Annex-X

Counterfort Retaining wall No.1

Design Constants:-
Height of wall (H) = 11.5 m
Saturated unit weight of soil (γ) = 20 KN/m3
Angle of repose (φ) = 34 deg
Angle of surcharge (i) = 10 deg
Cefficient of friction (μ) = 0.5
Angle of friction between wall and earthfill (δ) = 20 deg
Inclination of wall with vertical (α) = 0 deg
Vertical seismic coefficient (αv ) =0.5∗αh = 0.04
For zone V
(IS:1893-
Horizontal seismic coefficient (αh) = 0.08 1984)
λ = tan^(-1)⁡〖 (αh/(1-
αv)")⁡"⁡ 〗 = 4.76
[cosi⁡((cos⁡〖 i⁡-(cos^2⁡〖 i⁡-cos^2⁡〖 φ)⁡^2⁡ 〗 〗 〗 )/
Ka=
Thus ((cos⁡〖 i+(cos^2⁡〖 i⁡-cos^2⁡〖 φ)⁡^2⁡ 〗 〗 〗 )] = 0.29
Ca= ((1+αv)Cos^2⁡" "⁡(φ-α-λ)" "⁡)/((CosλCos^2α⁡)Cos^2⁡" "⁡
(δ+α+λ)" "⁡)*{1/(1+((sin⁡(φ+δ)⁡⁡sin⁡(φ-i-λ))/█(cos⁡(α-i)⁡⁡
cos⁡(δ+α+λ)@))^0.5⁡)}^2 = 0.30
Assume heel = 4.60 m
toe = 2.10 m
wall wdth at base = 0.60 m
wall wdth at top = 0.40 m
Base width of wall (B) = 7.30 m

pa =Ka⁡(H+H⁡sin⁡〖 i⁡)γ 〗 = 79.46 KN/m2/m

pae =Ca⁡(H+H⁡sin⁡〖 i⁡)γ 〗 = 81.06 KN/m2/m
=pa∗H/2
Pa = 456.91 KN
=pae∗H/2
Pae = 466.08 KN
PH =Pa∗cos⁡i = 449.97 KN
Phe =Pae∗cos⁡i = 459.00 KN
PV =Pa∗sin⁡i
= 79.34 KN
Pve =Pae∗sin⁡i
= 80.93 KN
Let thickness of base slab = 0.80 m

Clear spacing of counterforts = 2.344 m

Thickness of counterfort = 0.40 m

Stability of Wall:-
The calculations are arranged in table:-

S.No. Force Lever Arm

Moment @
Toe (KNm)
1 Wall 133.8 2.40 321.0
2 Base 146.0 3.65 532.9
3 Soil 984.4 5.00 4922.0
4 triangular 36.7 5.77 211.9
5 Counterfort 21.0 4.23 88.9
6 Toe 29.4 1.05 30.9
7 Pp 45.0
W 1351.3 MR = 6152.6

= (Ph∗H)/3+((Phe-
Overturning Moment Mo = 1776.81 KNm
Ph)/2)H

Factor of Safety against overturning = MR/Mo = 3.46 Hence Safe.

Factor of Safety against sliding = μ*W/Ph = 1.50

 Annex-X

Pressure Distribution:-

Net Moment M =MR-Mo = 4375.7 KNm

x = M/W = 3.24 m
Therefore Eccentricity e = B/2 - x = 0.41 m

Pressure under toe p1 = W/B*(1 +6e/B) = 247.76 KN/m2

Pressure under heel p2 = W/B*(1 -6e/B) = 122.45 KN/m2

Design of Heel Slab:-

Ave. pressure intensity on 1m strip (outer) of heel = p 2+(p1-p2)/B = 139.62 KN/m2

Downward load due to weight of earth = 214 KN/m2

Downward load due to weight of heel slab = 20 KN/m2

Net downward intensity of load p = 94.38 KN/m2

Max. BM = 94.38 x 2.344^2/10 = 51.86 KNm

required depth d = 167.88 mm

Shear Force F = 94.38 x 2.344/2 = 110.61 KN

Diameter of bars = 16.00 mm

Spacing provided = 180.00 mm
Ast Provided =3.142 x 16 ^2/ 4 / 180 = 1117.16 mm2
depth d = 720 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x1117.16)/(0.36*20*1000) = 56.02 mm
Moment of resistance 0.87x415x1117.16(720-0.42x56.02)/1000000 = 280.92 KNm
OK
Distribution steel =0.12x1000x0.8x1000/100 = 960 mm2

Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 170 mm
Provide 12dia. bars @170mm c/c
Ast Provided =3.142x12^2x1000/(4x170) = 1330.729 mm2
Shear stress =110.61/(0.8x1000) = 0.14 N/mm2
OK
Design of Toe Slab:-

Downward load due to weight of earth = 10 KN

Downward load due to weight of toe slab = 20 KN

Upward pressure intensity = 247.76 KN/m2

Net upward load on

strip of 1m width =247.76-20-10 = 217.76 KN/m2

Maximum bending
moment =217.76x2.1^2/2 = 480.17 KNm

required depth d = 510.84 mm

Dia. of bars = 25 mm
Spacing = 160 mm
Provide 25 dia. bars @ 160mm c/c
 Annex-X

Ast Provided =3.142x25^2x1000/(4x160) = 3068.36 mm2

depth d = 720 mm
Neutral axis x= (0.87x415x3068.36)/(0.36*20*1000) = 153.87 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x3068.36x(720-0.42x153.87x10^-6) = 726.05 KNm
Percentage of steel = (3068.36x100/1000/720) = 0.43 %
Distribution steel = 0.12x1000x0.8x1000/100 = 960 mm2
Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 12mm dia. Bars @150mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = 3.142x12^2/4x1000 /150x2 = 1508.16 mm2
Shear Force at "d" F =217.76x(2.1-(720/1000)) = 300.51 KN
Shear stress = 0.38 N/mm2
Shear strength of concrete = 0.44 N/mm2
From table 19; IS:456-2000
Design of Stem:-

Intensity of earth
pressure near heel ph=0.3x2020x(11.5-0.08) = 64.26 KN/m2

BM in slab near heel

M1 =64.26x2.344^2/8 = 44.13 KNm

required depth d = (1.5x44.13x10^6/(0.138x20x1000))^0.5 = 154.87 mm

Dia. of bars = 16 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 16 mm dia. Bars @150mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = πx16^2/4 x1000 /150 = 1340.587 mm2
depth d = 520 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x1340.59)/(0.36*20*1000) = 67.22 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x1340.59x (520-0.42x67.22)x10^-6 = 238.024 KNm

Intensity of earth
pressure in 1m strip
(2m above heel) ph =0.3x20(11.5-0.8-2) = 52.25 KN/m2

BM in slab near
counterforts M1 =52.25x2.344^2/8 = 35.88 KNm

required depth d = 139.65 mm

Dia. of bars = 16 mm
Spacing = 200 mm
Provide 16 mm dia. Bars @200mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = πx16^2/4 *1000 /200 = 1005.44 mm2
depth d = 520.00 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x1005.44)/(0.36*20*1000) = 50.42 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x1005.44x(520-0.42x50.42)x10^-6 = 181.08 KNm

Distribution steel = 0.12x1000x0.6x1000/100 = 720 mm2

Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 200 mm
Provide 12 mm dia. Bars @200mm c/c on both faces
Ast Provided = πx12^2/4 x1000 /200x2 = 1413.9 mm2
 Annex-X

Design of Counterforts:-

Centre to centre spacing of counterforts = 2.744 m

Intensity of earth
pressure at base of ph =0.3x20(11.5-0.8) = 64.26 KN/m2
counterfort

Maximum Shear Force F =64.26x(11.5-0.8)/2x3 = 1031.38 KN

Bending Moment M=64.26x(11.5-0.8)/2x3x(11.5-0.8)/3 = 3364.67 KNm

required depth d = 2138.12 mm

Dia. of bars = 32 mm
Number of bars = 6 nos
Provide 6 no.32 mm dia. Bars.
Ast Provided = πx32^2/4 x6 = 4826.11 mm2
depth d = 4520 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x4826.112)/(0.36*20*1000) = 242.01 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x4826.112x(4520-0.42x242.01)x10^-6 = 7698.84 KNm

