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 I

CNR
ISTITUTO DI STUDI SUL MEDITERRANEO ANTICO
 II

INCUNABULA GRAECA
VOL. CV, 1

Direttori
Marco Bettelli · Maurizio Del Freo

Comitato scientifico
John Bennet (Sheffield) · Elisabetta Borgna (Udine)
Andrea Cardarelli (Roma) · Anna Lucia D’Agata (Roma)
Pia De Fidio (Napoli) · Jan Driessen (Louvain-la-Neuve)
Birgitta Eder (Wien) · Artemis Karnava (Berlin)
John T. Killen (Cambridge) · Joseph Maran (Heidelberg)
Pietro Militello (Catania) · Massimo Perna (Napoli)
Françoise Rougemont (Paris) · Jeremy B. Rutter (Dartmouth)
Gert Jan van Wijngaarden (Amsterdam) · Carlos Varias García (Barcelona)
Jörg Weilhartner (Salzburg) · Julien Zurbach (Paris)

PUBBLICAZIONI DELL'ISTITUTO DI STUDI SUL MEDITERRANEO ANTICO

DEL CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE RICERCHE

DIRETTORE DELL'ISTITUTO: ALESSANDRO NASO

 III

AEGEAN SCRIPTS
Proceedings of the 14th International Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies
Copenhagen, 2-5 September 2015

Volume I
IV
 V

AEGEAN SCRIPTS

Proceedings of the 14th International Colloquium on

Mycenaean Studies, Copenhagen, 2-5 September 2015

Volume I

edited by

Marie-Louise Nosch
Hedvig Landenius Enegren

edizioni
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche

Istituto di Studi sul Mediterraneo Antico - ROMA 2017

 VI

Undertaken and published with the assistance and contribution

of the Lillian and Dan Fink Foundation, the Carlsberg Foundation,
the Danish National Research Foundation, the Institute of Aegean Prehistory,
the R. K. Rasks Legat Foundation and the University of Copenhagen.

The rights of translation, electronic storage, reproduction and total or

partial adaptation by any means (including microfilm and photostatic copies)
are reserved for all countries. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
distributed or transmitted in any form without the written permission of the
Publisher, with the exception of short citations incorporated into reviews
or other non-commercial uses permitted by copyright law.

ISSN 11267348
ISBN 9788880802754

© CNR edizioni, 2017

Piazzale Aldo Moro, 7 - 00185 Roma
 VII

CONTENTS

Volume I

Contents .........................................................................................................VII
Abbreviations ................................................................................................. XI
Preface and acknowledgements .............................................................. XXVII
List of participants .................................................................................... XXXI
Scripts, Palaeography and Research Tools
M. Del Freo, Rapport 2011-2015 sur les textes en écriture hiéroglyphique
crétoise, en linéaire A et en linéaire B ....................................................... 3
M. Egetmeyer, A. Karnava, H. Landenius Enegren and M. Perna,
2011-2015 Report on the Cypriot Syllabic Inscriptions .......................... 31
M. Egetmeyer, A. Karnava, H. Landenius Enegren and M. Perna,
IG XV 1, Inscriptiones Cypri Syllabicae: the completion of
Fasciculus I, Inscriptiones Amathuntis, Curii et Marii ............................ 45
R. Firth, The Find-spots of the Linear B Tablets from the Archives
Complex at Pylos ..................................................................................... 55
F. Aurora, pa-ro, da-mo. Studying the Mycenaean Case System through
DĀMOS (Database of Mycenaean at Oslo) ............................................ 83
T. Meißner and P. M. Steele, Linear A and Linear B: Structural and
Contextual Concerns ................................................................................ 99
H. Tomas, From Minoan to Mycenaean elongated tablets: defining the
shape of Aegean tablets ...........................................................................115
V. Petrakis, Figures of speech? Observations on the Non-phonographic
Component in the Linear B Writing System ...........................................127
J. Weilhartner, Les idéogrammes archéologiques: Does variation
matter? .....................................................................................................169
A. P. Judson, Palaeography, Administration, and Scribal Training:
A Case-study ...........................................................................................193
Y. Duhoux, Aides à la lecture à l’âge du Bronze : Égée, Chypre et
VIII Contents

Proche-Orient ......................................................................................... 209

A. M. Jasink, One-sided Hieroglyphic Seals ................................................ 229
F. Aura Jorro, The Supplement (‘Suplemento’) to the Diccionario
Micénico (DMic.) ...................................................................................253
M. Cultraro and A. Sacconi, Un fragment de vase inscrit en linéaire B
de Prinias ................................................................................................ 269
E. Hallager, LM IIIB Linear B from Knossos and Khania ........................... 275
D. Nakassis and K. Pluta, Vorsprung durch Technik: Imaging the
Linear B Tablets from Pylos................................................................... 285
Interpretations and Contexts
L. M. Bendall, Where was da-wo?................................................................ 301
S. Lupack, The Ea Series: It Takes A Village ................................................... 347
C. W. Shelmerdine, Exceptional Women: Female Roles and Power in
the Linear B Tablets ............................................................................... 363
J. T. Killen, Notes On Linear B Tablets Concerning Wool, Cloth and
Textile Workers ...................................................................................... 381
R. Palmer, Agrimia in the Knossos tablets .................................................... 391
C. Varias García, Mycenaean Terms with the Stem /xenwos/: ‘Foreigner,
Guest, Host’............................................................................................ 417
A. Leukart, A Note on ze-ne-si-wi-jo ............................................................ 429
E. R. Luján, J. Piquero and F. Díez Platas, What did Mycenaean sirens
look like? ................................................................................................ 435
J. Bennet, On Comparison in Linear B: Genetic, Historical or Analogical? ........ 461
N. Antonello Vittiglio, Testimonianze della presenza dei termini ἄλευρα
e ἄλφιτα nei testi micenei ....................................................................... 475
S. Nikoloudis, Tracking Eumedes, the Unguent-boiler: Mycenaean Textual
and Archaeological Clues ...................................................................... 489
E. Kyriakidis, Polity and Administrative Control in Mycenaean Pylos ............ 499

Volume II
Philology and Linguistics
O. Panagl, Einige Paradoxa und Paralipomena im Dialekt der Linear
B-Tafeln ................................................................................................. 517
A. Bernabé and R. Pierini, What, When, Why: Tablet Functions and
o-te Expressions in Context ................................................................... 523
J. M. Jiménez Delgado, The Particle ἄρα from the 2nd to the 1st Millennium ....... 537
I. Serrano Laguna, ma-ka .............................................................................. 549
 Contents IX

J. L. García Ramón, Del trabajo en una nueva gramática del Micénico:

algunos problemas de vocalismo, tu-ma-ko/to-ma-ko, da-ma/du-
ma y la continuidad micénica en Lesbio ................................................ 563
R. J. Thompson, The Mycenaean o-stem Genitive Singular in ‑o: A
Re-evaluation ......................................................................................... 575
E. Džukeska, Semantics of Mycenaean Genitive: A Tentative Analysis
of Genitive Singular Forms ending in -o, /-os ....................................... 591
D. Kölligan, Mycenaean Onomastics and Phraseology: wo-ro- qo-ta,
qe-ro(-)a-ta, qi-ri-ta-ko .......................................................................... 605
Comparative Studies between the Aegean
the Levant and the Ancient Near East
F. Rougemont and J. P. Vita, Les « gens du roi »» à Ougarit et dans le
monde mycénien .................................................................................... 625
J. Zurbach, Esclaves, dette, monnaie en Grèce mycénienne ........................ 659
J. Gulizio, di-u/wi-ja and po-si-da-e-ja: Examples of Indo-European
Female Consorts? ................................................................................... 673
A. Greco, From Middle Assyrian to Mycenaean archives: Some
Comparative and Theoretical Considerations on the Economic
and Political Elites of a Mycenaean Polity............................................. 683
W. E. Bibee and A. M. Wilson-Wright, A Laryngeal in Linear B: Evidence
from Egyptian and Ugaritic ................................................................... 713
Historiography
F. Carraro, The Signs of Linear B and their ‘Use’ during the Decipherment.
An Enquiry among the Decipherers as a Case Study ...............................751
T. G. Palaima, Emmett L. Bennett, Jr., Michael G. F. Ventris, Alice E.
Kober, Cryptanalysis, Decipherment and the Phaistos Disc ...................771
H. Landenius Enegren and M.-L. Nosch, Michael Ventris and
Mycenaean Studies in Sweden and Denmark .........................................789
Reports
Summary of the CIPEM meeting ...................................................................833
Resolutions of the Signary Committee .......................................................... 835
Resolutions of the Committee on scholarly tools ......................................... 839
Indexes
Index of Texts ................................................................................................ 843
Index of Words ............................................................................................... 861
X
 XI

Abbreviations
I. Journals

AA Archäologischer Anzeiger.
AAWW Anzeiger der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in
Wien, Philos.-Hist. Klasse.
ABSA Annual of the British School at Athens.
AC Antiquité Classique
ACD Acta classica Universitatis Scientiarum Debreceniensis.
AD Αρχαιολογικόν Δελτίον
AE Αρχαιολογική Εφημερίς.
ΑΙΩΝ Annali dell’Istituto universitario orientale di Napoli.
AJA American Journal of Archaeology.
AOF Archiv für Orientforschung.
AR Archaeological Reports.
ArchAnAth Αρχαιολογικά Ανάλεκτα εξ Αθηνών.
ASAA Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni
Italiane in Oriente.
BCH Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique.
BIBR Bulletin de l’Institut historique Belge de Rome.
BICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of
London.
BSL Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris.
CArchJ Cambridge Archaeological Journal.
CPh Classical Philology.
CQ Classical Quarterly.
CRAI Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.
Ergon Τό Eργον τής εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας.
G&R Greece and Rome.
IF Indogermanische Forschungen.
JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies.
XII Abbreviations

JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies.

