1. AG-E1. In this case, the DSP overlay to receive / transmit bits signaling is
on. The DSP overlays for US MF tone detection and tone generation are
started in the beginning of call setup, and are kept turned on until connected,
for both, inbound and outbound. This is illustrated in Figure 27:
MIPS

3.35
tone generation:0.88
3

2.47 USMF tone

detection:1.97

1
signal detection + generation: 0.5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 TIME (MS)

USMF tone detection tone generation signal xmit+rcv

Figure 27. AG-E1 with DSP Overlay Signaling On

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2. AG-E1. The signaling bits detection / generation function is carried out by

the 486 coprocessor directly, and no DSP overlay is required for the task.
This reduces the DSP load by 0.5 MIPS, as shown in Figure 28. The DSP
overlays for US MF tone detection and tone generation are started in the
beginning of call setup, and are kept turned on until connected, for both,
inbound and outbound.

MIPS

3
tone generation:0.88

2
USMF tone
detection:1.97

1
signal detection + generation: 0.5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 TIME (MS)

USMF tone detection tone generation

Figure 28. AG-E1 486 Coprocessor Signaling

2.7.3 Behavior Under Load

The PROTtest utility can be used to test the protocol’s behavior under load. It
spawns a number of threads, each either placing or receiving calls. Then it collects
statistics and errors from the threads. (For more information about PROTtest,
refer to the PROTtest User’s Manual.) The following are examples of PROTtest
log files for AG-E1 and AG Quad E boards, running at full capacity.

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Load Test Results: Two AG-E1 Boards, One AG Quad E Board

In this test, two AG-E1 boards and one AG Quad E board are connected back to
back. The AG Quad E places calls to the two AG-E1s on all their available
channels (60 channels in total). Statistics are gathered every 10 minutes.
===========================================================================
=
ProtTest - CTA protocols tester V.2.0 (Feb 16 1999) - inbound side
test start time = Wed Feb 17 13:18:41 1999
arguments = -i -fconf4
board: AG-E1, MIPS available: 168
===========================================================================
=
===========================================================================
=
ProtTest - CTA protocols tester V.2.0 (Feb 16 1999) - outbound side
test start time = Wed Feb 17 13:19:04 1999
arguments: dialstring #12345678#1234567
board: AG Quad E, MIPS available: 400
===========================================================================
=
stat: INBOUND time = 010 minutes
attempted inbound calls.......................... 550
successful inbound calls......................... 492
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls with no resource available for application. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
stat: OUTBOUND time = 010 minutes
attempted outbound calls......................... 1522
successful outbound calls........................ 1507
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls failed because inbound had no CS resource.. 0
calls with no resource available for application. 0
calls with no resource available for CP.......... 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
stat: INBOUND time = 020 minutes
attempted inbound calls.......................... 2364
successful inbound calls......................... 2305
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls with no resource available for application. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
stat: OUTBOUND time = 020 minutes
attempted outbound calls......................... 3337
successful outbound calls........................ 3320
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls failed because inbound had no CS resource.. 0

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calls with no resource available for application. 0

calls with no resource available for CP.......... 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
----------------------------------------------------------
CASmon - CTA Digital CAS protocols tester V.1(Apr 28 1999)
printouts omitted - no errors
-----------------------------
stat: INBOUND time = 060 minutes
attempted inbound calls.......................... 9700
successful inbound calls......................... 9641
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls with no resource available for application. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
stat: OUTBOUND time = 060 minutes
attempted outbound calls......................... 9702
successful outbound calls........................ 9681
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls failed because inbound had no CS resource.. 0
calls with no resource available for application. 0
calls with no resource available for CP.......... 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
--------------------------------------------------
test successfully terminated
--------------------------------------------------

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Load Test Results: One AG Quad E Board (Back to Back)

