CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Security today is most needed by different fields, business or industry. It expands practically to
world of security, nation’s security and human security. It is the government’s responsibility to take
good care and protect the entire people. The government then must do its best to achieve this goal.
After all, one of the basic needs of human beings is guaranteed security (Peckley and Fonatanos, 2012).

Creating a safe and secure community requires the involvement of all community members. This
is true in neighborhoods, small towns, large cities, and also in college campuses. Working together to
mitigate the consequences on crimes, natural disasters and other hazards; planning and preparing
prompt and deliberate responses to these situations; and establishing means to help the community
recover are all phases of campus safety and security management. Beyond natural inclination to work
together as campus communities to maintain safety and security, institutions of higher education are
legally required to mitigate the impact of threats to campus safety and security through effective all
hazard emergency preparedness (US Department Education, 2011).

All security officers must show good judgment and common sense, follow directions, and
directives from supervisors, accurately testify in court and follow company policy and guidelines. Guards
should have professional appearance and attitude and be able to interact with public. They also must be
able to take charge and direct others in emergencies and other dangerous incidents in large
organization, the security manager is often in charge a trained guard force divided into shifts, whereas in
a small organization, a single worker maybe responsible for all security (University of Missouri- St. Louis,
2015).

Guards who carry weapons must be licensed by the appropriate government authority and
some receive further certification as especial police officers which allow them to make limited types of
arrest while on duty. Armed guards position have more stringent background checks and entry
requirements than those of unarmed guards because of greater insurance liability risk compared to
unarmed security guards, armed guards and especial police typically enjoy higher earning and benefits,
greater job security, more advancement potential and are usually gone more training and responsibility
(University of Missouri-St. Louis, 2015).
 The amount of training guards received varies training requirements are higher for armed
guards because their employers are legally responsible for any use of force. An armed guard receives
formal training in areas such as weapons, retention and laws covering the use of force. (University of
Missouri- St. Louis, 2015).

Security is defined operationally as safety from harm or danger, a term that has different
dimensions in psychology, public safety, defense and military manners and information access, in its
semantic and philosophical sense. It implies a stable, relatively predictable environment which an
individual or group may pursue its ends without disruption or harm, and without fear of such
disturbance or injury. The concept of security is an organizational sense, a means by which safety and
stability can be attained by wide variety of institutional and cultural patterns (Peckley & Fontanos,
2012).

The security of teachers, staff and students are increasingly becoming an issue for school
communities. It is an issue most people to be addressed though the improve security. School security
status is one criteria parent or guardians are now looking for before they will enroll their children in
certain university, college or school. Also it served as front burner issue for school administrators,
faculty and students. School administrators must strive to meet their school’s real security needs
without wasting scars resources on measures that maybe unwarranted. School administrators have aim
for achieving maximum security while maintaining a pleasant environment (Peckley and Fonatanos,
2012).

In the Philippines, the alarming incidence of campus violence committed inside or outside the
higher education institutions (HEIs), and motly involving studnts, has continued to increase in recent
years (Bersamina, 2015).

In the House Bill No. 2982, authored by Cong. Roman Romulo (2013), entitled “An Act
Mandating Higher Education Institutions to promote the Safety and Security of all students from internal
and external threats, thereby creating a Crime Prevention Committee”, or also known as “the Campus
Safety and Security Act”. Romulo (2013) pointed out that in the last quarter of 2012 alone, everal cases
of homicide and murder occurred in the University Belt (U-Belt) area. On October 2, 2012, it was
reported that while standing in the hallway of the Science Department, Joanne Loudes Reyes, a 20-year
old Computer Science student from the University of Sto. Tomas (UST) was assaulted by a grouo of
female students in the campus of Far Eastern University (FEU). Barely a week after, Kevin Roy Castro, an
information technology student from the Adamson University was attacked by at least four (4) fellow
students inside the university. On November 23, 2012, a UST junior Pharmacy student was severely
injured after being beaten and shot by a group of students at the corner of P. Noval and J. Barlin streets
in the U-Belt area.

The situation has raised concerns on the safety and security of the HEI’s the guardian and the
second home of the students, especially spend a great portion of their time inside the campus. All these
cases increasing rate violence in the HEIs have prompted Representative Roman T. Romulo to file this
measure, which specifically calls the creation of the Crime Prevention Committee (CPC) in every HEI. Its
tasks shall include the following formulate, in consultation, with the school head,chief of police where
the college or university is located, punong barangay, and other security specialist as they deem fit, a
Crime Prevention Strategy; to coordinate with college/school principals or deans, as the case may be, in
the maintenance of peace and order within the school/college/university the conduct of seminars or
training on the crime and drug prevention and control in coordination with the National Police
Commission (NAPOLCOM) regional office, local police station or Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG)- Patrol 117, among other;

The security and safety of teachers, staff and students are increasingly becoming an issue in
school or campus communities. It is an issue most people are addressing through improved security. The
school needs security to ensure the safety and protection of the students, teaching and non-teaching
personnel as well as school properties by following laws and regulations. Compared to the school, the
campus also needs security because it is broader in scope since it includes dormitories and residential;
while security in school is focused on school buildings to include classrooms, gymnasiums, function halls
and libraries. The status of the school in terms of security is one criterion parents or guardians are now
looking for before they will enroll their children in certain university, college or school. (Peckly and
Fontanos, 2012).

