International Journal of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering Research (IJEEER)

ISSN (P): 2250-155X; ISSN (E): 2278-943X
Vol. 8, Issue 1, Feb 2018, 11-20
© TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

MODELLING AND DESIGNING OF CASCADED 9 LEVEL VOLTAGE SOURCE

CONVERTER BASED ON DVR FOR MITIGATING HARMONICS

IN DISTRIBUTED POWER SYSTEMUSING UNIT VECTOR

N. EASHWARAMMA1, J. PRAVEEN2 & M. VIJAYAKUMAR3

1
Research scholar Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
2, 3
Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT

The objective is to mitigate power quality problems and its occurrence on the distributed lines in
power system field. Here, the harmonics are voltage sag, swell, total harmonic distortion and power factor
correction. The capacitor supported dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) was designed with the 9 level cascaded
multilevel inverter (MLI). This paper utilizes the error signal to control the triggering of the switches of an
inverter using unit vector of space vector modulation and pulse width modulation inverter presage

Original Article
compensation scheme. SRFT has also been used for conversion of voltage from rotating vector to
stationary. Main goal was to reduce power quality problems like sag, swell, and harmonics and power factor
correction. Simulation results have been verified with and without MLI.

KEYWORDS: 9 Level Cascaded MLI, SVM PWM (Unit Vector) & DVR

Received: Nov 29, 2017; Accepted: Dec 19, 2017; Published: Jan 09, 2018; Paper Id: IJEEERFEB20182

INTRODUCTION

Power system fields are of two variants, such as transmission lines and distribution lines power system
field. The consumers usually expect interrupted electricity supply without having any knowledge about the source
or supply. Even the industrial and commercial bodies expect high load and uninterrupted power supply. When we
focus on distributed lines, they mostly have nonlinear loads and critical loads. More number of harmonics occurs
in the distribution line because of these loads. If one expects uninterrupted and high quality power supply, this
means there should be zero harmonics in the distribution lines. Many flexible alternating current transmission
system (FACTS) devices are available, such as C which is used to increase the transfer capacity in distribution
network. FACTS are power electronics-based static devices. These are used to minimize the harmonics in
distribution lines.

Voltage sag occurs if any faults is detected in the transmission lines or distribution lines, or if any large
load changes are observed. If there is power line switching, and any additional loads are utilized by the consumers,
then this leads to voltage swell. These harmonics are very harmful and can damaged as well as decrease the life
span of loads. DVR is a custom powered device which is connected in between the source and load. It’s main
purpose is to compensate the harmonics like sag swell. Because of switching operations, consumers using washing
machine and current heaters faced power fluctuations and flickering of lights. Hence, harmonics like sag, swell and

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12 N. Eashwaramma, J. Praveen & M. Vijayakumar

flickers are minimized by using power quality circuit in distribution lines.

By good quality, it means: low phase unbalance, less flickering in load voltage, less deformation in load voltage
due to harmonics, level and extent of overvoltage and under voltage within specific limits and no power interruptions.

POWER QUALITY

The power quality circuit delivered quality power in transmission lines and distribution lines. This circuit is
connected to distribution line in between source and load and is developed based on FACTS. In this paper, main purpose of
power quality circuit is to mitigate harmonics in distribution lines.

Power Quality Problems

In power system field power quality is affected in many reasons. Power quality problems occur in power system
networks. Hence, these networks produce non-standard voltage, thereby maintaining the quality power care in distribution
lines FACTS. The power quality problems are sag, swell, flickers, etc. These harmonics are reduced by using FACTS in
distribution lines.

DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER (DVR)

A DVR is custom power device, which is connected to the distribution lines in series. This device’s main aim is
that it injects the missing voltage in to the system for maintaining the load voltage to constant. Its location in the
distribution lines is in between source supply and sensitive loads. DVR maintains continuous power quality and also
quickly compensates the power quality problems like sag, swell, flickers, etc. There are different control techniques
implemented in DVR. DVR operation principle involves injection of a voltage through an injection coupling transformer
that is the difference between pre-sag and sagged voltage.

Figure 1 shows a block diagram of DVR consisting of 1) Injection Transformer 2)LC Filter 3) Voltage Source
Converter or Inverter (VSC or VSI) and 4)Control System or Control unit and 5) Capacitor.

Figure 1: DVR Block Diagram

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF DVR

Figure 2 shows equivalent circuit of DVR. It consists of source voltage V source, Source impedance Zs,
Impedance of dvrZdvr and Injecting voltage Vinj.