In this test, one AG Quad E board places calls to itself. The first two trunks of the
board receive calls, the second two trunks place calls. Resource management is
used in this case, but the application is inert in the connected phase. This simulates
a gateway application, that only switches calls through other boards / trunks,
without playing or recording voice files, or detecting DTMFs. Statistics are
gathered every 10 minutes.
===========================================================================
=
ProtTest - CTA protocols tester V.2.0 (Feb 8 1999) - inbound side
test start time = Wed Feb 10 16:38:28 1999
arguments = -i -fconf7
board: AG Quad E, MIPS available: 400
===========================================================================
=
===========================================================================
=
ProtTest - CTA protocols tester V.2.0 (Feb 8 1999) - outbound side
test start time = Wed Apr 28 10Feb 10 16:38:44:01 29 1999
arguments = -fconf7
board: AG Quad E, MIPS available: 400
===========================================================================
=
stat: INBOUND time = 010 minutes
attempted inbound calls.......................... 1242
successful inbound calls......................... 1190
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls with no resource available for application. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
stat: OUTBOUND time = 010 minutes
attempted outbound calls......................... 1250
successful outbound calls........................ 1235
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls failed because inbound had no CS resource.. 0
calls with no resource available for application. 0
calls with no resource available for CP.......... 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
stat: INBOUND time = 020 minutes
attempted inbound calls.......................... 2479
successful inbound calls......................... 2423
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls with no resource available for application. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0

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stat: OUTBOUND time = 020 minutes

attempted outbound calls......................... 2484
successful outbound calls........................ 2463
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls failed because inbound had no CS resource.. 0
calls with no resource available for application. 0
calls with no resource available for CP.......... 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
-----------------------------
printouts omitted - no errors
-----------------------------
stat: INBOUND time = 120 minutes
attempted inbound calls.......................... 14586
successful inbound calls......................... 14527
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls with no resource available for application. 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
stat: OUTBOUND time = 120 minutes
attempted outbound calls......................... 14593
successful outbound calls........................ 14566
calls with no resource available for call setup.. 0
calls failed because inbound had no CS resource.. 0
calls with no resource available for application. 0
calls with no resource available for CP.......... 0
calls with an out-of-service event............... 0
calls with an in-service event................... 0
--------------------------------------------------
test successfully terminated
--------------------------------------------------

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Quad E1 Call Setup

Tests on Quad E1 boards were carried out using the CASmon utility. CASmon is
included in the GTP Developers Kit. (For more information about CASmon, refer
to the CASmon User’s Manual.) CASmon can monitor any number of DSP or
trunk timeslots, detecting tones and signaling bit changes. It saves the monitor
results in a log file.
CASmon has an option to connect to two different ends of a connection, by
monitoring a DSP resource and the corresponding trunk timeslot. This is useful to
track both parties of a call setup. This option has been used to produce the
following table.
The test setup is a Quad E1 board with two trunks connected with a loopback
cable. Channel 60 places calls to channel 0 using R1.5.
(Dialing: 1234567, Category 1, ANI 2345678)
----------------------------------------------------------
CASmon - CTA Digital CAS protocols tester V.1(Apr 28 1999)
test start time = Fri Apr 30 10:46:16 1999
----------------------------------------------------------
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:23.420 Event: 0x120a0 1001 (B OFF)
01:dsp:000 10:46:23.460 Event: 0x120a0 1101 (A ON)
01:dsp:000 10:46:23.550 Event: 0x12048 USMF-1
01:dsp:000 10:46:23.610 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:23.740 Event: 0x12048 USMF-1
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:23.800 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:dsp:000 10:46:23.930 Event: 0x12048 USMF-2
01:dsp:000 10:46:23.990 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:24.120 Event: 0x12048 USMF-2
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:24.180 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:dsp:000 10:46:24.310 Event: 0x12048 USMF-2
01:dsp:000 10:46:24.370 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:24.500 Event: 0x12048 USMF-3
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:24.560 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:dsp:000 10:46:24.690 Event: 0x12048 USMF-2
01:dsp:000 10:46:24.750 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:24.880 Event: 0x12048 USMF-4
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:24.940 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:dsp:000 10:46:25.070 Event: 0x12048 USMF-2
01:dsp:000 10:46:25.130 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:25.260 Event: 0x12048 USMF-5
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:25.320 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:dsp:000 10:46:25.450 Event: 0x12048 USMF-2
01:dsp:000 10:46:25.510 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END

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01:trunk 1:000 10:46:25.640 Event: 0x12048 USMF-6

