7.well Testing of Fractured Reservoirs
7.well Testing of Fractured Reservoirs
7.well Testing of Fractured Reservoirs
7. Well Testing of Fractured Reservoirs
By: Sadeghnejad
[email protected]
What is Pressure Transient Testing?
Increasing Time
Time
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Well Testing – What Can it Tell You?
What does a well test show?
•K
•Damage
•Depletion
•Boundaries
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Investigations and Distances
1 cm 1 m 1 km
Geology
Seismic
Cores
Distance of
Logs
Investigation
Formation Tester
Well tests
Tracers
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Typical Well Testing Behavior
Cartsian
SemiLog
Well Test Interpretation Model
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Reservoir Parameters from Well Test
Dual Porosity Model
Dual porosity models were first introduced by Barenblatt (1960)
Then modified by Warren and Root (1963)
Conceptually the reservoir is viewed as having two components with
some transfer of fluids between them:
The flowing fraction (the fractures)
A stagnant region (the matrix)
Often this is called a ‘sugar cube’ model
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Dual Porosity Model
The high permeability continuum corresponds to:
fractures (secondary porosity) in fractured rocks
high permeability layer in two‐layer reservoirs
The low permeability continuum corresponds to:
block matrix with primary porosity, surrounded by fractures
low permeability layer in two‐layer reservoirs
The bulk of the fluid is stored in the low permeability
matrix in the blocks
The fluid in the block is fed into the fractures but not
into the well
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Representative Elementary Volumes in Dual φ
Double porosity reservoirs have two REV, one for fractures and one for blocks
Each of which has its own governing differential equations for flow
The two REV's depend on the scale of the problem and on the hydraulic properties and
geometry of fracture or block system (Moench 1984)
Pm
REV
q
Pf
Pf is the pressure which is measured at the bottom of the well during a test (Dual
porosity model)
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Dual‐Porosity Model of Barenblatt
k
Darcy’s Law Matrix: u1 =- 1
p1
k2
Fracture: u 2 =- p 2
Conservation of mass: 1
Matrix: .( u 1 ) u * 0
t
2
Fracture: .( u 2 ) u * 0
t
Sk 1
Source term u * = ( p1 p 2 )
u*: representative of flow between fracture & matrix
S: characteristic coefficient (Shape Factor, 1/m2), is proportional to the
specific surface of the blocks
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Dual‐Porosity Model of Barenblatt
For compressible model
0 (1 cp )
The change in porosity is considered to be the result of the change
in pressure of both media (compressibility)
Matrix: d1 =1dp1 1dp 2
Fracture: d2 = 2dp 2 2dp1
Combining all equations:
k1 p1 p Sk
Matrix: p1 1C 1 1 2 1 ( p1 p 2 )
t t
Fracture: k2 p 2 p1 Sk 1
p 2 2C 2 2 ( p1 p 2 )
t t
1
definition: 1C 1 1c & 2C 2 2 2c
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Solution to the Barenblatt Approach
Assumptions:
Ignoring fracture compressibility
Ignoring block permeability
Ignoring the 2nd effect of liquid pressure on φ1C & φ2C
p1 Sk 1
1C 1 ( p p ) 0
t 1 2 Eliminating P1 p k k
1C 1 2 . 2 p 2 1C 1 2 (p 2 ) 0
k2 Sk 1 t Sk t
p (p p ) 0 1
2 1 2
In radial coordinate:
p 2 k 2 1 p 2 k 2 1 p 2
r r 0
t Sk 1 t r r r 1C 1 r r r
IC : p 2 ( r , 0) P0
BC 1: r 0 q cte
BC 2 : p ( r , t ) P
2 0 13
Solution to the Barenblatt Approach
Solution obtained by Laplace transformation:
q
J 0 ( r ) 2k 2 2 k 2
p ( r , t ) P0 1 exp 1 d
2 k 2 h 0
1C 1 Sk 1
J0 is the Bessel function of the 1st kind and zero order
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Warren & Root Approach
Presented a more comprehensive solution to the same
problem
They take into account fracture compressibility
p1 Sk 1
1C 1 t ( p1 p 2 ) 0
C p k 1 p Sk
2
2 2
1
r r r
r ( p p ) 0
2 2 t 1 2
IC : t 0; p1 ( r , 0) p 2 ( r , 0) P0
k 2 p 2
BC 1: r rw , t 0; q 2 rw
r