Impact Factor (JCC): 7. 8965 NAAS Rating: 3.19

Modelling and Designing of Cascaded 9 Level Voltage Source Converter Based on 13
DVR for Mitigating Harmonics in Distributed Power System using Unit Vector

Figure 2: Equivalent Circuit of DVR

CASCADED NINE-LEVEL INVERTER

A single phase of this inverter consists of four simple H-bridge inverters, each can produce three output voltages
+Vdc, 0 or –Vdc, thus the whole inverter can produce nine voltage levels. Each H-bridge will be switched on and off only
once during each half cycle of the main harmonic. The harmonics produced by this way will be the main harmonic in
addition to odd sine harmonics only. Figure 3 shows the structure of a single phase of this inverter. This multi-level
inverter is made from several full-bridge inverters. The AC outputs for each different level of the full bridge inverters are
connected in series so that the synthesized voltage waveform becomes the sum of the inverter outputs.

Figure 3: Power Electronic based Circuit of Nine Level Inverter

Figure 4: Switching Pulses of Nine Level Inverter

Control Scheme

The principle contemplations for the control of a DVR are identification of the starting and completion of the
hang, voltage reference era, transient and unfaltering state control of the infused voltage and security of the system. Any

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14 N. Eashwaramma, J. Praveen & M. Vijayakumar

control technique implemented to control the DVR should fulfil all the above aspects. The basic idea behind the control
strategy is to find the amount by which the supply voltage is dropped. For this, the three phase supply voltage is compared
with the reference voltage Vref. If there is a voltage sag, then an error occurs. This error voltage is then sent to the PWM
generator, which generates the firing, pulses to the switches of the VSI such that the required voltage is generated.
The whole control strategy can be implemented in 2-ϕ rotating (d-q) coordinate system. To achieve the desired pulses, the
firing pulses to PWM VSI are controlled. The actual bus voltage is compared to the reference value and the error is passed
through a PI controller. The controller generates a signal which is given as an input to the PWM generator. The generator
finally generates triggering pulses such that the voltage imbalance is corrected. The block diagram of the control circuit is
shown in Figure. 5.

Figure 5: Control Circuit of DVR

Space Vector Modulation for Pulse Width Modulation Inverter

The Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) module inputs modulation index commands (U_Alpha and U_Beta) which
are orthogonal signals (Alpha and Beta) as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Space Vector Diagram for Nine-Level Switching

The Pulse Width modulation technique permits to obtain three phase system voltages, which can be applied to the
controlled output. Space Vector Modulation (SVM) principle differs from other PWM processes in the fact that all three
drive signals for the inverter will be created simultaneously. The implementation of SVM process in digital systems
necessitates less operation time and also less program memory.

The SVM algorithm is based on the principle of the space vector u*, which describes all three output voltages ua,
ub and uc.

u* = 2/3.( ua + a.ub + a2.uc)

Proposed System Working Principle

DVR with Cascaded Nine-Level Inverter

In this section, DVR had been implemented with multilevel inverter of nine-level (A cascaded nine-level H-bridge
inverter was designed). Three phase power supply is connected to the system. This proposed system’s main goal is to

Impact Factor (JCC): 7. 8965 NAAS Rating: 3.19

Modelling and Designing of Cascaded 9 Level Voltage Source Converter Based on 15
DVR for Mitigating Harmonics in Distributed Power System using Unit Vector

mitigate sag swell, THD and power factor correction. PCC voltage source purpose is maintained at constant voltage in
distribution line. The load voltage is maintained sinusoidal by injecting proper compensation voltage by the DVR. Though
various topologies may be used to realize the VSC, multilevel inverter technology
technology has emerged recently as a very
important alternative in the area of high-power
high medium-voltage energy control. Proposed circuit more preferred in high
voltage and high power application. Multilevel converters can synthesize the output voltage with smaller
sm steps and reduce
harmonic content, while potentially resulting in smaller dv/dt thus lowering the electromagnetic effect. From Figure
Fig 9,
nine- level inverter was designed with 3-arm
3 H-bridge
bridge inverter by connecting in series to each other to make cascaded
casc H-
bridge nine-level
level inverter. The multilevel inverter was defined by (2N+1), here N is number of inverters connected in
either in series or parallel. The output voltage of the nine-level
nine level inverter is the performance of the DVR with Cascaded H-
H
bridge nine-level
level inverter is demonstrated for different supply voltage disturbances, such as voltage sag and swell.
Harmonics are reduced by filters as shown in the figure. Figure
Fig 9shows 9 level cascaded H Bridge MLI by using unit
vector of space vector modulation technique for PWM inverter. Figure 10. shows the simulation digram of unit vector this
is a new control technique and the reference voltage estimated using the unit vectors digram.Unit vector means 16 values
or angles entered in to the PWM generatorand in which place is reduced harmonics those values or duty cycle are
considered. Without DVR, MLI THD is 19.84% and with DVR, MLI THD is 0.27% and without DVR, Power Factor is
0.78 and with DVR, power factor is 0.9993. From this data with nine level cascaded H inverter is more eficient or
considered an excellent procedure for compensating the power quality problems

SIMULATION RESULTS
Simulation without DVR

Figure 7:: DVR without Cascaded Figure 8: DVR with Cascaded H-Bridge
H
Nine-Level
Level Inverter Nine-Level
Level Inverter