01:trunk 1:000 10:46:25.700 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:dsp:000 10:46:25.830 Event: 0x12048 USMF-2
01:dsp:000 10:46:25.890 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:26.020 Event: 0x12048 USMF-7
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:26.080 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:dsp:000 10:46:26.210 Event: 0x12048 USMF-4
01:dsp:000 10:46:26.270 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:26.400 Event: 0x12048 USMF-C
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:26.460 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:dsp:000 10:46:26.610 Event: 0x120a0 1001 (B OFF)
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.000 Event: 0x12048 USMF-D
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.030 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.040 Event: 0x12048 USMF-1
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.070 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.080 Event: 0x12048 USMF-8
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.110 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.120 Event: 0x12048 USMF-7
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.150 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.160 Event: 0x12048 USMF-6
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.190 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.200 Event: 0x12048 USMF-5
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.230 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.240 Event: 0x12048 USMF-4
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.270 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.280 Event: 0x12048 USMF-3
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.310 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.320 Event: 0x12048 USMF-2
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.350 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.360 Event: 0x12048 USMF-D
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.390 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.400 Event: 0x12048 USMF-1
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.430 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.440 Event: 0x12048 USMF-8
01:trunk 1:000 10:46:27.480 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
01:dsp:000 10:46:27.640 Event: 0x120a0 1101 (B ON)
01:dsp:000 10:46:28.780 Event: 0x120a0 1001 (B OFF)

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Results are summarized in the following table, showing the first three cycles
(shaded differently):

Event Timing (ms) Comments

Seizure 0 Taken as base of timing

Seizure Acknowledge 40

MF 1 from inbound side 130 Request first digit

MF end from inbound side 190

MF 1 from outbound side 320 First DID

MF end from outbound side 380

MF 2 from inbound side 510 Request next digit

MF end from inbound side 570

MF 2 from outbound side 800 Second DID

MF end from outbound side 860

MF 2 from inbound side 990 Request next digit

MF end from inbound side 1050

MF 3 from outbound side 1180 Third DID

MF end from outbound side 1240

… … …

Answer code 3190 And 500 Hz tone for ANI request

Beginning of ANI

MF D 3580 Beginning of series

MF 1 3620 Category

MF 8 3660 last ANI

MF 7 3700 (last–1) ANI

… … …

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AG 4000 Tests Preliminary Results

Tests on AG 4000 boards were carried out using the CASmon utility.
The test setup is an AG 4000 with two trunks connected with a loopback cable.
Channel 60 places calls to channel 0 using R1.5.
(Dialing: 1234567, Category 1, ANI 2345678)
----------------------------------------------------------
CASmon - CTA Digital CAS protocols tester V.1(Apr 28 1999)
test start time = Wed Apr 28 15:02:12 1999
----------------------------------------------------------
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:33.270 Event: 0x120a0 1001 (B OFF)
00:dsp:000 15:02:33.300 Event: 0x120a0 1101 (A ON)
00:dsp:000 15:02:33.370 Event: 0x12048 USMF-1
00:dsp:000 15:02:33.430 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:33.530 Event: 0x12048 USMF-1
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:33.590 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:dsp:000 15:02:33.690 Event: 0x12048 USMF-2
00:dsp:000 15:02:33.750 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:33.850 Event: 0x12048 USMF-2
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:33.910 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:dsp:000 15:02:34.010 Event: 0x12048 USMF-2
00:dsp:000 15:02:34.070 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:34.170 Event: 0x12048 USMF-3
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:34.230 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:dsp:000 15:02:34.330 Event: 0x12048 USMF-2
00:dsp:000 15:02:34.390 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:34.490 Event: 0x12048 USMF-4
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:34.550 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:dsp:000 15:02:34.650 Event: 0x12048 USMF-2
00:dsp:000 15:02:34.710 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:34.810 Event: 0x12048 USMF-5
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:34.870 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:dsp:000 15:02:34.970 Event: 0x12048 USMF-2
00:dsp:000 15:02:35.030 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:35.130 Event: 0x12048 USMF-6
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:35.190 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:dsp:000 15:02:35.290 Event: 0x12048 USMF-2
00:dsp:000 15:02:35.350 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:35.450 Event: 0x12048 USMF-7
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:35.510 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:dsp:000 15:02:35.610 Event: 0x12048 USMF-4
00:dsp:000 15:02:35.670 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END

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00:trunk 1:000 15:02:35.770 Event: 0x12048 USMF-C