JPR Journal of Prehistoric Religion.
MDAI(A) Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts (Athenische
Abteilung).
MH Museum Helveticum.
MSS Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft.
OAth Opuscula Atheniensia.
OJA Oxford Journal of Archaeology.
PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society.
PP La parola del passato.
PZ Prähistorische Zeitschrift.
RAL Rendiconti della Classe di Scienze morali, storiche e filologiche
dell’Accademia dei Lincei.
RCCM Rivista di Cultura Classica e Medioevale.
RDAC Report of the Department of Antiquities Cyprus.
REA Revue des études anciennes.
REG Revue des études grecques.
REL Revue des études latines.
RFIC Rivista di filologia e di istruzione classica.
RhM Rheinisches Museum für Philologie.
RPh Revue de philologie, de littérature et d’histoire anciennes.
SCO Studi classici e orientali.
SMEA Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici.
SMSR Studi e materiali di storia delle religioni.
SPAW Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
SSL Studi e saggi linguistici.
TAPhS Transactions of the American Philosophical Society.
TPhS Transactions of the Philological Society.
ZAnt Živa Antika.
ZPE Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik.
II. Mycenological conferences
Acta Mycenaea M. S. Ruipérez (ed.), Acta Mycenaea. Actes du
cinquième Colloque international des études
mycéniennes, tenu à Salamanque, 30 mars - 3
avril 1970, 2 vol., Minos 11-12 (1972).
Aegean Scripts M.-L. Nosch & H. Landenius Enegren (eds),
Aegean Scripts. 14th International Colloquium on
Mycenaean Studies, Copenhagen, 2-5 September
 Abbreviations XIII

2015, Incunabula Graeca, Vol. CV:1-2 (2017).

Austin Colloquium Proceedings of the 11th Mycenological Colloquium,
Austin, 7-13 May 2000 (unpublished).
Cambridge Colloquium L. R. Palmer & J. Chadwick (eds),
Cambridge  Colloquium. Proceedings of the
Cambridge Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies
(1966).
Colloquium Mycenaeum E. Risch, H. Mühlestein (ed.),
Colloquium  Mycenaeum. Actes du sixième
Colloque international sur les textes mycéniens et
égéens tenu à Chaumont sur Neuchâtel du 7 au 13
septembre 1975 (1979).
Colloquium Romanum A. Sacconi, M. del Freo, L. Godart & M. Negri
(eds), Atti del XII Colloquio Internazionale di
Micenologia, Roma 20-25 febbraio 2006, Pasiphae
2 (2008).
Études Mycéniennes M. Lejeune (ed.), Études  Mycéniennes. Actes du
Colloque international sur les textes mycéniens,
Gif-sur-Yvette, 3-7 avril 1956, (1956).
Études Mycéniennes 2010 P. Carlier, C. De Lamberterie, M. Egetmeyer, N.
Guilleux, F. Rougemont, J. Zurbach (eds), Actes
du XIII[e] colloque international sur les textes
égéens, Sèvres, Paris, Nanterre, 20-23 septembre
2010 (2012).
Floreant S. Deger-Jalkotzy, S. Hiller, O. Panagl
(eds), Floreant Studia Mycenaea. Akten des
X. Internationalen Mykenologischen Colloquiums
in Salzburg vom 1.-5. Mai 1995, Österreichische
Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-
historische Klasse, Denkschriften, 274 (1999).
Mycenaean Studies E. L. Bennett, Jr. (ed.), Mycenaean Studies:
Proceedings of the Third International Colloquium
for Mycenaean Studies Held at ‘Wingspread’, 4-8
September 1961 (1964).
Mykenaïka J.-P. Olivier (ed.), MYKENAÏKA. Actes du IXe
Colloque international sur les textes mycéniens
et égéens organisé par le Centre de l’Antiquité
Grecque et Romaine de la Fondation Hellénique
des Recherches Scientifiques et l’École française
XIV Abbreviations

d’Athènes, Athènes, 2-6 octobre 1990, BCH Suppl.

XXV (1992).
Res Mycenaeae A. Heubeck, G. Neumann (ed.), Res Mycenaeae.
Akten des VII. Internationalen Mykenologischen
Colloquiums in Nürnberg vom 6.‑10. April 1981
(1983).
Tractata Mycenaea P. Hr. Ilievski, L.  Crepajac (ed.), Tractata
Mycenaea. Proceedings of the Eight International
Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies, held in Ohrid,
15-20 September 1985 (1987).
III. Congresses
2nd Cretological Congress Πεπραγμένα B’ Διεθνούς Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου
(1967).
8 Cretological Congress Πεπραγμένα H’ Διεθνούς Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου,
th

Heraklion, 9-14 September 1996 (2000).

9 Cretological Congress Πεπραγμένα Θ’ Διεθνούς Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου,
th

Elounda, 8-6 October 2001 (2006).

10 Cretological Congress I’  Διεθνές Κρητολογικό Συνέδριο, Khania, 1-8
th

October 2006 (2011).

Culti primordiali I culti primordiali della grecità alla luce delle
scoperte di Tebe, Roma, 24-25 febbraio 2000,
Contributi del Centro Linceo “Beniamino Segre”
109 (2004).
Economy and Politics S.  Voutsaki & J.T. Killen (eds), Economy
and Politics in the Mycenaean Palace States,
Proceedings of a Conference held on 1-3 July
1999 in the Faculty of Classics, Cambridge, TPhS
Suppl. 27 (2001).
Emporia R. Laffineur & E. Greco (eds), EMPORIA. Aegeans
in Central and Eastern Mediterranean, Actes de
la 10e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Scuola
archeologica italiana di Atene, 14-18 Avril 2004,
Aegaeum 25 (2005).
Epi ponton plazomenoi V.  La Rosa, D. Palermo, L. Vagnetti (eds), Ἐπὶ
πόντον πλαζόμενοι. Simposio italiano di Studi
Egei dedicato a Luigi Bernabò Brea e Giovanni
Pugliese Carratelli, Roma, 18-20 febbraio 1998
(1999).
 Abbreviations XV

Fiscality M. Perna (ed.), Fiscality in Mycenaean and Near

Eastern Archives, Proceedings of the Conference
held at Soprintendenza Archivistica per la
Campania, Naples 21-23 October 2004, Studi egei
e vicino-orientali 3 (2006).
Food, Cuisine and Society P. Halstead & J. Barrett (eds), Food, Cuisine and
Society in Prehistoric Greece, Proceedings of the
10th Aegean Round Table, University of Sheffield,
19-21 January 2001 (2004).
Kosmos M.-L. Nosch & R. Laffineur (eds), KOSMOS.
Jewellery, Adornment and Textiles in the Aegean
Bronze Age. 13th international Aegean conference
held at Copenhagen, April 2010/13eme rencontre
égéenne, Copenhague, avril 2010, Aegaeum 33
(2012).
La Crète mycénienne J. Driessen & A. Farnoux (eds), La Crète
mycénienne, Actes de la table ronde organisée par
l’École Française d’Athènes, 26-28 Mars 1991,
BCH Suppl. XXX (1997).
Linear B: A 1984 Survey A.  Morpurgo Davies & Y. Duhoux (eds),
Linear  B: A 1984 Survey. Proceedings of the
Mycenaean Colloquium of the VIIIth Congress of
the International Federation of the Societies of
Classical Studies, Dublin, 27 August-1st September
1984) (1985).
Metron K.  P. Foster & R. Laffineur (eds), METRON.
Measuring the Aegean Bronze Age. Actes de la 9e
Rencontre égéenne internationale, New Haven,
Yale University, 18-21 Avril 2002, Aegaeum 24
(2003).
Monuments of Minos J.  Driessen, I. Schoep, R. Laffineur (eds),
Monuments of Minos. Rethinking the Minoan
Palaces, Proceedings of the International
Workshop “Crete of the hundred palaces?”, held
at the Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-
la-Neuve, 14-15 December 2001 Aegaeum 23
(2002).
Polemos R. Laffineur (ed.), POLEMOS. Le contexte
guerrier en Egée à l’âge du Bronze. Actes de la 7e
XVI Abbreviations

Rencontre égéenne internationale, Université de

Liège, 14-17 avril 1998 Aegaeum 19 (1999).
Politeia R. Laffineur & W.-D. Niemeier (eds), POLITEIA.
Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age.
Actes de la 5e Rencontre égéenne internationale,
University of Heidelberg, Archäologisches Institut,
10-13 April 1994, Aegaeum 12 (1995).
Potnia R. Hägg & R. Laffineur (eds), POTNIA. Deities
and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age, Actes de
la 8e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Göteborg
University, 12-15 April 2000, Aegaeum 22 (2001).
Primo Congresso Atti e Memorie del 1° Congresso Internazionale di
Micenologia, Roma 27 settembre-3 ottobre 1967,
Incunabula Graeca XXV (1968).
Pylos Comes Alive C.W. Shelmerdine & T.G. Palaima (eds), Pylos
Comes Alive. Industry + Administration in a
Mycenaean Palace, May 4-5 1984, (1984).
Secondo Congresso E.  De Miro, L. Godart, A. Sacconi (eds), Atti e
Memorie del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di
Micenologia, Roma-Napoli, 14-20 ottobre 1991,
Incunabula Graeca XCVIII:1-3 (1996).
SyllabeS 2000 IIèmes Journées d’Etudes Linguistiques, Nantes,
25-27 mars 1999 (2000).
Texte aus Theben S. Deger-Jalkotzy & O. Panagl (eds), Die neuen
Linear B Texte aus Theben: ihr Aufschlusswert
für die mykenische Sprache und Kultur. Akten des
internationalen Forschungskolloquiums an der
Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
5.‑6. Dezember 2002, Österreichische Akademie
der Wissenschaften, Phil.-Hist. Klasse,
Denkschriften, 338. Band (2006).
Techne R. Laffineur & P.P. Betancourt (eds), TECHNE.
Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in
the Aegean Bronze Age, Actes de la 6e Rencontre
égéenne internationale, Philadelphia, Temple
University, 18-21 April 1996, Aegaeum 16 (1997).
Thalassa R.  Laffineur & L. Basch (ed.), THALASSA.
L’Égée préhistorique et la mer, Actes de la 3e
Rencontre égéenne internationale de l’Université
 Abbreviations XVII