Figure 9: Simulation Design of Cascaded H-Bridge Nine-Level Inverter

with SV Modulation for PWM Control Technique

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16 N. Eashwaramma, J. Praveen & M. Vijayakumar

Figure 10: Simulation of Unit Vector(New Control Technique)) (The

(
Reference Voltage Estimated using the Unit Vectors)

Figure 11: Injecting Voltage from DVR Figure 12: Sag and Swell at Source Side Voltage

Figure 13: Load Voltage Figure 14: Output Voltage in VSC (Voltage of
Cascaded H-Bridge
Bridge Nine-Level
Nine Inverter)

Figure 15: Reference Voltage (Vlref) Figure 16: Voltage Magnitude at Load Side

Figure 17: Vdc(dc Voltage) Figure 18: Voltage Magnitude at Load Side (Rms Voltage

Impact Factor (JCC): 7. 8965 NAAS Rating: 3.19

Modelling and Designing of Cascaded 9 Level Voltage Source Converter Based on 17
DVR for Mitigating Harmonics in Distributed Power System using Unit Vector

Figure 19: Harmonic Spectrum with ML Figure 20: Harmonic Spectrum with MLI

Table 1
S.NO TYP OF DVR THD (%)
1 WITH OUT MLI 23.82
2 WITH MLI 0.27

Table 2
S.NO TYP OF DVR POWER FACTOR
1 WITH OUT DVR 0.78
2 WITH DVR 0.9993

CONCLUSIONS

To maintain balanced power quality problems in the distributed lines. This paper’s scope is to mitigate the voltage
sag swell, Total harmonics and Power factor correction. Power quality Circuit was developed by using Matlab/simulink
software here used sim power system tool. The Synchronous reference frame theory has been used for estimating the
reference DVR voltages. The control system implemented here is based on DQO technique which is a scaled error between
supply side of the DVR and its set reference value. The references load voltage estimated using the method of unit vectors
(trial or hit and error method), and the control of DVR has been achieved, with minimization of error of voltage injection.
It is concluded that the voltage injection in phase with the PCC voltage results in minimum rating of DVR. The simulation
results showed the DVR quality problems effectively and provided excellent voltage regulation.

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1. N. Eashwaramma. B.Tech (EEE), M.Tech (Ph.D). I did B.Tech from G. Narayanamma Institute of
Technology and Science and M.Tech from JNTUH Kukatpally, Hyderabad and I am pursuing Ph.D in the field power
Electronics from JNTUA, Anantapuramu.

Impact Factor (JCC): 7. 8965 NAAS Rating: 3.19

Modelling and Designing of Cascaded 9 Level Voltage Source Converter Based on 19
DVR for Mitigating Harmonics in Distributed Power System using Unit Vector

2. Main_Author: Dr. J. Praveen B.E (EEE), M.Tech, Ph.D. Profesor in GokarajuRangaraju Institute of
Engineering and Technology. Graduate from Osmania university college of Engineering (Autonomous) in EEE Hyderabad.
He has done Masters from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Institute of post Graduate and Research
Center. He has Doctrate in philosophy in Electrical Engineering from Osmania university in the field of power Electronics.
Research work carried out at BHEL Research and Development Center with support of university Grants Commission
(UGC) fellowship. He has more than 45Research publications in international and national journals and conferences. He is
presently guiding eight Ph.D students in the Power Electronics area with JNTUH. He is a technical specialist for DNV, an
ISO 9000 certification, Norway based company for Auditing Electrical and Electrical Industries. He has audited
GATECH(SITAR,DRDO Organisation),OSM Opto Electronics and other industries in this field. He has visited Nanyang
University. Singapur recently for improving quality in education. He is the member for ISTE and other leading
professional bodies. He is a certified teacher and trainer from Cambridge University. He is a Master trainer for Wipro
Mission 10x activities. He is certified on high impact teaching skills by Dale camegie and Associates inc Trainers (USA).

CO_Author: Dr.M.VijayaKumar, M.Tech, Ph.D, Professor & Director, Department of EEE, JNTUA College of
Engineering, Anantapuramu, has 23 years teaching experience and 18 years research experience. Publications: Journals,
international and national 40 and Conferences: international and national 53. Research Areas: Power Electronics &
Industries Drives, Machines, Instrumentation. Additional Information

(i) Served as Head of EEE Dept., JNTU CEA from 2006-2008. (ii) Serves as Registrar of JNTUA from 2008-2010. (iii)
Chairman, UG BoS, JNTUA, Anantapuramu (iv) Coordinator of AICTE project: Microcontroller/Microcomputer based
Instrumentation, worth. Rs. 5.0 Lakhs (v) Principal Investigator for UGC project: Fuzzy and ANN based controllers for
vector controlled Induction motor Drives. Contact Details: Address: Professor of EEE Dept., JNTUA CEA, Anantapuramu.

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