E192 PDF
E192 PDF
E192 PDF
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
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These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E07.02 on Reference Radiographs.
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Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 1995 as E 192 - 95 (1999). contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
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The reference radiographs are considered to be applicable to all thin-wall steel Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
castings, requiring close tolerances. Such castings generally include those made by the ASTM website.
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the lost wax, frozen mercury, ceramicast or shell mold processes. Available from ASTM Headquarters, Order RRE0192.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E 192 – 04
3.2.2.3 shrinkage, dendritic—a distribution of very fine TABLE 1 Range of Illustration
lines or small elongated cavities that may vary in darkness and Illustration
are usually unconnected. Plate Thick- Applicable Casting
Illustrations
ness, in. Thickness, in. [mm]
3.2.2.4 shrinkage, filamentary—usually a continuous struc- [mm]
ture of connected lines or branches of variable length, width Graded:
and darkness, or occasionally, a network. Gas holes ⁄ [3.2]
18 ⁄ [6.4] and under
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tinuous throughout their length. Cold cracks generally appear Foreign material, less dense ⁄ [9.5]
38 Over 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 [6.4 to 12.7], incl
Foreign material, less dense 3⁄4 [19] Over 1⁄2 to 1 [12.7 to 25.4], incl
singly. They start at the surface.
3.2.4.3 cold shut—a distinct dark line or band of variable Ungraded:
length and definite smooth outline. Discrete Discontinuities:
Foreign material, more
3.2.4.4 misruns—prominent dark areas of variable dimen- dense ⁄
38 [9.5]
sions with a definite smooth outline. Hot tear ⁄
38 [9.5]
3.2.4.5 core shift—a variation in wall thickness. Cold crack ⁄
38 [9.5]
Cold shut 3⁄8 [9.5]
3.2.5 defective mold, is illustrated by such common defects Misrun 3⁄8 [9.5]
as mold crack, mold ridge, rattail, scab, and fin. These Core shift 3⁄8 [9.5]
conditions appear as areas or lines of different darkness than Defective Mold:
Mold buckle, positive ⁄
38 [9.5]
the adjacent material. Illustrations of the defect include: Mold buckle, negative ⁄
38 [9.5]
3.2.5.1 mold buckle, positive—a lightened irregularly Mold ridge ⁄
38 [9.5]
shaped area lightest near the center and gradually increasing in Excess metal in cracked 3⁄8 [9.5]
core
darkness away from the center. Diffraction pattern:
3.2.5.2 mold buckle, negative—a darkened irregularly Columnar 38 ⁄ [9.5]
shaped area darkest near the center and gradually getting Mottled 38 ⁄ [9.5]
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E 192 – 04
4.2 The ASTM penetrameters included on each graded plate 5.1.5 Where the reference radiograph contains multiple
were used for contrast and resolution control only, and in discontinuities, as in the case of gas holes, acceptance may be
accordance with Practice E 1025. All of the references are based upon the aggregate size of the discontinuities, maximum
original radiographs. The radiographic technique used was in discontinuity size in the reference radiograph, the spacing
accordance with Guide E 94 and produced a density of from between discontinuities, or a combination of these and/or other
2.00 to 2.25. criteria.
5.1.6 As a minimum the acceptance criteria should contain
5. Basis for Application information addressing; zoning of the part (if applicable), the
5.1 The reference radiographs may be applied as acceptance maximum acceptable severity level for each discontinuity type,
standards in a variety of ways tailored to the specific applica- and the specified area that the reference radiograph is to be
tion. Application of these reference radiographs as acceptance applied.
standards should be based on the intended use of the product NOTE 2—Caution should be exercised in specifying the grade of
and the following considerations (see Note 2): discontinuity to be met in a casting. Casting design coupled with foundry
practice should be considered. It is advisable to consult with the
5.1.1 The discontinuities in the specified reference radio-
manufacturer/foundry before establishing the acceptance criteria to ensure
graph are acceptable in the specified unit area of the casting the desired quality level can be achieved.
being examined. The size of this unit area should be specified
in the acceptance criteria. 5.2 Film Deterioration—Radiographic films are subject to
wear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which the
5.1.2 Any combination or portion of these radiographs may
image deteriorates over time is a function of storage condi-
be used as is relevant to the particular application. Different
tions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radio-
grades or acceptance limits may be specified for each discon-
graph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss in image
tinuity type. Furthermore, different grades may be specified for
quality over time. The radiographs should therefore be peri-
different regions or zones of a component.
odically examined for signs of wear and tear, including
5.1.3 Special considerations may be required where more scratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth. Any reference radio-
than one discontinuity type are present in the same area. Any graphs which show signs of excessive wear and tear which
modifications to the acceptance criteria required on the basis of could influence the interpretation and use of the radiographs
multiple discontinuity types must be specified. should be replaced.
5.1.4 Where the reference radiographs provide only an
ungraded illustration of a discontinuity, an acceptance level 6. Keywords
may be specified by referencing a maximum discontinuity size, 6.1 aerospace; discontinuities; investment castings; refer-
or a percentage of the discontinuity size illustrated. ence radiographs; steel; x-ray
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