de Liège, Station de recherches sous-marines

et océanographiques, Calvi, Corse, 23-25 avril
1990, Aegaeum 7 (1991).
The Role of the Ruler P. Rehak (ed.), The Role of the Ruler in the
Prehistoric Aegean. Proceedings of a Panel
Discussion presented at the Annual Meeting of
the Archaeological Institute of America, New
Orleans, Louisiana, 28 December 1992, Aegaeum
11 (1995).
IV. Festschrifts
Briciaka Y. Duhoux (ed.), Briciaka. A Tribute to W.C. Brice,
Cretan Studies 9 (2003).
Festschrift Bartoněk I. Radová & K. Václavková-Petrovicová (eds),
Graeco-Latina Brunensia. Festschrift in honour
of A. Bartoněk, Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty
Brnenské Univerzity 6-7 (2001-2002).
Festschrift Panagl T. Krisch, T. Lindner, U. Müller (eds), Analecta
homini universali dicata. Arbeiten zur Indo-
germanistik, Linguistik, Philologie, Politik, Musik
und Dichtung. Festschrift für Oswald Panagl zum
65. Geburtstag (2004).
KE-RA-ME-JA D. Nakassis, J. Gulizio, S.A James (eds.), KE-RA-ME-
JA: Studies presented to Cynthia Shelmerdine (2014).
Meletemata P. P. Betancourt, V. Karageorghis, R. Laffineur, W.-D.
Niemeier (ed.), MELETEMATA.  Studies in Aegean
Archaeology Presented to Malcolm H. Wiener as he
enters his 65th Year (1999).
Minoica E. Grumach (ed.), Minoica. Festschrift zum 80.
Geburtstag von Johannes Sundwall (1958).
O-o-pe-ro-si A. Etter (ed.), o-o-pe-ro-si. Festschrift für Ernst
Risch zum 75. Geburtstag (1986).
Studi Fiandra M. Perna (ed.), Studi in onore di Enrica Fiandra.
Contributi di archeologia egea e vicinorientale
(2005).
Studies Bennett J.-P. Olivier & T.G. Palaima (ed.), Texts, Tablets
and Scribes. Studies in Mycenaean Epigraphy and
Economy offered to Emmett L. Bennett, Jr. Minos
Supl. 10 (1988).
XVIII Abbreviations

Studies Chadwick J. T. Killen, J. L. Melena, J.-P. Olivier (eds), Studies

in Mycenaean and Classical Greek presented to
John Chadwick, Minos 20-22 (1987).
Studies Killen J. Bennet, J. Driessen (eds), A-NA-QO-TA. Studies
Presented to J.  T.  Killen, Minos 33-34 (1998-
1999).
Studies Palmer A.  Morpurgo Davies, W.  Meid (ed.), Studies
in Greek, Italic and Indo-European Linguistics
offered to Leonard R. Palmer on the Occasion of
his Seventieth Birthday, June 5, 1976, Innsbrucker
Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 16 (1976).
V. Editions
ADGS 2005 V. L. Aravantinos, M. Del Freo, L. Godart, A. Sacconi, Thèbes.
Fouilles de la Cadmée. IV. Les textes de Thèbes (1-433).
Translitération et tableaux des scribes, Biblioteca di “Pasiphae” 4
(2005).
AGS 2001 V. L. Aravantinos, L. Godart, A. Sacconi, Thèbes. Fouilles de
la Cadmée. I. Les tablettes en linéaire B de la Odos Pelopidou.
Édition et commentaire, Biblioteca di “Pasiphae” 1 (2001).
AGS 2002 V. L. Aravantinos, L. Godart, A. Sacconi, Thèbes. Fouilles de la
Cadmée. III. Corpus des documents d’archives en linéaire B de
Thèbes (1-433), Biblioteca di “Pasiphae” 3 (2002).
CHIC J.-P. Olivier & L. Godart, Corpus Hieroglyphicarum Inscriptionum
Cretae, Études Crétoises XXXI (1996).
CIM A. Sacconi, Corpus delle iscrizioni in lineare B di Micene,
Incunabula Graeca LVIII (1974).
CIV A. Sacconi, Corpus delle iscrizioni vascolari in lineare B,
Incunabula Graeca LVII (1974).
CoMIK J. Chadwick, L. Godart, J. T. Killen, J.-P. Olivier, A. Sacconi, I. A.
Sakellarakis, Corpus of Mycenaean Inscriptions from Knossos, 4
vol., Incunabula Graeca LXXXVIII, 1-4 (1986-1998).
GORILA L. Godart & J.-P. Olivier (ed.), Recueil des inscriptions en linéaire
A, 5 vol., Études Crétoises XXI:1-5 (1976-1985).
IC M. Guarducci, Inscriptiones Creticae opera et consilio Friderici
Halberr collectae, 4 vol., (1935-1950).
ICS O. Masson, Les inscriptions chypriotes syllabiques. Recueil
critique commenté, [réimpr. augmentée, Paris 1983] Études
Chypriotes I (1961).
 Abbreviations XIX

IG Inscriptiones Graecae.
IG2 Inscriptiones Graecae, editio minor.
KT1 E. L. Bennett, Jr., J. Chadwick, M. Ventris, The Knossos Tablets. A
Transliteration (1956).
KT3 J. Chadwick & J. T. Killen, The Knossos Tablets. A Transliteration.
Third Edition (1964).
KT4 J. Chadwick, J. T. Killen, J.-P. Olivier, The Knossos Tablets. A
Transliteration. Fourth Edition (1971).
KT5 J. T. Killen & J.-P. Olivier, The Knossos Tablets. Fifth Edition,
Minos Supl. 11 (1989).
MT II E.L. Bennett, Jr., The Mycenae Tablets II (with an introduction
by A.J.B.  Wace & E.B.  Wace; translation and commentary by
J. Chadwick), TAPhS 48:1 (1958).
MT III J.  Chadwick, The Mycenae Tablets III (with contributions from
E.L. Bennett, Jr., E.B. French, W. Taylour, N.M.  Verdelis &
Ch. K. Williams), TAPhS 52:7 (1962).
MT IV J.-P.  Olivier, The Mycenae Tablets IV. A Revised Transliteration
(1969).
PTT I E. L. Bennett & Jr., J.-P. Olivier, The Pylos Tablets Transcribed.
Part I. Text and Notes, Incunabula Graeca LI (1973).
PTT II E. L. Bennett & Jr., J.-P. Olivier, The Pylos Tablets Tran-scribed.
Part II. Hands, Concordances, Indices, Incunabula Graeca LIX
(1976).
Schwyzer E. Schwyzer, Dialectorum Graecarum exempla epigraphica
potiora, (1923), 2nd ed. (1960).
SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum.
SM I A. J. Evans, Scripta Minoa I. The Hieroglyphic and Primitive
Linear Classes (1909).
SM II A. J. Evans, Scripta Minoa II. The Archives of Knossos. Clay
Tablets in Linear Script B, edited from notes and supplemented by
J. L. Myres (1952).
Syll.3 W. Dittemberger, Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum, 3. ed. (1915-
1924).
TAM III.1 R. Heberdey, Tituli Asiae Minoris III. Tituli Pisidiae linguis Graeca
et Latina conscripti. 1. Tituli Termessi et agri Termessensis (1941).
TITHEMY J. L. Melena & J.-P. Olivier, TITHEMY. The Tablets and Nodules
in Linear B from Tiryns, Thebes and Mycenae. A Revised
Transliteration, Minos Supl. 12 (1991).
TMT C. Consani, M. Negri, Testi Minoici trascritti con interpretazione
XX Abbreviations

e glossario, Incunabula Graeca C (1999).

TT I J. Chadwick, Linear B Tablets from Thebes, Minos 10 (1970), 115-
137.
TT II Th. G. Spyropoulos & J. Chadwick, The Thebes Tablets II, Minos
Supl. 4 (1975).
VI. Other publications
Aspects Y. Duhoux, Aspects du vocabulaire économique
mycénien (cadastre - artisanat - fiscalité) (1976).
CMS I. Pini et al., Corpus der minoischen und
mykenischen Siegel (1964).
Companion Y. Duhoux & A. Morpurgo-Davies, Companion
to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek Texts and their
World. Vol. 1, Bibliothèque des cahiers de l’Institut
de Linguistique de Louvain 120 (2008); Vol. 2,
Bibliothèque des cahiers de l’Institut de Linguistique
de Louvain 127 (2011); Vol. 3, Bibliothèque des
cahiers de l’Institut de Linguistique de Louvain
133 (2014).
DGE Francisco R. Adrados & J. Rodríguez Somolinos
(ed.), Diccionario Griego-Español, (1980-).
DELG P. Chantraine, Dictionnaire étymologique de la
langue grecque. Histoire des mots (1968-1980).
Desservants J.-P. Olivier, À propos d’une «liste» de desservants
de sanctuaire dans les documents en linéaire B de
Pylos (1960).
DMic. F. Aura Jorro, Diccionario griego-micénico, 2 vol.,
(1985-1993).
Docs M. Ventris & J. Chadwick, Documents in
Mycenaean Greek (1956).
Docs2 M. Ventris & J. Chadwick, Documents in
Mycenaean Greek, 2nd ed., (1973).
Docs3 J.T. Killen & A. Morpurgo Davies (eds), Documents
in Mycenaean Greek, 3rd ed. (in preparation).
Dosmoi P. De Fidio, I dosmoi Pilii a Poseidon: una terra
sacra di età micenea, Incunabula Graeca LXV
(1977).
Early Destruction J. Driessen, An Early Destruction in the Mycenaean
Palace at Knossos: A New Interpretation of the
 Abbreviations XXI