Specifically, the Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University Mid- La Union
Campus…(DUGTUNGAN MO NALANG NG ABOUT SECURITY NG SCHOOL NYO OKAY SIR MARKY…Please
indicate ilan security personnel ng campus nyo, shifts nila ..san post nila…Alam mo na yan sir ..review
mo ung pic na sinned ko for reference…KAYA MO YAN!!!!)

Theoretical Framework
 The importance of school security management is creating “peace of mind” to school
administrators and help them get control on school security and emergency preparedness planning in
their school and school-community (Corpus & Delizo, 2011).

A common security principle states that “there is no impenetrable barrier”. Thee perfect
breeding conditions of crime are opportunity, capability and motive (PNP, 2014).

The theoretical foundation for security is based on several assumptions: a. individuals choose
hedonism principle – the pleasure over pain for gratification; b. individuals commit crimes when there’s
a great opportunity and no prevention had been done; c. with social control the opportunity for crime
can be reduced; and d. the threat of criminal behavior, activities create situations though with great
harm may occur it prevention and intervention strategies are not implemented. (Hess & Wrobleski,
2009).

Moreover, Ortmeir (2013) said that the theoretical foundation for security may also view from
the elements of crime: offender, opportunity and victim. The elimination of anyone of the three
elements may prevent the crime, solve the problem, or mitigate harm caused by an event.

Rational Choice theory states that man governs his behavior by considerations of pleasure and
pain. The idea that all action is fundamentally “rational” in character and that people calculate the likely
cost and benefits of any action before deciding what to do. The fact that people act rationally has been
recognized by many sociologist, but they have seen rational actions alongside other form of action,
seeing human action as involving both rational and non-rational elements. It is argued that social actions
can be seen as rationally motivated, as instrumental actions, however much it may appear to be
irrational or non-rational (Scott,2000).

On the other hand Classical theory views individuals as a result of “free will” and as being
motivated by hedonism “the pleasure principle”. Individuals are viewed as entirely rational in this
decision-making process in which they will attempt to increase pleasure, even elicit desire, until the
anticipated pain to be derived from a particular activity appears to outweigh the expected enjoyment
(Hagan, 2002).

The saying, “Opportunity” makes the thief,” suggest that crime requires more than just the
presence of a willing offender; it requires an opportunity. Even the most motivated offender cannot
commit a crime unless an opportunity to carry out illegal activity present itself. Notably, numerous
opportunities for crime exist daily, yet they are not ubiquitous. Rather, opportunities are socially
patterned and not evenly distributed across time, across physical or cyberspace, and across persons and
their property. Given these observations, it is apparent that the concept of opportunity is central to
explaining the occurrence of crime incidents across persons and their property (Hernandez & Fisher,
2012).

Security and safety is one of the basic needs as pointed out in the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
This include safety against incidents and injury which only show that people want control and order in
their lives, so this need for security contribute largely to behaviors (Bersamina, 2015).

Thus, security is not a subjective perception which refers to something more real, externally
given, independently existing from this perception; speech act refers only to itself. By verbal labeling an
issue a security threat, it becomes one, in that sense, the speech act is, by itself, self-referential
structure, the structure that refers to itself (Munster, 2012).

Brown (2013) stated that equipment utilized will depend on the approach used, as well as the
size and needs at all campus. A vehicle, whether it is a bicycle or a car, is a vital to crime prevention.
Vehicles provide patrol and escort capabilities. Foot patrol enhances security through building checks for
locked or unlocked doors, stranger control and of the shift building access as well as student access.
Other essential equipment consists of uniforms, keys, flashlights, spray (pepper spray), and two-way
radios for constant communication.

Republic Act no. 5487 “An Act to Regulate the Organization and Operation of Private Detective,
Watchmen and Security Guards Agencies. This act shall be known as “The Private Security Law” as
amended by the Presidential Decree No. 11. Considering the significance of providing security to
industries. The Philippine legislative body enacted this act governing the organization and management
of private security agency, company guard forces and government security forces. (Corpuz and Delizo,
2011).