00:trunk 1:000 15:02:35.830 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:dsp:000 15:02:35.960 Event: 0x120a0 1001 (B OFF)
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.280 Event: 0x12048 USMF-D
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.290 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.300 Event: 0x12048 USMF-1
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.330 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.340 Event: 0x12048 USMF-8
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.370 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.380 Event: 0x12048 USMF-7
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.410 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.420 Event: 0x12048 USMF-6
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.450 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.460 Event: 0x12048 USMF-5
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.490 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.500 Event: 0x12048 USMF-4
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.530 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.540 Event: 0x12048 USMF-3
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.570 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.580 Event: 0x12048 USMF-2
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.610 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.620 Event: 0x12048 USMF-D
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.650 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.660 Event: 0x12048 USMF-1
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.690 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.700 Event: 0x12048 USMF-8
00:trunk 1:000 15:02:36.730 Event: 0x12049 USMF_END
00:dsp:000 15:02:36.860 Event: 0x120a0 1101 (B ON)
00:dsp:000 15:02:37.910 Event: 0x120a0 1001 (B OFF)

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Results are summarized in the following table, showing the first three compelled
cycles (differentiated by shading):

Timing
Event (ms) Comments
Seizure 0 Taken as base of timing

Seizure Acknowledge 30

MF 1 from inbound side 100 Request first digit

MF end from inbound side 160

MF 1 from outbound side 260 First DID

MF end from outbound side 320

MF 2 from inbound side 420 Request next digit

MF end from inbound side 480

MF 2 from outbound side 580 Second DID

MF end from outbound side 640

MF 2 from inbound side 740 Request next digit

MF end from inbound side 800

MF 3 from outbound side 900 Third DID

MF end from outbound side 960

… … …

Answer code 2690 And 500 Hz tone for ANI request

Beginning of ANI

MF D 3010 Beginning of series

MF 1 3030 Category

MF 8 3070 last ANI

MF 7 3110 (last–1) ANI

… … …

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Appendix A

Glossary

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ABCD bits The four signaling bits used in channel associated signaling. The value
that these bits take determines or indicates the state of the telephone
channel. Many protocols do not use all four bits. Usually, only the A
and B bits are used in North America, but all four are used in Europe.
See also CAS.

A bit See ABCD bits.

A-law An encoding scheme that determines how an analog speech signal is

converted to a digital signal. A-law encoding is used in Europe. The
other algorithm, mu-law, is used in North America and Japan. See also
mu-law.

AG The NMS Alliance Generation family of telephony and voice

processing hardware.
AG configuration file
Text file (usually named ag.cfg) that provides configuration
information for all AG boards in a system. The AG configuration file
also specifies runtime software such as DSP files and TCPs to
download to the AG board(s) as part of board initialization. agmon uses
the AG configuration file to initialize and load the AG boards in the
system. See also agmon, DSP file, TCP.

agmon Utility program which reads a configuration file and uses it to load and
monitor AG hardware.

ANI Automatic Number Identification; a network service that provides a

called party with the phone number of the calling party. It is typically
available to the called party in R1, R2, and ISDN signaling systems.
The implementation of ANI can vary between different telephone
companies and even different central office switches. See also CAS.

API Application Programming Interface; a library of function calls that

allow an application developer to access functionality in a uniform and
consistent way.
blocking (function call)
Stopping the executing process or thread while waiting for an internal
completion event or signal.

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blocking (telephone call)

Call control action taken by an application to refuse any further
incoming calls. Depending on the telephony protocol, blocking calls on
a line tells the CO (Central Office) or switch not to offer any calls, or
causes the line to reject every call that is being offered. Some protocols
allow an application to designate a particular rejection method, such as
playing a busy signal or a reverse-make busy signal.

call control Any part of telephone call establishment, including setting up,
blocking, monitoring, transferring, releasing, or tearing down the
telephone call.

call progress In CT Access, functions that allow the application to control and
supervise call placement. Call progress monitors in-band energy to
detect network tones, voice, and other tones such as modems.

CAS Channel Associated Signaling; a signaling method where signaling

information is provided on a line-by-line or channel-by-channel basis.
Signaling information is sent for each channel at regular intervals,
regardless of state changes. Each transmission channel is associated
with one or more transmission paths.

CEPT Conference of European Postal and Telecommunications

administrations; a European telephony standards committee.