Excavation Field-Notes of the South-East Area of

the West Wing (1990).
Études C. J. Ruijgh, Études sur la grammaire et le
vocabulaire du grec mycénien (1967).
EDG R. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, 2
volumes (2010)
EWA M. Mayrhofer, Etymologisches Wörterbuch des
Altindoarischen (1986-2001).
Formation P. Chantraine, La formation des noms en grec
ancient (1933).
GEW H. Frisk, Griechisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch
(1954-1972).
Gr.Gr. E. Schwyzer, Griechische Grammatik (1934-
1953).
HGD I A. Thumb & E. Kieckers, Handbuch der
griechischen Dialekte I (1932).
HGD II A. Thumb & A. Scherer, Handbuch der griechischen
Dialekte II (1959).
HMG A.  Bartoněk, Handbuch des mykenischen
Griechisch (2003).
HPN F. Bechtel, Die historischen Personennamen des
Griechischen bis zur Keiserzeit (1917).
IDA F. Vandenabeele & J.-P. Olivier, Les idéogrammes
archéologiques du linéaire B, Études Crétoises
XXIV (1979).
IEW J. Pokorny, Indogermanisches Etymologisches
Wörterbuch (1949/1959).
IGLB J.-P. Olivier, L. Godart, C. Seydel, C. Sourvinou,
Index généraux du linéaire B, Rome 1973
Incunabula Graeca, LIX (1973).
Interpretation L.R. Palmer, The Interpretation of Mycenaean
Greek Texts (1963).
Kühner-Gehrt R. Kühner, B. Gehrt, Ausführliche Grammatik der
griechischen Sprache (1890-1904).
LfgrE B. Snell, H. Erbse (ed.), Lexicon des
frühgriechischen Epos (1955).
LGPN I P. M. Frazer & E. Matthews, A Lexicon of Greek
Personal Names, vol. I: The Aegean Islands-
Cyprus-Cyrenaica (1987).
XXII Abbreviations

LGPN II M.J. Osborne & S.G. Byrne, A Lexicon of Greek

Personal Names, vol. II: Attica (1994).
LGPN III.A P.M. Frazer, E. Matthews, A Lexicon of Greek
Personal Names, vol. III.A: Peloponnese, Western
Greece, Sicily, and Magna Graecia, (1997).
LGPN III.B P.M. Frazer, E. Matthews, A Lexicon of Greek
Personal Names, vol. III.B: Central Greece: From
the Megarid to Thessaly (2000).
LGPN IV P. M. Frazer, E. Matthews, A Lexicon of Greek
Personal Names, vol. IV: Macedonia, Thrace,
Northern Regions of the Black Sea (2005).
LIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae
(1981-1999).
LIV H. Rix, Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben, 2
ed. (2001).
LSJ H.G. Liddell, R. Scott, H.S. Jones, A Greek-English
Lexicon, 9th ed. with a Supplement (1968).
LSJ-RS P.G.W. Glare, Greek-English Lexicon. Revised
Supplement (1996).
Manufacture and A. Michailidou (ed.), Manufacture and Measurement:
Measurement Counting, Measuring and Recording Craft Items in
Early Aegean Societies, Μελετήματα 33 (2001).
Mémoires I M. Lejeune, Mémoires de philologie mycénienne.
Première série (1955-1957) (1958).
Mémoires II M. Lejeune, Mémoires de philologie mycénienne.
Deuxième série (1958-1963) Incunabula Graeca
XLII (1971).
Mémoires III M. Lejeune, Mémoires de philologie mycénienne.
Troisième série (1964-1968) Incunabula Graeca
XLIII (1972).
Mémoires IV M. Lejeune, Mémoires de philologie mycénienne.
Quatrième série (1969-1996) Incunabula Graeca
XCIX (1997).
Mentions M. Gérard-Rousseau, Les mentions religieuses
dans les tablettes mycéniennes Incunabula Graeca
XXIX (1968).
MGL A. Morpurgo, Mycenaeae Graecitatis Lexicon,
Incunabula Graeca III (1963).
MGV J. Chadwick & L. Baumbach, The Mycenaean
 Abbreviations XXIII

Greek Vocabulary, Glotta 41 (1963), 157-271;

L. Baumbach, The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary
II, Glotta 49 (1971), 151-190.
Minoan Roundel E. Hallager, The Minoan Roundel and other
Sealed Documents in the Neopalatial Linear A
Administration, Aegaeum 14 (1996).
MME W.A. McDonald & G.R. Rapp, Jr. (ed.), The
Minnesota Messenia Expedition. Reconstructing a
Bronze Age Regional Environment (1972).
Mochlos IB K.A. Barnard, Th.M. Brogan (ed.), Mochlos IB.
Period III. Neopalatial Settlement on the Coast:
The Artisan’s Quarter and the Farmhouse at
Chalinomouri. The Neopalatial Pottery, Prehistory
Monographs 8 (2003).
Mochlos IC J.S. Soles et al. (ed.), Mochlos IC. Period III. Neo-
palatial Settlement on the Coast: The Artisan’s
Quarter and the Farmhouse at Chalinomouri.The
Small Finds, Prehistory Monographs 9 (2004).
Mycenaean Feast J. Wright (ed.), The Mycenaean Feast, Hesperia
73:2 (2004).
OKTi L.R. Palmer, On the Knossos tablets: The Find-
places of the Knossos Tablets (1963).
OKTii J. Boardman, On the Knossos tablets: The Date of
the Knossos Tablets (1963).
Pape-Benseler W. Pape & G.E. Benseler, Wörterbuch der
griechischen Eigennamen (1884).
People M. Lindgren, The People of Pylos, prosopographical
and methodological studies in the Pylos archives. 2
vol., Boreas 3 (1973).
Perfume Industry C.W. Shelmerdine, The Perfume Industry in
Mycenaean Pylos, SIMA-PB 34 (1985).
Personennamen O. Landau, Mykenisch-griechische Personennamen
(1958).
Phonétique M. Lejeune, Phonétique historique du mycénien et
du grec ancien (1972).
PoM A.J. Evans, The Palace of Minos at Knossos, 4 vol.,
(1921-1935).
PoN I C. W. Blegen, M. Rawson, The Palace of Nestor
at Pylos in Western Messenia. I. The Buildings and
XXIV Abbreviations

their Contents (1966).

PoN II M. Lang, The Palace of Nestor at Pylos in Western
Messenia. II. The Frescoes (1969).
PoN III C.W. Blegen, M. Rawson, W. Taylour, W.P.
Donovan, The Palace of Nestor at Pylos in Western
Messenia. III. Acropolis and Lower Town, Tholoi
and Grave Circle, Chamber Tombs, Discoveries
outside the Citadel (1973).
Problems in Decipherment Y. Duhoux, T.G. Palaima, J. Bennet (eds), Problems
in Decipherment, BCILL 49 (1989).
RE Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertums-
wissenschaft.
Rethinking Mycenaean M.L.  Galaty & W.A.  Parkinson (ed.), Rethinking
Palaces Mycenaean Palaces. New Interpretations of an Old
Idea, The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology UCLA,
Monograph 41 (1999).
Royauté P. Carlier, La royauté en Grèce avant Alexandre
(1984).
Sanctuaries and Cults R. Hägg & N. Marinatos (eds), Sanctuaries and
Cults in the Aegean Bronze Age, Proceedings of
the First International Symposium at the Swedish
Institute in Athens, 12-13 May, 1980, Skrifter
Utgivna av Svenska Institutet i Athen 4°, XXVIII
(1981).
Sandy Pylos J. L. Davis (ed.), Sandy Pylos: An Archaeological
History from Nestor to Navarino (1998).
Scribes Cnossos J.-P. Olivier, Les scribes de Cnossos. Essai de
classement des archives d’un palais mycénien,
Incunabula Graeca XVII (1967).
Scribes Pylos T.G. Palaima, The Scribes of Pylos, Incunabula
Graeca LXXXVII (1988).
Scribes RCT J. Driessen, The Scribes of the Room of the Chariot
Tablets at Knossos. Interdisciplinary Approach to
the Study of a Linear B Deposit, Minos Supl. 15
(2000).
Studia Mycenaea A. Bartoněk (ed.), Studia Mycenaea, Proceedings
of the Mycenaean Symposium, Brno, April 1966
(1968).
Studia Myceanea (1988) T.G. Palaima, C.W. Shelmerdine, P.Hr. Ilievski
 Abbreviations XXV

(eds), Studia Mycenaea 1988, Živa Antika

Monographies No. 7 (1989).
Textos J.L. Melena, Textos griegos micénicos comentados
(2001).
Thera IV S.N. Marinatos, Excavations at Thera IV (1970
Season) (1971).
Wortbildung E. Risch, Wortbildung der homerischen Sprache,
2. ed. (1974).
XXVI
 XXVII

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Marie Louise Nosch and Hedvig Landenius Enegren