Security guard or security officer is usually a privately band formally employed person who is paid to
protect properly, and/or assets and /or people. Often security officers are uninformed and act to protect
properly by maintaining a high visibility presence to deter illegal and/or inappropriate actions, observing
(either directly through patrols, or by watching alarm system or video cameras) for signs of crime, fire or
disorder; then taking action and/or any incidents to their client, employer and emergency services
whenever appropriate (Corpuz and Delizo, 2011).

The aforementioned literature and studies have direct bearing with the present study. The data
gathered furnished valuable insights which proved helpful in giving direction to the researcher in the
problem that arose in this study.

In the conduct of this study, the researcher was guided with the research paradigm as shown in
Figure 1, to explain its nature and purpose.

The inputs are the extent of implementation of campus security of DMMMSU-MLUC in terms
of physical; personnel and information; the level of satisfaction of the respondents on the functions of
security personnel in the implementation of campus security in terms of Chief Security Officer and
security guards; and degree of seriousness of the problems encountered in the implementation of
campus security. The process includes the determination of the extent of implementation and level of
satisfaction of respondents on the campus security of DMMMSU-MLUC, and the degree of seriousness
on the problems encountered by the respondents in the implementation of campus security in
DMMMSU-MLUC. A survey on the extent of implementation, satisfaction and problems encountered by
the respondents in campus security as the output and the DMMMSU-MLUC Security Manual is the

expected outcome of the study.

 INPUT OUTPUT
PROCESS

1.Extent of implementation of Survey on the extent of

1.Determination of the extent of
Campus Security of DMMMSU- implementation, satisfaction
implementation and level of
MLUC in terms of : and problems encountered
satisfaction of respondents on
a. physical security by the respondents in
the campus security DMMMSU-
b. personnel security campus security.
MLUC
c. document/information security

2.Determination of the degree

2.Level of satisfaction of the
of seriousness on the problems
respondents on the functions of
encountered by the respondents
security personnel in the
in the implementation of
implementation of campus security
campus security in DMMMSU-
in terms of :
MLUC
a. chief Security Officer
b. security guards

3.Degree of seriousness of the

problems encountered in the
implementation of campus security
in DMMMSU-MLUC.
EXPECTED OUTCOME

Proposed Security Manual

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the extent of implementation of the campus security in Don
Mariano Marcos Memorial State University Mid- La Union Campus .

Specifically, it sought answer to the following questions:

1. What is the extent of implementation of campus security in terms of:

a. Physical security;

b. Personnel security; and

c. Document/ information security?

2. What is the level of satisfaction of the respondents on security services and functions of security
personnel in the implementation of campus security in terms of:

a. Chief Security officer; and

b. Security Guards

3. What is degree of seriousness of the problems encountered by the respondents regarding

campus security?

4. What can be proposed as basis for crafting a security manual of the Don Mariano Marcos
Memorial State University Mid- La Union Campus ?
Importance of the Study

The result of this study is important to the following:

The Administration, Faculty and Staff. This study will help the employees at the institution to
become aware about the precautious for their own safety likewise, bring them attention for the strict
implementation and monitoring of campus security at school.

The Security Guards. This study will serve as a guide for all security guards in fulfilling their
duties and responsibilities in respect to the security and safety of the school.

The Students. This study will encourage all students, to practice and prepare for safety.

The Community. This study will enlighten them to actively participate in the discussion of
matters and issues and give regarding the campus security of DMMMSU-MLUC and encourage them to
recommendations to solve problems encountered.

The Researcher. This study will be his basis in making an action plan or in the formulation of a
security manual.

The Future Researcher. This study will serve as basis and reference, for parallel studies to be
conducted in the future.
Definition of Terms

The researcher operationally defined the following terms as used in this study for better
understanding and comprehension of readers that might come across it.

Administrator. This refers to the persons occupying the top level positions which include the
President, Director for Administration and Finance Services, Director for Academic Affairs and Director
for Research and Extension.

Campus Security. It refers to assurance of safety and protection to all the members of the
academic community including all properties from fear and danger.

Degree of Seriousness. This refers to the degree of difficulties prompted by DMMMSU-MLUC in

implementing campus security.

Document or Information Security. This refers specifically to the security protection of

documents , records and all information resources of the agency or institution from damages and theft.

Extent of Implementation. It refers to the degree to which the security practices are fully and
properly employed to personnel, student and properties in DMMMSU-MLUC.

Level of Satisfaction. It refers to the degree of satisfaction of the respondents in security

services and functions of security personnel.

Personnel Security. This refers specifically to the recruitment and selection of security guards.

Security Guard. It refers to the person employed to protect and secure the entire school and all
its buildings, facilities, equipment, personnel, students and visitors.

Security Manual. This refers to the proposed security manual that will be undertaken in Don
Mariano Marcos Memorial State University Mid- La Union Campus