CEPT E1 A standard used in Europe for digital telephone carriers. CEPT E1 is

similar to T1 but operates at 2.048 Mbps and has 32 channels instead of
T1’s 24. See also T1.

CCITT Comité Consultatif Internationale de Télégraphique et Téléphonique,

now called the ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union-
Telecommunications Services Sector); the United Nations agency
concerned with telecommunications standards, the harmonized
evolution of networks and services, and support for developing
countries.

channel An electronic communications path. In digital telephony, a channel

usually refers to a separate connection carried on a digital trunk.
Channel Associated Signaling
See CAS.

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compelled sequence
An exchange of in-band signaling during call setup, where each party
waits for receipt acknowledgment from the other party before sending
the next signal.

CT Access Natural MicroSystems development environment for telephony

applications.

DID number Direct Inward Dial number; the called number which is collected by
the TCP and is passed to the application.

digital Information in a discrete or quantized form.

Digital Signal Processor
See DSP.

DSP In telephony, a Digital Signal Processor; a microprocessor that is

designed to perform the calculations required for voice processing.

DSP file A low-level program, downloaded to a board at initialization, that

enables the board’s DSPs to perform tasks such as DTMF signaling,
voice recording, and playback.

DTMF Dual-Tone-Multi-Frequency; an in-band signaling system that uses

two simultaneous voice-band tones for dialing. Also called touchtone.

E1 See CEPT E1.

E&M E lead and M lead; a telephone signaling system used between two
switches that uses two wires called the E lead and the M lead. In digital
E&M signaling, the A bits and B bits are used.

EUC protocols EUropean digital Channel associated signaling protocols. A protocol

family including special channel associated signaling protocols used in
certain European countries. The protocols use two-bit line signaling,
not as specified by CCITT, but as specified by national documents. The
register signaling is either carried by in-band DTMF tones (not
compelled) or by out-of-band decadic pulses. Also known as EuroCAS.
See also CAS.

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events In CT Access, data structures that contain notification of certain

conditions or state changes. Events can be sent from the hardware or
from another software module to the application program. The event
structure contains information about the specific event, including a
timestamp, associated CTA context, specific data, error codes, or
reason codes.

full-duplex Simultaneous two-way voice and two-way signal data transmission.

gateway application
Generic term for a host-based application with interfaces to more than
one network (for example, packet-switched and circuit-switched).
Gateway applications are used to route data from one network to
another and/or from one protocol to another.

H.100 bus A PCM digital bus standard for integrating hardware from various PC
board vendors which enables boards to share voice data, signaling data,
and switching information. The H.100 bus is an interoperable superset
of the H-MVIP and MVIP-90 telephony buses. It can be addressed
using the MVIP-95 switch model. See also MVIP-90, MVIP-95.

host The PC on which an application runs. Also used to designate a

computer with full two-way access to a network such as a local area
network or the Internet.
inbound application
An application designed to receive inbound calls.

inbound call A call received by an inbound application, placed by a remote party.

IVR Interactive Voice Response; a telephony application in which callers

interact with a program using recorded or synthesized voice prompts,
DTMF digits, or speech recognition to query or deliver information.

IWK International WinK Start protocols; a protocol family that includes

country-specific variations of the US Wink Start protocol used in
certain countries on T1 trunks. The protocol uses one-bit signaling, and
performs register signaling by in-band DTMF or MF tones, or by out-
of-band decadic pulses.

line A logical telephone connection on which a call can take place.

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loopback A local connection between the input and output of a device. This is
typically used for testing purposes.

MF Multi-Frequency; an in-band interoffice tone-based signaling method

using pairs of frequencies from a set of six available frequencies.

MFC-R2 ITU standard line protocol for E1 lines using compelled MF tones and
channel-associated signaling. Almost every country has a national
variant of this standard. See also CAS.

MFS Multi-Frequency compelled Socotel standard protocol: a protocol that

uses one-bit steady-state line signaling and performs register signaling
using MF tones. It uses a compelled scheme that is different from the
CCITT or MFC-R2 schemes. MFS is used in only one country (Spain)
and only on E1 lines.

mu-law One of two algorithms used in telephony to logarithmically compress

or expand digitized speech. mu-law is used in North America and
Japan. A-law is the other algorithm, used in European networks. See
also A-law.

