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Introduction To Distance Protection

Distance relays are important protection elements for transmission lines that are typically set based on percentages of line impedances to selectively cover zones along the line. Distance relay characteristics can include Mho, Quadrilateral, and Offset Mho. Additional care may be needed for heavy load conditions or parallel lines due to mutual coupling effects. Distance protection offers advantages over overcurrent protection by having fault coverage that is independent of source impedance variations.

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93 views2 pages

Introduction To Distance Protection

Distance relays are important protection elements for transmission lines that are typically set based on percentages of line impedances to selectively cover zones along the line. Distance relay characteristics can include Mho, Quadrilateral, and Offset Mho. Additional care may be needed for heavy load conditions or parallel lines due to mutual coupling effects. Distance protection offers advantages over overcurrent protection by having fault coverage that is independent of source impedance variations.

Uploaded by

Gokul Rajan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Distance Protection

Distance relays are one of the most important protection elements in a transmission line.

These relays may sometimes be set based in percentages of the line impedances, for example a
typical setting for zone 1 is 80% of the impedance of the line in order to not reach the remote
end, the zone 2 can be set at 120% of the impedance of the line in order to dependably
overreach the line, Zone 3 sometimes are disabled or set to cover an adjacent line.

Distance relays characteristics may be Mho, Quadrilateral, Offset Mho, etc. In the case of the
quadrilateral characteristic or long reaching mho characteristics, additional care may be
required to remain secure during heavy load.

In the case of parallel lines, the mutual coupling of these lines can cause distance relays to under
reach and over reach. For this reason the relay setting must consider this effect, some relays
have algorithms to compensate, but it is necessary to use the current of the parallel line which
adds complexity to the installation.

In some countries there criteria that a distance protection can not reach fault in other voltage
levels, because fault clearing times in sub transmission levels may be slower than fault clearing
times at the transmission level.

The problem of combining fast fault clearance with selective tripping of plant is a key aim for
the protection of power systems.

To meet these requirements, high-speed protection systems for transmission and primary
distribution circuits that are suitable for use with the automatic reclosure of circuit breakers are
under continuous development and are very widely applied.

Distance protection, in its basic form, is a non-unit system of protection offering considerable
economic and technical advantages.

Unlike phase and neutral overcurrent protection, the key advantage of distance protection is that
its fault coverage of the protected circuit is virtually independent of source impedance variations.
Figure 1 –
Advantages of distance over overcurrent protection

Distance protection is comparatively simple to apply and it can be fast in operation for faults
located along most of a protected circuit. It can also provide both primary and remote back-up
functions in a single scheme. It can easily be adapted to create a unit protection scheme when
applied with a signalling channel.

In this form it is eminently suitable for application with high-speed auto- reclosing, for the
protection of critical transmission lines.

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