Intensity of earth
pressure at 4m above
base of counterfort ph=0.29x20x(11.5-0.8-4) = 39.45 KN/m2

Maximum Shear Force F=39.45x(11.5-0.8-4)x3/2 = 396.43 KN

Bending Moment M=39.45x(11.5-0.8-4)/2x3x(11.5-0.8-4)/3 = 1442.32 KNm

required depth d = 1399.88 mm

Dia. of bars = 32 mm
Number of bars = 3 nos
Provide 3 No. 32 mm dia. Bars.
Ast Provided = πx32^2/4 x3 = 2413.06 mm2
depth d = 3720 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x2413.056)/(0.36*20*1000) = 121.00 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x2413.056x(3720-0.42x121.004704)x10^-6 = 3196.71 KNm

Horizontal Ties:-

Force causing
separation at base of
Counterfort =64.26x2.344 = 150.63 KN/m

Area of steel required Ast =150.63x1000/230 = 654.90 mm2

Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 12 mm dia. Bars @ 150 mm c/c on both faces
Ast Provided = πx12^2/4/1000/150x2 = 1508.16 mm2

Vertical Ties:-

Net downward
pressure on heel =214-122.45 = 91.55 KN/m2

Net downward force on

heel = 91.55-2.344 = 214.58 KN/m

Area of steel required Ast

Ast =214.58x1000/230 = 932.98 mm2
Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 200 mm
Provide 12mm dia. Bars @ 200 mm c/c on both faces
Ast Provided = 1131.12 mm2
 Annex-X

Design of Shear Key:-

Soil pressure = 122.45+(247.76-122.45)x(4.6+0.6)/7.3 = 211.72 KN/m2

Passive pressure in
front of key 3x211.72 = 635.15 KN/m2

Assuming depth of key as = 1 m

Assuming width of key as = 0.5 m

Total Passive pressure Pp =635.15x1 = 635.15 KN/m

Sliding Force = 0.29x20(11.5+1)^2/2 = 459.96 KN/m

Total Weight W =1351.29+(7.3x20x1) = 1497.29 KN/m

Factor of Safety
against sliding = (0.5x1497.29+635.15)/459.96 = 3.01 OK

Bending Moment M =635.15/2/3 = 105.86 KNm

required depth d = 239.86 mm

Dia. of bars = 25 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 25 mm dia. Bars. @150 c/c
Ast Provided = πx25^2/4/1000/150 = 3272.917 mm2
depth d = 450 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x3272.92)/(0.36*20*1000) = 164.12 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x3272.92x(450-0.42x164.12)x10^-6 = 450.30 KNm
 Annex-X

Counterfort Retaining wall No.2 (11.5 m high)

Design Constants:-
Height of wall (H) = 11.5 m
Saturated unit weight of soil (γ) = 20 KN/m3
Angle of repose (φ) = 34 deg
Angle of surcharge (i) = 10 deg
Cefficient of friction (μ) = 0.5
Angle of friction between wall and earthfill (δ) = 20 deg
Inclination of wall with vertical (α) = 0 deg
Vertical seismic coefficient (αv ) =0.5∗αh = 0.04
For zone V
(IS:1893-
Horizontal seismic coefficient (αh) = 0.08 1984)
λ = tan^(-1)⁡〖 (αh/(1-
αv)")⁡"⁡ 〗 = 4.76
[cosi⁡((cos⁡〖 i⁡-(cos^2⁡〖 i⁡-cos^2⁡〖 φ)⁡^2⁡ 〗 〗 〗 )/
Ka=
Thus ((cos⁡〖 i+(cos^2⁡〖 i⁡-cos^2⁡〖 φ)⁡^2⁡ 〗 〗 〗 )] = 0.29
Ca= ((1+αv)Cos^2⁡" "⁡(φ-α-λ)" "⁡)/((CosλCos^2α⁡)Cos^2⁡" "⁡
(δ+α+λ)" "⁡)*{1/(1+((sin⁡(φ+δ)⁡⁡sin⁡(φ-i-λ))/█(cos⁡(α-i)⁡⁡
cos⁡(δ+α+λ)@))^0.5⁡)}^2 = 0.30
Assume heel = 4.60 m
toe = 2.10 m
wall wdth at base = 0.60 m
wall wdth at top = 0.40 m
Base width of wall (B) = 7.30 m

