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First Notes

The document discusses the history and evolution of computers over different generations from the early mechanical devices to modern digital computers. Some key points covered include: - The earliest computing device was the abacus, invented in China. The first programmable device was the Pascaline calculator invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. - The first digital and analog computers were invented by Charles Babbage in 1822. ENIAC, the first fully electronic general-purpose computer, was developed in 1946. - Computers evolved through five generations from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and beyond, with increasing capabilities. Modern computers are based on ultra-large scale integration and can perform tasks like artificial intelligence.

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Manish Sharma
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
184 views

First Notes

The document discusses the history and evolution of computers over different generations from the early mechanical devices to modern digital computers. Some key points covered include: - The earliest computing device was the abacus, invented in China. The first programmable device was the Pascaline calculator invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. - The first digital and analog computers were invented by Charles Babbage in 1822. ENIAC, the first fully electronic general-purpose computer, was developed in 1946. - Computers evolved through five generations from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and beyond, with increasing capabilities. Modern computers are based on ultra-large scale integration and can perform tasks like artificial intelligence.

Uploaded by

Manish Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital and analog Computer

Charactristics of Computer

History of Computer

Generations of Computers

Classification of Computers

 vcsdl (Abacus) dEI;wVj dk izFke :i ekuk tkrk gS bldk vfo"dkj phu esa
gqvk FkkA
 ikLdy dSydqysVj ;k ikLdykbZu dk vfo"dkj Cyst ikLdy }kjk 1642 esa
fd;k x;k ;g dsoy tksM vkSj ?kVkus dk dk;Z gh djrh Fkh] bls ,fMax
e’khu Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA
 fMQjsal batu vkSj ,ukfyfVdy batu dk vfo"dkj pkYlZ cscst }kjk 1822
esa fd;k x;k ;g Hkki ls pyrk FkkA
 lsall VscqysVj dk vfo"dkj geZu gksysfjFk }kjk 1890 esa fd;k x;kA
 ,fud (ENIAC- Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) dk vfo"dkj ,dVZ vkSj eqpyh
}kjk fd;k x;k ;g izFke iw.kZr% Electronic Computer FkkA
 ekbØks izkslslj dk vfo"dkj baVsy dEiuh ds }kjk fd;k x;kA
 International Business Machine (IBM) dks izFke Computer Company ekuk tkrk gS bls fcx
Cyw ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
 pkYlZ cscst dks vius ;ksxnkuks ds fy;s dEI;wVj dk firk dgk tkrk gSA
 Punch Card System dk iz;ksx tSdksMZ ds }kjk fd;k x;k blesa 1 vkSj 0 (Binary )
dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k tks vk/kqfud Digital Computers dh uhao cukA
 First Gereration of Computer ( 1942-1956)
o buds vUrxZr Vacuum tubes dk rkfdZd bdkbZ] Magnetic drums dk
iz;ksx Memory vkSj Punch Card dk iz;ksx Input ds fy;s fd;k x;kA
o buds Instruction Machine Hkk"kk (1 and 0) esa fn;s tkrs FksA
o bl ih<h ds dEI;wVjl esa Universal Atutomatic Computer (UNIVAC), Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) vkSj Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic

Computer (EDVAC) FkkA

o ;s [kphZys] cMh Size vkSj vf/kd xehZ iSnk djus okys FksA
 Second Generation of Computer (1956-1965)
o buds vUrxZr rkfdZd bdkbZ ds :i esa Transistors, Storage ds fy;s
Magnetic Taps ] izkFkfed Memory ds fy;s Magnetic Core Technology vkSj input

ds fy;s Punch Card dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA


o buesa Instruction Assembly Hkk"kk esa fn;s x;sA
o bl ih<h ds dEI;wVjl esa PDP-8. CDC 1604 izeq[k gSA
 Third Generation of Computer ( 1965 to 1975 )
o buds vUrxZr rkfdZd bdkbZ ds :i esa Integrated Circuit (IC) dk
iz;ksx fd;k x;k tks dh Silicon dh cuh gksrh Fkh
o Input vkSj Output bdkbZ ds :i esa Keyboard vkSj Mouse dk iz;ksx
fd;k x;kA
o High Level Language, Operating System, Time Sharing vkSj Multiprogramming dh
vo/kkj.kk blh ih<h esa izkjEHk gqbZA
o IBM 370, PDP 11 bl ih<h ds izeq[k dEI;wVj gSA
 Fourth Generation (1975 to 1988 )
o bl ih<h ds dEI;wVjl esa gtkjks IC ds leku 'kfDr’kkyh Large Scale
Integration (LSI) vkSj Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) IC’s dk iz;ksx fd;k

x;kA
o bl ih<h esa Networking dh 'kq:vkr gqbZ vFkkZr nks ;k nks ls
vf/kd Computers dk ijLij tksMk x;kA
o DOS ds lkFk Windows dk Graphical User Interface blh ih<h ds vUrxZr
vk;kA
o Magnetic Tap vkSj Floppy dk mi;ksx Storage bdkbZ ds :i esa fd;k
x;kA
o bl ih<h ds vUrxZr C /C++ / Database Languages Hkh iz;ksx dh xbZA
o Intel dk izFke Microprocessor 4004 blh ih<h ds vUrxZr iz;ksx gqvkA
IBM dk izFke Home Use Computer blh ih<h ds vUrxZr iz;ksx fd;k

x;kA Apple Company ds }kjk Macintosh Operating System Hkh blh ih<h ds
vUrxZr iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
 Fifth Generation (1988
o ;s Ultra Large scale Integration ( ULSI), Super Large Scale Integration (SLSI) ij vk/kkfjr
Computers gS

o bu Computers esa Artificial Intelligence (AI) , Expert System (ES), Natural Language
Processing (NLP)dk izz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

Computer Characteristics-

Spped-
 Computer ekuo dh rqyuk esa xfr ls dk;Z djrk gSA
 Mille second 10-3, Micro second 10-6, Neno Second 10-9, Pico Second 10-12 Computer dh

xfr;k gSA
 Computer dh xfr dks lkekU;r% Megahertz (MHz) esa ekik tkrk gS

 Personal Computer dh xfr yxHkx 100 MHz gksrh gSA


 MIPS (One Million Instruction Per Seconds)
 MFLOPS (Million Floating Point Operation Per Second)

 India ds Super Computer dk uke Aadiya, PARAM, PRATYUSH

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