BC 2 : r , t 0 p 2 p1
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Warren & Root Approach
Writing in the dimensionless parameters:
r k 2t
rD , tD ,
rw 1c1 2c 2 rw2
2 k 2 h 2 k 2 h
p1 D p 0 p1 ( r , t ) , p 2 D p 0 p 2 (r ,t )
q q
Defining two new parameters:
2c 2
Storativity ratio:
2c 2 1c1
k1
Inter-porosity flow coefficient: rw2
k2
In practice, we usually have 0.01<ω< 0.1, and 10‐3<λ<10‐7
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Warren & Root Approach
Inserting these definitions in previously mentioned governing flow
equations results in,
1 p 2 D p 2 D p
Fracture rD 1 1D 0
rD rD rD t D t D
p
Matrix: 1 1D - p 2 D p1D 0
t D
IC : t D 0; p1D p 2 D 0
p 2 D
BC 1: rD 1, t D 0; 1
rD
BC 2 : rD , t D 0 p 2 D p1D 0
For a single‐Ф reservoir (ω=1), the equations reduces to the
standard pressure diffusion equation
In the dual‐Ф model, pressure measured in the wellbore represents
the pressure in those fractures nearest the wellbore
2 k 2 h
p Dw p 2 D rD 1 where: p Dw p 0 pw
q
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Solution to the Warren & Root Approach
General solution in using Laplace transformation:
p2 D rD , t D =L-1
K 0 rD Sf ( S )
S Sf ( S ) K1 Sf ( S )
(1 ) S
f (S )
(1 ) S
L-1 : Laplace inverse transformation
K 0 : Modified Bessel function of 2nd kind of 0 order
K1 : Modified Bessel function of 2nd kind of 1 order
The inverse can not be obtained analytically
For tD>100ω (Simplification):
1 t D t D
p Dw (rD 1, t D ) 0.8091 ln t D Ei Ei
2 1 1
e u
where Ei x = du 18
x
u
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Basic Dimensionless Parameters
Dimensionless storage Capacity, ω,
2c 2 1 1
, S CR : S torage Capacity R atio
1c 1 2c 2 1 1c 1 1 S CR
2c 2
If φ2C2>>φ1C1, SCR0 and ω→1, which correspond to a non‐porous
fractured reservoir
If φ1C1>>φ2C2, SCR∞ and ω→0, which correspond to a conven onal non‐
fractured reservoir
Between 0 and 1, indicates a double porosity reservoir
Dimensionless inter porosity flowing capacity, λ,
K1
rw2
K2
If K1≈K2 the flowing process becomes similar to a single porosity reservoir
If K1<<K2 the flowing process becomes similar to a double porosity system
On the other hand if K1/K2=constant:
If α is high, large contact surface, smaller matrix block, high fracture density
If α is low, reduced contact surface, large matrix block, low fracture density
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Shape Factors in Dual‐Porosity Models
Dimensional analysis shows that α must have dimension of
[1/L2], or [1/m2]
Determination of shape factor is not a simple task
α depends not only on the matrix block geometry but also on
the pressure variations of the surrounding fractures
The precise value of α is found by calculating the smallest
eigenvalue of the diffusion equation inside the matrix block
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Shape Factors in Dual‐Porosity Models
For Warren & Root model:
4n ( n 2) / L 2
n is number of normal set of fractures
L is characteristic dimension of block
a, b, c height length of block face
L a for n 1
L 2ab /(a b ) for n 2
L 3abc /(ab bc ca ) for n 3
For other models:
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Shape Factor for Half Empty Model
The influx from a block is found by integrating the Darcy’s flow over
the outer boundary of the block
km pm
qone block dA
S
n
∂pm/∂n approximated by (Pm‐Pf)/δ where δ is the penetration
depth of the pressure disturbance into the block (i.e. where δ=1/2
reaches the block centre)
k m pm k pm p f km pm p f 2
q one block
S
n
dA m
dA
S
a/2
6a
12 a m p m p f
k
q one block
For a unit volume of reservoir (Vm: volume of single matrix block,
ignoring fracture volume)
q total
1
Vm
12 a k
q one block 3 m
a
p m pf 12
a
2
k
p
m
m pf
km
p m pf 12
a
2
k
p
m
m pf
12
a2 22
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Conventional vs. Dual φ Models
PD PD
The signature of dual
porosity systems on a
semi‐log plot is two
parallel lines
Log tD Log tD
Log WBS Log
Derivative
Derivative
Fracture
Response
Log tD Log tD 23
Why 2 Parallel Line?