MVIP Multi-Vendor Integration Protocol; PCM digital bus standard for

integrating various board vendors. Facilitates software-controlled
digital switching within the PC chassis. MVIP interconnects switching
and telephony processing boards on a PC. MVIP is an interoperable
subset of the H.100 bus standard. See also H.100 bus, host.

MVIP-90 Original MVIP standard for hardware and software requirements for a
standard telephony bus.

MVIP-95 Device driver specification for H-MVIP, H.100, and H.110 telephony
buses.

MVIP bus A high-speed, multiplexed digital telephony “highway” which allows

boards to share data, signaling information, and switching information.

NMS Natural MicroSystems Corporation.

off-hook The active state of a telephone circuit. The term is derived from old
telephone sets where the receiver, when in use, was lifted from a hook
attached to a switch. The opposite condition is on-hook.

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outbound application
An application designed to place outbound calls.

outbound call A call placed by an application to a remote party.

out-of-band In telephony, information carried outside of the audio or voice channel.

pattern In telephony, a repeated 8-bit sample applied to an output terminus of a

switch block.

PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect; a 32/64 bit local bus inside a PC.

port A point of connection; refers to a logical entity on a DSP board which

can run telephony protocols, play and record voice files, or execute
other DSP functions. It is typical to connect such a DSP port to a line
interface or a trunk by using CT bus switching. This type of port
generally corresponds to a CTA context in the ADI service. Refers to
telephone connections supported by a board (for example, the AG 2000
board is an 8-port board).
protocol (telephony)
Defined procedure for call setup and call teardown.

Pulsed E and M A telephone signaling system used between two switches that uses two
wires called the E lead and the M lead. In analog E and M, the M lead
of one switch is connected to the E lead of the other, and vice versa. In
digital E and M signaling, a single bit is used to convey signaling
states. See also E&M.

R1.5 System R1.5; an international protocol family that includes channel

associated signaling protocols used for E1 lines in Russia.

R2 signaling One of several standards for channel associated signaling. See also
CAS.
release guard time
An interval in which an inbound protocol remains in blocking state
after both parties have hung up.

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runfile Mandatory low-level runtime software which is downloaded to an AG

board as part of its initialization. The runfile for a board is specified in
the AG configuration file. When agmon runs, it transfers the runfile
from the host into on-board memory. See also AG configuration file,
agmon.

SIT Special Information Tone; a series of three tones followed by an

informational voice message indicating a network error such as
congestion or an unknown telephone number.

solicited event An event that occurs as a consequence of some function call.

special information tone
See SIT.

stream A grouping of timeslots that usually corresponds to a particular bit-

stream of time-domain multiplexed (TDM) serial data on an individual
track or wire of a bus.

switch In telephony, a device that can connect one of several inputs to one of
several outputs.
synchronous function
A function that does not return until the operation it initiated has
completed.

T1 A standard for telephone transmission that multiplexes 24 digital voice

channels on a single 1.544 Mbyte/s carrier.

TCP Trunk Control Program; a downloadable module containing the low-

level code to interface with an analog or digital trunk running a certain
protocol. TCPs are specific to a trunk protocol; for example, one-way
inbound with wink start (which is used for DID and DNIS).

timeslot Specifies a particular 64 kbit/s subdivision of a TDM bus stream.

Timeslots number from zero (0) to n where n is stream-dependent.

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toll category In MFC-R2 and E&M protocols, the digit received by the inbound
application that indicates the Group II category of incoming ANI digits.
Usually this is the same as the user category, but in some countries it
carries the toll category of the call. See also ANI, E&M, MFC-R2,
user category.

trunk For NMS products, a trunk isdefined as the physical interface between
the telephone network and the board. It can be used interchangeably
with line because it could be connected to either a trunk or a line.
In telephone networks, a trunk is defined as a shared connection
between two switches. It differs from a line in that it is not dedicated to
one subscriber or extension. Trunks should have good machine-to-
machine interfaces. Compared to lines, trunks have different signaling
requirements, possibly including billing information.
Trunk Control Program
See TCP.
unsolicited events
Events that are not generated in response to a command.

user category In MFC-R2 and E&M protocols, the digit received by the inbound
application that indicates the Group I category of incoming ANI digits;
e.g., normal subscriber, operator, maintenance equipment. See also
ANI, E&M, MFC-R2, toll category.

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