pa =Ka⁡(H+H⁡sin⁡〖 i⁡)γ 〗 = 79.46 KN/m2/m

pae =Ca⁡(H+H⁡sin⁡〖 i⁡)γ 〗 = 81.06 KN/m2/m
=pa∗H/2
Pa = 456.91 KN
=pae∗H/2
Pae = 466.08 KN
PH =Pa∗cos⁡i = 449.97 KN
Phe =Pae∗cos⁡i = 459.00 KN
PV =Pa∗sin⁡i
= 79.34 KN
Pve =Pae∗sin⁡i
= 80.93 KN
Let thickness of base slab = 0.80 m

Clear spacing of counterforts = 2.344 m

Thickness of counterfort = 0.40 m

Stability of Wall:-
The calculations are arranged in table:-

S.No. Force Lever Arm

Moment @
Toe (KNm)
1 Wall 133.8 2.40 321.0
2 Base 146.0 3.65 532.9
3 Soil 984.4 5.00 4922.0
4 triangular 36.7 5.77 211.9
5 Counterfort 21.0 4.23 88.9
6 Toe 29.4 1.05 30.9
7 Pp 45.0
W 1351.3 MR = 6152.6

= (Ph∗H)/3+((Phe-
Overturning Moment Mo = 1776.81 KNm
Ph)/2)H

Factor of Safety against overturning = MR/Mo = 3.46 Hence Safe.

Factor of Safety against sliding = μ*W/Ph = 1.50

 Annex-X

Pressure Distribution:-

Net Moment M =MR-Mo = 4375.7 KNm

x = M/W = 3.24 m
Therefore Eccentricity e = B/2 - x = 0.41 m

Pressure under toe p1 = W/B*(1 +6e/B) = 247.76 KN/m2

Pressure under heel p2 = W/B*(1 -6e/B) = 122.45 KN/m2

Design of Heel Slab:-

Ave. pressure intensity on 1m strip (outer) of heel = p 2+(p1-p2)/B = 139.62 KN/m2

Downward load due to weight of earth = 214 KN/m2

Downward load due to weight of heel slab = 20 KN/m2

Net downward intensity of load p = 94.38 KN/m2

Max. BM = 94.38 x 2.344^2/10 = 51.86 KNm

required depth d = 167.88 mm

Shear Force F = 94.38 x 2.344/2 = 110.61 KN

Diameter of bars = 16.00 mm

Spacing provided = 180.00 mm
Ast Provided =3.142 x 16 ^2/ 4 / 180 = 1117.16 mm2
depth d = 720 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x1117.16)/(0.36*20*1000) = 56.02 mm
Moment of resistance 0.87x415x1117.16(720-0.42x56.02)/1000000 = 280.92 KNm
OK
Distribution steel =0.12x1000x0.8x1000/100 = 960 mm2

Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 170 mm
Provide 12dia. bars @170mm c/c
Ast Provided =3.142x12^2x1000/(4x170) = 1330.729 mm2
Shear stress =110.61/(0.8x1000) = 0.14 N/mm2
OK
Design of Toe Slab:-

Downward load due to weight of earth = 10 KN

Downward load due to weight of toe slab = 20 KN

Upward pressure intensity = 247.76 KN/m2

Net upward load on

strip of 1m width =247.76-20-10 = 217.76 KN/m2

Maximum bending
moment =217.76x2.1^2/2 = 480.17 KNm

required depth d = 510.84 mm

Dia. of bars = 25 mm
Spacing = 160 mm
Provide 25 dia. bars @ 160mm c/c
 Annex-X

Ast Provided =3.142x25^2x1000/(4x160) = 3068.36 mm2

depth d = 720 mm
Neutral axis x= (0.87x415x3068.36)/(0.36*20*1000) = 153.87 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x3068.36x(720-0.42x153.87x10^-6) = 726.05 KNm
Percentage of steel = (3068.36x100/1000/720) = 0.43 %
Distribution steel = 0.12x1000x0.8x1000/100 = 960 mm2
Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 12mm dia. Bars @150mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = 3.142x12^2/4x1000 /150x2 = 1508.16 mm2
Shear Force at "d" F =217.76x(2.1-(720/1000)) = 300.51 KN
Shear stress = 0.38 N/mm2
Shear strength of concrete = 0.44 N/mm2
From table 19; IS:456-2000
Design of Stem:-