Gringarten
(2005)
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Notes
The early and intermediate stages will only take place
when both λ and ω are very small (i.e. important contrast
between the physical properties of fracture and matrix
exists)
In the final stage the flowing process is quasi‐steady state,
since the fluid produced by the well is equal to the fluid
supplied by the matrix to the fracture network
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Log‐Log Plot of Dual‐φ Model
Log PD
ω Kh, S
Log tD
Sometimes the primary radial flow is missed due to the high
wellbore storage effect
It is important to note that the value of skin (S) should be
taken from the second semi‐log straight line 26
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k2 λ=10‐8
The lower the Km or K1 (i.e., lower λ)
λ=10‐7 the more time the fractures will have to
drain before the contribution from the
λ=10‐6 matrix becomes significant
Log tD
PD
As ω is decreased, a greater portion of
ω=0.001
the reserves are contained in the
matrix and the longer it takes for the 2c 2
ω=0.01
matrix and fracture system to reach a 2c 2 1c1
state of equilibrium ω=0.1
Log tD
Log PD
Log tD Log tD
2c 2
Storativity ratio:
2c 2 1c1
k1
Inter-porosity flow coefficient: rw2
k2
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Analytical Representation of Early Stage
Solution to the Warren & Root Approach:
1 t D t D
p Dw (rD 1, t D ) 0.8091 ln t D Ei Ei
2 1 1
At early stages during which the liquid is produced from
fractures:
for x 0.01 Ei x 0.577 ln x
1 tD
Early time: p Dw 0.8091 ln
2
q k 2t
or: pw ln 0.8091
4 k 2 h r c 2 2
2
This is the response expected from a single porosity PD
reservoir that only consists of fractures
It correspond to the first straight line in the semi‐
log plot
Log tD
Analytical Representation of Late Time
At late time:
Ei x 0
1 1
Late time: p Dw 0.8091 ln t D ln 2.25t D 1.15Log 2.25t D
2 2
q k 2t
pw ln 0.8091
4 k 2 h rw 2c 2 1c1
2
q
m
This is straight line parallel to that of early stage( )
4 k h 2
and vertically displaced by 1
ln
PD 1
This is the drawdown expected from a single ln
porosity reservoir with K2 and the both
fracture and matrix storativities
Log tD
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Note
Bourdet and Gringarten (SPE9293, 1984) showed that if one draws a
horizontal line through the drawdown curve at the midpoint
between the two semi‐log straight lines, this line will intersect the
two semi‐log straight line at:
1
t D1 , t D 2 , Euler cte 1.78
tD1, is a measure of the time required for the
volume of fluid that has been depleted from pDw
the matrix blocks near the wellbore to become 1
ln
of the same order of magnitude as the volume early late
depleted from the fractures (Vom=Vof near the
wellbore)
tD2 , is a measure of the time required for the
pressure in the matrix block nearest the well to
come into equilibrium with the pressure in the
surrounding fractures (Pm ≡Pf near the t D1 tD 2 ln t D
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wellbore)
Basic Dimensional Equations
DarwDown Pressure (Infinite Reservoir ) :
t D t D
Pwf Pi m log t D 0.351 0.435Ei 0.435Ei
(1 ) (1 )
DrawDown Pressure (Finite Reservoir , R R o )
1.74m (1 ) 2 t D
Pwf Pi t 1 exp 0.87 m ln R 0 0.75
2
R0
D
(1 )
Build up Pressure ( Infinite Reservoir )
t Dp t D t D t D
Pws Pi m log 0.435Ei 0.435Ei (1 )
t D (1 )
Build up Pressure ( Finite Reservoir , R R o )
1.74m (1 ) 2 t D
Pws Pi t Dp 1 exp (1 )
R 02
q B
m 1.15
2 K 2 h 32
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Example
Van Golf:
Example 1: page 389
Example 2: page 399
33
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