At the meeting of the Comité international permanent d’études mycéniennes

(CIPEM) in Sèvres in September 2010, the CIPEM accepted Marie-Louise
Nosch’s suggestion to host the 14th Mycenological colloquium in Copenhagen.
The first gathering took place in Gif-sur-Yvette near Paris in 1956. The spirit of
good humour and collaborative enthusiasm established at the first colloquium
became known within the field as l’ésprit de Gif.
The group of countries and scholars at the mycenological conferences still
reflect the correspondents and receivers of Ventris’s work notes, which he had
circulated to colleagues long before the internet made such a practice feasible.1
The Gif colloquium included participants from Britain, Bulgaria, France,
Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and the USA.
Today mycenological studies are also an active field of research in Germany,
Canada, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, the Czech Republic, Cyprus, and
Australia. It is still the founding members of CIPEM who represent the most
numerous scholars in the field of Aegean scripts since 1956, but new scholars join
the group, and the photographs from each mycenological colloquium illustrate
how the number of participants increases. We are an expanding discipline.
Another significant change is the increasing number of female scholars in the
field. John Chadwick, in his speech at Salzburg in 1995 noticed the few female
scholars,2 but this has also changed since then. In Nürnberg 1981, the hosts
graciously arranged for a parallel ‘spouse program’ during the colloquium. In
Copenhagen, 24 of 57 participating scholars were women. Since the publication
in 1954 of Documents in Mycenaean Greek, Ventris and Chadwick strived to
include other disciplines into the study of Aegean scripts, among others, the
disciplines exploring texts from the ancient Near East.
Pierre Carlier and his co-organisers of the 13th Mycenological Colloquium

1
  Bennet 2014.
2
  Chadwick 1999, 36.
XXVIII Marie Louise Nosch and Hedvig Landenius Enegren

in Sèvres in 2010 were the first to convene special events on comparative studies
of the Mycenaean palatial economy and Near Eastern palatial economies.3 We
believe this to be a particularly important yet challenging endeavour and we
are happy that several colleagues took up the challenge and publish stimulating
comparative studies in the present volume.
Since the Paris colloquium in 2010, we have lost colleagues who will be
missed for their scholarly contribution as well as for the friendship that unites
us: Pierre Carlier (1949-2011), Emmett L. Bennett Jr. (1918-2011), Petar Hr.
Ilievski (1920-2013), Martin S. Ruipérez (1923-2015), Anna Morpurgo-Davies
(1937-2014) and Margareta Lindgren (1936-2017). We would like to take this
opportunity to dedicate this volume to one our discipline’s first ladies, historical
linguist Anna Morpurgo-Davies, a world-leading figure in the study of ancient
Greek and Anatolian, and as such a role model for what it takes to conduct
comparative analyses. We corresponded with Anna Morpurgo-Davies until
a few months before she passed away in September 2014. She was trained
by Gallavotti and was editor of the first lexicon of Mycenaean, published in
1963. In Oxford, she worked closely with professor of Comparative Philology,
Leonard Palmer, and Hittitologist and epigraphist David Hawkins. In 1971, she
succeeded Palmer as chair at Oxford.
In this volume we also wish to remember the very first female scholar in
Aegean scripts, Alice Kober (1903-1950), and thus highlight her significant
contribution to the field of Mycenology. Alice Kober who received an MA and
PhD from Columbia University became assistant professor at Brooklyn College. It
was with a Guggenheim Fellowship that she was able to immerse herself full-time
to the study of Linear B.4 Her methodological approach to the study of the Linear
B signary, in which she established that the Mycenaean script shows an inflected
language, ultimately influenced Ventris’s final decipherment of the script.5
We also wish to commemorate our Scandinavian colleague, Margareta
Lindgren (1936–2017). A pupil of Arne Furumark, she continued the Linear
B scholarly tradition at Uppsala University with her publication on the
prosopography of Pylos, a fundamental work within Mycenaean Studies.
As head of the Department for Maps and Prints at the Uppsala University
Carolina Library for many years, she kept in close contact with the Department
of Archaeology and Ancient history as an immensely appreciated lecturer in
Aegean Scripts, who really knew how to engage her audience with her keen
sense of humour. On a personal note, she was the thesis advisor to the co-

3
  Zurbach et al. forthcoming.
4
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Kober
5
  https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/15875
 Preface and acknowledgements XXIX

editor of this volume (Hedvig Landenius Enegren). Her last participation in

a Mycenological Colloquium was in Rome in 2006 with a paper on Cypriot
Scripts. Many of us remember her vivid personality and her enthusiasm in a
wide range of interests that went beyond Linear B; these included in later years,
among others, pistol target shooting and the Harry Potter books!
It was an honour to host the 14th Mycenological Colloquium in Copenhagen,
2-5 September 2015. We thank friends and colleagues for joining us for this
event, and for their presentation and fruitful discussions. We are particularly
honoured to hear of l’esprit de Copenhague, uniting us all in a friendly
conversation on the advancement of knowledge in our field.
For hosting the conference on the exquisite premises of the Carlsberg
Academy, the former private villa of brewer Jacobsen and domicile of Niels
Bohr, we warmly thank the Carlsberg Foundation. For continued support and
trust, we thank the Danish National Research Foundation and the University
of Copenhagen. Egzona Haxha, Camilla Ebert and Louise Ludvigsen were our
efficient and kind coordination and organisation hostesses and assistants. We
warmly thank Maurizio Del Freo for all his help in editorial and other matters; for
the indexation Mikkel Nørtoft and for editorial assistance Peder Flemstad. We
warmly thank Lillian and Dan Finks Fond, the Institute for Aegean Prehistory
and the R.K. Rasks Legat foundation for generous support for this publication.
We are grateful to Alessandro Naso, Marco Bettelli and Maurizio Del Freo for
welcoming the conference proceedings in the Incunabula Graeca series.
Copenhagen and Brussels, Fall 2017

Bibliography
Bennet, J. 2014 ‘Literacies’ – 60+ Years of ‘Reading’ the Aegean Late Bronze
Age, BICS 57:2, 127-137.
Chadwick, J. 1999 Linear B: Past, Present and Future. In Floreant, 29-38
Carlier P. †, Joannès, Fr., Rougemont, Fr., Zurbach J.  (eds), Palatial Economy
in the Ancient Near East and in the Aegean. First steps towards a
comprehensive study and analysis. Acts of the ESF Exploratory Workshop
held in Sèvres, 16-19 Sept. 2010, Pisa – Rome, F. Serra, 2017.
 XXXI

LIST OF AUTHORS

Francisco Aura-Jorro, Yves Duhoux

Universidad de Alicante, Spain Université Catholique de Louvain,
[email protected] Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
[email protected]
Federico Aurora
University of Oslo, Norway Elena Džukeska
[email protected] University “Ss. Cyril and
Methodius”, Skopje, FYROM
Lisa M. Bendall
[email protected]
Keble College, Oxford University, UK
[email protected] Markus Egetmeyer
Université de Paris IV-Sorbonne, France
John Bennet
[email protected]
British School at Athens, Greece
[email protected] Richard Firth
University of Bristol
Alberto Bernabé
[email protected]
Universidad Complutense de Madrid,
Spain José Luis García Ramón
[email protected] Universität zu Köln, Germany
[email protected]
William Bibee
University of Texas at Austin, USA Alessandro Greco
[email protected] Sapienza, Università di Roma, Italy
[email protected]
Flavia Carraro
University of Copenhagen, Denmark Joann Gulizio
[email protected] University of Texas at Austin, USA
[email protected]
Massimo Cultraro
CNR-IBAM, Catania, Italy Erik Hallager
[email protected] University of Aarhus, Denmark
[email protected]
Maurizio Del Freo
CNR-ISMA, Rome, Italy Margherita Jasink
[email protected] Università di Firenze, Italy
[email protected]
Fatima Díez Platas
Universidad de Santiago de José Miguel Jiménez Delgado
Compostela, Spain Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
[email protected] [email protected]
XXXII List of authors

Anna Judson Dimiri Nakassis

Pembroke College, Cambridge University of Colorado Boulder,
University, UK USA
[email protected] [email protected]
Artemis Karnava Stavroula Nikoloudis
Inscriptiones Graecae, University of Melbourne, Australia
Brandenburgische Akademie der [email protected]
Wissenschaften, Berlin, Germany
Marie-Louise Nosch
[email protected]
University of Copenhagen, Denmark
John Killen [email protected]
Jesus College, Cambridge
Thomas G. Palaima
University, UK
The University of Texas at Austin,
[email protected]
USA
Evangelos Kyriakidis [email protected]
University of Kent, UK
Ruth Palmer
[email protected]
Ohio University, USA
Daniel Kölligan [email protected]
Universität zu Köln, Germany
Oswald Panagl
[email protected]
Universität Salzburg, Austria
Hedvig Landenius Enegren [email protected]
University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Massimo Perna
[email protected]
Università degli Studi Suor Orsola
Alex Leukart Benincasa, Naples, Italy
University of Geneva, Switzerland [email protected]
[email protected]
Vassilis Petrakis
[email protected]
Ministry of Education, Athens,
Eugenio R. Luján Greece
Univ. Complutense de Madrid, Spain [email protected]
[email protected]
Rachele Pierini
Susan Lupack Università di Bologna, Italy
Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia [email protected]
[email protected]
Juan Piquero
Torsten Meissner Universidad Complutense de Madrid,
Cambridge University UK Spain
[email protected] [email protected]
 List of authors XXXIII

Kevin Pluta Culturas del Mediterráneo y Oriente

The University of Texas at Austin, Próximo, Madrid, Spain
USA [email protected]
[email protected] 
Nicola Antonello Vittiglio
Françoise Rougemont Universitat Autònoma de
CNRS, UMR 7041, Nanterre, France Barcelona, Spain
[email protected] [email protected]
Anna Sacconi Jörg Weilhartner
Sapienza, Università di Roma, Italy Universität Wien, Austria
[email protected] [email protected]
Irene Serrano Aren Max Wilson-Wright
Universidad Complutense de Madrid, The University of Texas at Austin,
Spain USA
[email protected] [email protected] 
Cynthia W. Sherlmerdine Julien Zurbach
The University of Texas at Austin, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris,
USA France
[email protected] [email protected]
Philippa Steele
Magdalene College, Cambridge
University, UK
[email protected]
Rupert Thompson
Selwynn College, Cambridge
University, UK
[email protected]
Helena Tomas
University of Zagreb, Croatia
[email protected]
Carlos Varias García
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona,
Spain
[email protected]
Juan Pablo Vita
CSIC–Instituto de Lenguas y
XXXIV
 537

THE PARTICLE ἌΡΑ FROM THE 2ND TO THE 1ST MILLENNIUM*

José Miguel Jiménez Delgado

Greek particles are poorly attested in Linear B texts, especially if the variety
of particles documented in Mycenaean is compared with the list of items known
from Classical Greek. Notwithstanding, one must keep in mind that particles are
considerably more numerous and variegated in literary texts than in epigraphic
inscriptions.
Be that as it may, Mycenaean texts do document particles, particularly
-de δέ and -qe = Class. Gk. τε, but also other elements whose interpretation
is fairly more difficult. This is the case of ἄρα which is only found as part
of two sequences of particles, o-de-qa-a2 and o-da-a2, of which analysis is
controversial.
Occurrence and internal analysis
o-de-qa-a2 and o-da-a2 are attested in Pylian tablets: o-de-qa-a2 only in
PY On 300.8; o-da-a2 in PY Aq 64.12, 218.1.9, Ed 317.1, 847.1, 901.1, En
74.2.12.21, 609.4.11, 659.2.9.13.16.19, Eq 36.4.6.10.12.15, 146.1.3-5.9.11,
213.3-6, Ma 90.2, 120.2, 123.3, 124.2, 193.3 bis, 221.2, 225.2, 365.2, 378.2,
393.3, 397.3, Un 718.7.11. On 300 is a tablet attributed to the scribal hand
S300, whereas the o-da-a2 tablets belonging to the E- class are attributed to the
scribal hand 1, those belonging to the Ma series to the scribal hand 2, Aq 64 and
218 to the scribal hand 21 and Un 718 to the scribal hand 24. Another related
sequence, o-a2 (PY Vn 20.1, scribal hand 25), does not contain the particle ἄρα.
The sequences under consideration consist of the same elements according
to their formal similarity: o-da-a2 is the basic one and o-de-qa-a2 is an extended
form.1 There are quite a number of possible interpretations, although no similar
collocation is found in Classical Greek. Nevertheless, Jean-Louis Perpillou

*
The financial support of the University of Seville (Fifth Research Programme 2013-2016) is gratefully
acknowledged.
1
  Cf. Duhoux 1998, 28-31.
538 José Miguel Jiménez Delgado

compares these sequences with Cypriot and Homeric combinations such as

Cyp. ἰδέ πᾱι, κάς πᾱι, etc., Hom. ὧδέ που, ὥς νύ που, καί που, νῦν δ’ οὔτ’ ἄρ πῃ,
τὰ μὲν ἄρ που, etc.2
Both o-de-qa-a2 and o-da-a2 start with the same elements hώ(ς) and δέ.3
Given that there is no instance starting with jo-, it can be established that the
first element stems from the demonstrative *so- rather than from the relative
*(H)i̯o-.4 In o-da-a2, the a vowel of the second syllable is due to the elision of
δ(έ). In this regard, the third syllabogram of o-de-qa-a2 has been interpreted as a
particle stemming from the interrogative-indefinite *kuo/eh2-;5 yet, if o-da-a2 is
the basic form, it is more likely that o-de-qa-a2 contains the particle -qe with
elision, since -qe is a well-attested particle in Mycenaean.6 The segment -(q/
d)a-a2 is the most controversial part of these sequences: the last syllabogram
includes an aspiration and the lack of instances ending with -ja points to a
particle belonging to the demonstrative stem *so/eh2-, probably to be read as
hᾱι.7 However, the demonstrative pronoun is formed in Ancient Greek on the
stem *to/a- except for the nominative case. In fact, the only exception is the
fossilised instrumental ὥς / ὧδε, of which a variant τώς is attested by Homer,
compare Class. Gk. οὕτω(ς). Therefore, George Dunkel interprets -a2 as the
nom.-ac. neut. pl. ἅ of the relative pronoun.8 It is even more likely to interpret
-a2 as the instr. fem. sing. hᾶι or hᾶ, which is documented as an introductory
particle in Dorian inscriptions.9 The interpretation of the vowel a in -qa- and

2
  Cf. Perpillou 1978.
3
  Cf. DMic. s.v. o-da-a2; Duhoux 1998, 29.
4
  See the alternation jo- / o- yω(ς) / hω(ς), the instrumental of the relative pronoun, which is used as an
introductory particle, cf. KN Fp 14.1b, Gv 863.1, Og 4467.1, MY Ge 602.1, Ue 661.1, PY Cn 3.1,
608.1, Jn 829.1 / KN Le 641.1, Wb 8711.1, MY X 2.2, PY An 37.1, 435.1, 657.1, Aq 64.2.5.6.7a.13-
16, Eq 213.1, Nn 228.1, Pn 30.1, Ta 711.1, Un 10.1, 443.3, Vn 10.1, 130.1, Wa 917.1.
5
  Cf. Perpillou 1978.
6
  Cf. Dunkel 2014, 346 n. 1. Moreover, the interpretation of -qa- as κwᾱι (= Att.-Ion. πῃ) entails that
the indefinite particle precedes ἄρα; this goes against the word order of these elements according to
Wackernagel’s Law, cf. Hom. Il. 2.419 οὐδ’ ἄρα πώ οἱ, 3.302 οὐδ’ ἄρα πώ σφιν, 7.433 δ’ οὔτ’ ἄρ πω,
16.60 οὐδ’ ἄρα πως, 22.279 οὐδ’ ἄρα πώ τι, Od. 11.139 μὲν ἄρ που, 13.207 δ’ οὔτ’ ἄρ πῃ, etc. See Wills
1993.
7
  Cf. Duhoux 1998, 30. Duhoux excludes the possibility that -a2 belongs to the paradigm of the relative
pronoun, especially because the scribe 2 writes jo- the only time he employs this relative form (PY Jn
829.1). On the other hand, he compares the Mycenaean term with the correlative structure hᾶι μὲν…,
hᾶι δὲ… documented in the Tables of Heraclea (IG XIV 645.81). Nevertheless, hᾶι is more often
interpreted as a case of the demonstrative use of the relative in the Heraclean example (Buck 1955, 101
& 280; Monteil 1963, 40-41).
8
  Cf. Dunkel 2014, 314.
9
  Cf. García 2010, 27. See the following examples: ἆδ’ ἔϝαδε πόλι “Voted by the city as follows”
(BCH 61, 333-348; BCH 62, 194-195; see also Bile 1988, 29; translation as in Buck 1955, 313), ἇδε
Δελφοῖς Φασελίτας τὸν πελανὸν διδόμεν “Que le gens de Phasélis versent le pelanos aux Delphiens
conformément au tarif suivant” (CID I 8.1 = FD III.4 369.1; translation as in Jacquemin, Mulliez
& Rougemont 2012, 52-53). Furthermore, these instrumental forms gave birth to subordinating
 The particle ἄρα from the 2nd to the 1st millennium 539

-da- can only point, if a regressive assimilation κwε > κwα and δέ > δά before -a2
is excluded,10 to two possibilities: ἄν, a modal particle whose appearance in the
contexts in which the sequences under consideration are found makes no sense;
ἄρα, from which an elided form ἄρ is attested before consonant and vowel, in
the cases at issue before h-.11
In other words, the sequences of particles o-de-qa-a2 and o-da-a2 contain
an anaphoric adverb hώ(ς) (‘thus, likewise’) and the connecting particle δέ (‘on
the other hand’).12 An additive particle ku̯e (‘also, furthermore’) follows these
elements in o-de-qa-a2, and its 1st millennium correspondent τε is also attested
in association with δέ.13 Nevertheless, it is still possible that o-de- corresponds to
the adverb ὧδε,14 in which case -qe- would be the coordinating element (‘and’).
Be that as it may, -d(e)- in o-da-a2 must be the coordinating element,15 and it
should be stressed that the collocation δ’ ἄρα is highly frequent in Homer.16 The
final element -a2 is a form of the relative pronoun with cataphoric reference. As
previously analysed, the sequences under consideration most likely contain the
particle ἄρ(α) before -a2, although its function is more difficult to determine.
The main aim of this paper is, indeed, to establish the function of ἄρ(α) in these
sequences.
Contexts of appearance
The sequences under consideration are used to introduce paragraphs or
thematic sections.17 From a syntactic perspective, their main characteristic is
that they are never used to introduce the first section of the record, but they
always connect with a previous section.18 An example is PY Un 718, in which

conjunctions, cf. Att.-Ion. ᾗ ‘like, as’.

10
  Cf. Ruijgh 1971, 225. It is worth noting that the scribe corrected o-de-qa- over o-de-qe in PY On 300.8
(Duhoux 1998, 29), the only testimony of o-de-qa-a2.
11
  The syllabogram -da- might also conceal the particle δαί. However, this particle is only used after
interrogative pronouns in dialogues, especially by Aristophanes, while there are only three examples of
it attested by Homer, cf. Denniston 1954, 262-264.
12
  Cf. Martín López 1993.
13
  Cf. Denniston 1954, 528-529; Duhoux 1998, 29. Regarding δέ τε, Ruijgh 1971, 644 ff., only studies
the combination of δέ with “epic” τε, although he admits the existence of the same sequence with the
adverbial τε of “application temporaire”, cf. Ruijgh 1971, 695 ff. An instance is found in Xenoph. Fr.
13.3 ἵπποι μέν θ᾽ ἵπποισι, βόες δέ τε βουσὶν ὁμοίας | καί <κε> θεῶν ἰδέας ἔγραφον “horses would draw
the forms of the gods like horses, and cattle like cattle”.
14
  Cf. Dunkel 2014, 346 & 736.
15
  Études 1967, 340, considers ὧδε suitable in the first section of an enumeration, but not in the following.
According to Duhoux 1998, 29, o-a2, starting with o- instead of o-d(e)-, supports the interpretation of
hώ(ς) and δέ as independent elements in o-da-a2 and o-de-qa-a2.
16
  Cf. Denniston 1954, 43; van den Besselaar 1962, 229.
17
  Cf. Interpretation, 57; Études 1967, 340-343; Duhoux 2008, 304.
18
  Aq 64, 218, Ed 317, 847, 901, On 300, Un 718.
540 José Miguel Jiménez Delgado

o-da-a2 is used two times:

PY Un 718
1. sa-ra-pe-da , po-se-da-o-ni , do-so-mo
2. o-wi-de-ta-i , do-so-mo , to-so , e-ke-ra2-wo
3. do-se , gra 4 vin 3 bosm 1
4. tu-ro2 , TURO2 10 ko-wo , *153 1
5. me-ri-to , v 3
6. vacat
7. o-da-a2 , da-mo , gra 2 vin 2
8. ovism 2 TURO2 5 a-re-ro , AREPA v 2 *153 1
9. to-so-de , ra-wa-ke-ta , do-se ,
10. ovism 2 me-re-u-ro , far t 6
11. vin s 2 o-da-a2 , wo-ro-ki-jo-ne-jo , ka-‘ma’
12. gra t 6 vin s 1 TURO2 5 me-ri[
13. vacat [ me-]ri-to v 1

This document consists of a headline (sa-ra-pe-da po-se-da-o-ni do-so-mo)

and four sections, each one corresponding to a dignitary or collective entity who
makes an offering for Poseidon: e-ke-ra2-wo, da-mo, ra-wa-ke-ta and wo-ro-ki-
jo-ne-jo ka-ma. Each section is connected with the previous one except for the
first section. The connecting devices are -de (cf. to-so-de in the third section, l.
9) and the sequence of particles o-da-a2 (in the second and fourth sections, ll. 7
& 11 respectively), which also contains -de.
This sequence can also appear in different palm-leaf tablets that make up
a single document, like in PY Ed 317, 847 and 901, three palm-leaf tablets
introduced by o-da-a2 and belonging to the same document.19
Moreover, the sections can constitute enumerations in which each member
is introduced by o-da-a2 except for the first one:20
PY Eq 213
1. o-wi-de , a-ko-so-ta , to-ro-qe-jo-me-no , a-ro-u-ra , a2-ri-sa ,
2. a-ke-re-wa , o-ro-jo , to-so-de , pe-mo gra 8
3. o-da-a2 , e-ri-no-wo-to , o-ro-jo , to-so-de , pe-mo gra 2̣0̣
4. o-da-a2 , ko-tu-wo , o-ro-jo , to-so-de , pe-mo gra 20
5. o-da-a2 , po-ti-ni-ja-we-jo-jo , o-te-pe-o-jo , o-ro-jo , to-so-de , pe-mo gra 6
6. o-da-a2 , ko-no , o-ro-jo , to-so , pe-mo gra 40

In this tablet o-da-a2 introduces every section except for the first one

19
  Cf. Del Freo 2005, 104.
20
  Eq 36, 146, 213.
 The particle ἄρα from the 2nd to the 1st millennium 541

(a-ke-re-wa o-ro-jo…) and the headline (o-wi-de a-ko-so-ta…). The sections

constitute an enumeration and have the same structure: place name in the
genitive + o-ro-jo to-so-de pe-mo + amount of grain.
In other cases, o-da-a2 introduces a specific section with regard to a general
one. A couple of examples follow:
21

PY Ma 124
1. a-pu2-we *146 23 RI m 23 KE m 7 *152 10 O m 5 ME 500
2. o-da-a2 , ka-ke-we , o-u-di-do-si *146 1 RI m 1 *152 1 ME 20

PY En 609.3-8
3. wa-na-ta-jo-jo , ko-to-na , ki-ti-me-na , to-so-de˻˼p̣ẹ-mo gra 2 v 1
4. o-da-a2 , o-na-te[-re] , e-ko-si , ẉạ-na-tạ-jo-jo , ko-to-na ,
5. a-tu-ko , e-te-do-mo , wa-na-ka-te-ro , o-na-to , e-ke , <to-so->de , pe-mo ‘gra v 1’
6. i-ni-ja , te-o-jo , do-e-ra , o-na-to˻˼e-ke , to-so-de , pe-mo gra t 2 v 4
7. e-*65-to , te-o-jo , do-e-ra , o-na-to , e-ke , to-so-de , pe-mo gra t 2
8. si-ma , te-o-jo , do-e-ra , o-na-to , e-ke , to-so-de , pe-mo gra t 1

These two examples consist of two sections each: the first one is general,
respectively the contribution of a-pu2 (a-pu2-we is dat.-loc.), a place name, and
the extension of the plot of wa-na-ta-jo (wa-na-ta-jo-jo is gen.), a man’s name;
the second one is a specific section, in which on the one hand a tax exemption is
granted to the ka-ke-we (‘metalworkers’) from a-pu2 and on the other the o-na-
te-re holding a lease on the plot of wa-na-ta-jo are recorded (a-tu-ko, i-ni-ja,
e-*65-to and si-ma).
As a general conclusion, the particle ἄρ(α) is documented in Mycenaean
texts within sequences of particles that function as connecting devices putting
their discourse unit in relation to the previous one. Furthermore, this relation
is obvious, since the sections form enumerations or a specific section is added
to a general one. In order to determine the function of ἄρα in these texts, its
etymology is reviewed from a comparative perspective in the next section of the
paper, and the functions attributed to it in the 1st-millennium texts are compared
to the contexts in which it appears in Linear B texts in the penultimate section
before the conclusions.
Etymology
As usually occurs with these kinds of elements, a comparison within the
IE linguistic family does not elucidate the function of ἄρα in Ancient Greek.

21
  En 74, 609, 659, Ma 90, 120, 123, 124, 193, 221, 225, 365, 378, 393, 397.
542 José Miguel Jiménez Delgado

According to Dunkel,22 the IE etymology of this particle would be *h1ára,

because the Hittite cognate āra, without the initial laryngeal, invalidates the
traditional etymology. Traditionally, ἄρα is derived from the verbal root *h2er-
‘to join, fit together’23 to which Gk. ἀραρίσκω belongs.24 Furthermore, there is
a Cypriot variant ἔρ(α) documented in glosses25 whose vocalism is difficult to
explain from *h2er- and rather points to *h1er-. Nevertheless, the zero grade
*h1̥r - implied by ἄρα should have rendered ἔρα.26 In addition to Hitt. āra ‘right,
properly’, other cognates are Ved. áram ‘fittingly, suitably’, Lith. ir̃, Latv. ir ‘and,
also’, as well as the interrogative particles Lith. ar, Latv. ar̃, cf. Gk. ἆρα besides
ἄρα. The Baltic connectives might not stem from the same root.27 Regardless,
it is possible that the IE particle had a meaning related to veracity and morality,
and thus, according to Dunkel, Gk. ἄρα may imply that the relation it sets up
between its discourse unit and the previous one is obvious.28
1st-millennium vs. 2nd-millennium usage
The function of ἄρα in the 1st millennium is not easy to determine, and
different proposals have been put forward. The descriptions of the 19th century
hesitated between attributing a sense of surprise to ἄρα29 and considering it a
connective expressing consequence or mere succession.30 Many authors note
that the particle has a pragmatic component of interest attributed by the speaker
to its discourse unit:31
Hom. Il. 3.374 καί νύ κεν εἴρυσσέν τε καὶ ἄσπετον ἤρατο κῦδος, | εἰ μὴ ἄρ᾽
ὀξὺ νόησε Διὸς θυγάτηρ Ἀφροδίτη, | ἥ οἱ ῥῆξεν ἱμάντα βοὸς ἶφι κταμένοιο· “And
now would Menelaus have dragged him away, and won glory unspeakable, had

22
  Cf. Dunkel 2014, 288-289.
23
  Cf. LIV s.v. 1.*h2er-.
24
  Cf. Kühner-Gerth 1904, 317; DELG s.v.; Beekes 2010 s.v.; Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. āra, who explains the
lack of initial laryngeal in the Hittite cognate as the result of an o grade, i.e. *h2or-.
25
  Cf. Egetmeyer 2010, 116 & 445.
26
  Cf. EDG s.v. On the etymological problems posed by this particle, see also Ruijgh 1971, 433-434.
27
  Dunkel 2014, 337, reconstructs *h2í-r for Lith. ir̃, Latv. ir.
28
  Cf. Dunkel 2014, 289 n. 6. From an etymological perspective, it should be added that the Mycenaean
sequence o-de-qa-a2, which contains the combination of ku̯e with ἄρ(α), does not support the existence
of a particle τάρ in Ancient Greek (Katz 2007), but rather the collocation of τ(ε) + ἄρ (Denniston
1954, 43; van den Besselaar 1962, 230; Dunkel 2014, 791 n. 64, who considers τε to be “epic” in this
collocation despite Ruijgh 1971, 804-809).
29
  Cf. Hartung 1832, 422.
30
  Cf. Baümlein 1861, 19-39; Kühner-Gerth 1904, 317-326.
31
  Cf. Denniston 1954, 32-43; Ruijgh 1971, 434-438; Cooper 1998, §§69.8. Furthermore, Bakker 1993,
16-23, who only takes into account Homeric examples, considers that ἄρα has a visualising function
related to epic performance and reenactment, stating that “a speaker using ἄρα … makes an assertion
that is prompted by evidence before him, a statement that is uttered in a situation and therefore warranted
by that situation”; Oréal 1997, 239-242, suggests that the particle indicates that the speaker does not
assume the statement but rather attributes it to another person.
 The particle ἄρα from the 2nd to the 1st millennium 543

not Aphrodite, daughter of Zeus, been quick to see, and to his cost broken in
twain the thong, cut from the hide of a slaughtered ox”. (Murray’s translation as
available in the Perseus Digital Library).
It is worth quoting Cornelis Ruijgh on this passage: “Il est évident que le fait
marqué par ἄρα est surprenant : l’intervention divine détourne le cours naturel
des événements, exprimé à l’irréel dans la principale qui précède. Ceci prouve
que Hartung et Denniston ont raison : ἄρα ne signale pas qu’il s’agisse d’un
fait qui suit de façon naturelle le fait précédent (cf. Kühner-Gerth et Schwyzer-
Debrunner, § 351) ni d’un fait bien connu (Grimm, § 351 n. 80)”.32
Likewise, when the particle is used with the imperfect, it expresses that the
speaker becomes aware of a preexisting situation:33
S. Ph. 978 ὅδ’ ἦν ἄρα | ὁ συλλαβών με “It was he, then, who entrapped me
(now I realise it)”. (Jebb’s translation as available in the Perseus Digital Library
with an added gloss in brackets).
On the other hand, ἄρα is also used as an inferential particle to indicate
that its discourse unit can be inferred from the previous one.34 This function
developed in Classical and Postclassical prose,35 to the point that it became the
only one in Late and Modern Greek:36
Pl. Cri. 49b οὐδαμῶς ἄρα δεῖ ἀδικεῖν “Then (as it follows from what has
been said) we ought not to do wrong at all”. (Fowler’s translation as available
in the Perseus Digital Library with an added gloss in brackets).
The function as a transitional connective is also attributed to ἄρα and
included in dictionaries,37 even though it is too vague and applicable in passages
in which the aforementioned functions are difficult to perceive. The relationship
between both uses, as a pragmatic marker of interest and as an inferential particle,
is not straightforward. Nevertheless, both John Denniston and Cornelis Ruijgh
consider that the first one is original and that the second developed out of the
former.38 Another point in question is the similarity of this particle to δή, pointed

32
  Cf. Ruijgh 1971, 436.
33
  Cf. Cooper 1998, §53.2.6; Crespo et al. 2003, 259.
34
  Cf. van den Besselaar 1962, 239, 241, 254 & 258; van Ophuijsen, in Sicking & van Ophuijsen 1993,
101-139, considers that the inference is made on the basis of the previous context / or the situation; see
also Mulligan 2007, who agrees with van Ophuijsen.
35
  Cf. Denniston 1954, 41; Schwyzer-Debrunner 1950, 559.
36
  Cf. Blomqvist 1969, 128-129; Lexiko s.v. ἄρα.
37
  Cf. LSJ s.v. A.1; DGE s.v. II.
38
  See Denniston 1954, 40: “A particle that marks realization or enlightenment is half-way to becoming a
logical connective particle, since enlightenment naturally results from something that has just been said
or done: ‘Hullo, you’re here’ : ‘So you’re here!’”. Cf. Ruijgh 1971, 435.
544 José Miguel Jiménez Delgado

out by ancient grammarians, cf. Apollon. Lex. 43 Ἄρα. ἀντὶ τοῦ δὴ παρ᾽ Ὁμήρῳ
διὰ παντός, παρὰ δὲ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐν τῷ βίῳ συλλογιστικὸς σύνδεσμος and Sud.
Ἄρα. συλλογιστικὸς σύνδεσμος. καὶ ἀντὶ τοῦ δὴ, καὶ ὡς ἔοικεν, καὶ ὡς φαίνεται.
οὕτως Πλάτων. This similarity allows the conjecture that ἄρα marks its discourse
unit as expected or known.39 In this respect, Christiaan Sicking observes that the
particle indicates that what is said is based on indisputable facts, albeit surprising
for the speaker himself.40 Jan van Ophuijsen arrives at the conclusion that, in
Platonic texts, the particle does not signal what is said as self-evident but as
deducible from external facts.41 A compromise is proposed by Elena Redondo:
“Diacrónicamente considerada, se constata que Homero hace de esta partícula un
uso muy abundante, pero que en época posthomérica tiende a ser reemplazada
por δή, de valor muy semejante. A la vez que la frecuencia de su uso se restringe,
se desarrolla otro valor, el de señalar el carácter interesante y nuevo de un hecho
que es la conclusión sacada de un hecho precedente, hasta llegar a ser puramente
conclusiva en las obras de Platón y Aristóteles”.42 Nevertheless, Ruijgh insists,
corroborating Denniston’s description, on the fact that the Homeric usage “semble
marquer en principe des faits qui surprennent ou qui suscitent un vif intérêt”.43
In epigraphic texts the particle is only attested, to my knowledge, in literary and
poetic compositions. I have found no instance in inscriptions containing records similar
to those characteristic of Mycenaean tablets. However, it is noteworthy that Homer
uses ἄρα in contexts that can be compared to the Mycenaean ones: particularly in the
Catalogue of Ships (Il. 2.494-759) where the particle is found introducing sections
corresponding to the description of one of the contingents (2.546, 615, 676, 716), as well
as subsections inside the description (2.620, 650) or even members of an enumeration
(2.522, 584).44 Some examples are the following:45
2.546 Οἳ δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ Ἀθήνας εἶχον ἐϋκτίμενον πτολίεθρον … “And they that
held Athens, the well-built citadel”. (Introducing the section corresponding to
the Athenian contingent).
2.650 τῶν μὲν ἄρ᾽ Ἰδομενεὺς δουρὶ κλυτὸς ἡγεμόνευε | Μηριόνης τ᾽
ἀτάλαντος Ἐνυαλίῳ ἀνδρειφόντῃ· “Of all these was Idomeneus, famed for his
spear, captain, and Meriones, the peer of Enyalius, slayer of men”. (Introducing

39
  Cf. Grimm 1962; van den Besselaar 1962, 247 & 253, who considers this a Posthomeric function.
40
  Cf. Sicking 1986.
41
  In Sicking & van Ophuijsen 1993.
42
  Cf. Redondo 1995, 47-48. See also van den Besselaar 1962, 233-234: “… à idéia de ligaçâo espressa
por ἄρα è inerente à nuança de preciçâo ou de exatidâo; a nosso ver, esta conotaçâo explica também o
fato de ἄρα revelar interêsse, atençâo, vivacidade, etc.”.
43
  Cf. Ruijgh 1971, 434-438.
44
  Ruijgh 1971, 441, attributes these two instances of ἄρα both to variatio and to metric imperative. On the
Homeric usage of ἄρα as an exclusively metric particle see Visser 1987, 91-92.
45
  The English translations are those by Murray as available in the Perseus Digital Library.
 The particle ἄρα from the 2nd to the 1st millennium 545

the identification of the leaders of the Cretan contingent).

2.522 οἳ Κυπάρισσον ἔχον Πυθῶνά τε πετρήεσσαν | Κρῖσάν τε ζαθέην καὶ
Δαυλίδα καὶ Πανοπῆα, | οἵ τ᾽ Ἀνεμώρειαν καὶ Ὑάμπολιν ἀμφενέμοντο, | οἵ τ᾽
ἄρα πὰρ ποταμὸν Κηφισὸν δῖον ἔναιον, | οἵ τε Λίλαιαν ἔχον πηγῇς ἔπι Κηφισοῖο·
“[…] these were they that held Cyparissus and rocky Pytho, and sacred Crisa
and Daulis and Panopeus; and that dwelt about Anemoreia and Hyampolis, and
that lived beside the goodly river Cephisus, and that held Lilaea by the springs of
Cephisus”. (Introducing one member of an enumeration).
If we turn to the Mycenaean examples, first of all, it must be stated that the
sense of surprise or interest attributed to ἄρα is out of place in the Linear B texts,
due to the fact that these texts are administrative and they record palatial accounts.
In this type of text, only the objective record of entries is expected. It is also
difficult to establish that the particle connects its section as an inference drawn
from the previous one, unless a wide concept of inference is put forward. Thus,
the section introduced by ἄρ(α) in Mycenaean texts is not a mere inference of
the previous section. Nonetheless, the particle does insist on the relation set up
between the two sections: o- is a comparative element (in the same manner as
the previous section), -de- marks thematic discontinuity (a different entry), -qe-
marks addition in o-de-qa-a2 (a further entry), -a2 is cataphoric (the new entry
is as follows); the particle ἄρ(α) indicates that a new discourse unit begins in
connection with the previous one and that its nature can be deduced from it.
In other words, ἄρα fulfils two main functions in Ancient Greek according to
the relevant literature: as a sentence adverb whose function is related to a pragmatic
component of interest and as a connective that links its discourse unit with the
previous one. The latter function can be labelled as inferential and was fully
developed in the Classical and Postclassical prose.46 The Mycenaean data show
that the inferential use of this particle, albeit less defined than in the 4th-century
BCE prose, did exist in the 2nd millennium. Note that the pragmatic component
of interest does not befit administrative records like the Mycenaean tablets. On the
other hand, it is difficult to determine whether this inferential function included
any other pragmatic instruction, for instance, that the relation with the previous
segment is construed on the basis of an extralinguistic knowledge shared by the
speaker and addressee. In this respect, the preserved Mycenaean examples might
support that the particle implied that the relation was obvious or expected.

46
  The classification of ἄρα as a connective poses some problems (Sicking & van Ophuijsen 1993, 71-88).
Be that as it may, it apparently functions as a connective in Mycenaean texts regardless of its usage in
the 1st millennium. Furthermore, the function as a pragmatic marker of interest or surprise has been
called into question by Coulter George in the ICAGL 2015.
546 José Miguel Jiménez Delgado

Conclusions
The particle ἄρα is documented in the 2nd millennium with an inferential
function that only became fully developed in Classical and Postclassical Greek.
It is not documented as a pragmatic marker of interest, even if this sense is
considered characteristic of the particle in Homeric texts. It can be argued that
the particle implies that the relation it sets up is obvious, although the contexts
are too limited to be more precise.

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