Intensity of earth
pressure near heel ph=0.3x2020x(11.5-0.08) = 64.26 KN/m2

BM in slab near heel

M1 =64.26x2.344^2/8 = 44.13 KNm

required depth d = (1.5x44.13x10^6/(0.138x20x1000))^0.5 = 154.87 mm

Dia. of bars = 16 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 16 mm dia. Bars @150mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = πx16^2/4 x1000 /150 = 1340.587 mm2
depth d = 520 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x1340.59)/(0.36*20*1000) = 67.22 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x1340.59x (520-0.42x67.22)x10^-6 = 238.024 KNm

Intensity of earth
pressure in 1m strip
(2m above heel) ph =0.3x20(11.5-0.8-2) = 52.25 KN/m2

BM in slab near
counterforts M1 =52.25x2.344^2/8 = 35.88 KNm

required depth d = 139.65 mm

Dia. of bars = 16 mm
Spacing = 200 mm
Provide 16 mm dia. Bars @200mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = πx16^2/4 *1000 /200 = 1005.44 mm2
depth d = 520.00 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x1005.44)/(0.36*20*1000) = 50.42 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x1005.44x(520-0.42x50.42)x10^-6 = 181.08 KNm

Distribution steel = 0.12x1000x0.6x1000/100 = 720 mm2

Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 200 mm
Provide 12 mm dia. Bars @200mm c/c on both faces
Ast Provided = πx12^2/4 x1000 /200x2 = 1131.12 mm2
 Annex-X

Design of Counterforts:-

Centre to centre spacing of counterforts = 2.744 m

Intensity of earth
pressure at base of ph =0.3x20(11.5-0.8) = 64.26 KN/m2
counterfort

Maximum Shear Force F =64.26x(11.5-0.8)/2x3 = 1031.38 KN

Bending Moment M=64.26x(11.5-0.8)/2x3x(11.5-0.8)/3 = 3364.67 KNm

required depth d = 2138.12 mm

Dia. of bars = 32 mm
Number of bars = 6 nos
Provide 6 no.32 mm dia. Bars.
Ast Provided = πx32^2/4 x6 = 4826.11 mm2
depth d = 4520 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x4826.112)/(0.36*20*1000) = 242.01 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x4826.112x(4520-0.42x242.01)x10^-6 = 7698.84 KNm

Intensity of earth
pressure at 4m above
base of counterfort ph=0.29x20x(11.5-0.8-4) = 39.45 KN/m2

Maximum Shear Force F=39.45x(11.5-0.8-4)x3/2 = 396.43 KN

Bending Moment M=39.45x(11.5-0.8-4)/2x3x(11.5-0.8-4)/3 = 1442.32 KNm

required depth d = 1399.88 mm

Dia. of bars = 32 mm
Number of bars = 3 nos
Provide 3 No. 32 mm dia. Bars.
Ast Provided = πx32^2/4 x3 = 2413.06 mm2
depth d = 3720 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x2413.056)/(0.36*20*1000) = 121.00 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x2413.056x(3720-0.42x121.004704)x10^-6 = 3196.71 KNm

Horizontal Ties:-

Force causing
separation at base of
Counterfort =64.26x2.344 = 150.63 KN/m

Area of steel required Ast =150.63x1000/230 = 654.90 mm2

Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 12 mm dia. Bars @ 150 mm c/c on both faces
Ast Provided = πx12^2/4/1000/150x2 = 1508.16 mm2

Vertical Ties:-

Net downward
pressure on heel =214-122.45 = 91.55 KN/m2

Net downward force on

heel = 91.55-2.344 = 214.58 KN/m

Area of steel required Ast

Ast =214.58x1000/230 = 932.98 mm2
Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 200 mm
Provide 12mm dia. Bars @ 200 mm c/c on both faces
Ast Provided = 1131.12 mm2
 Annex-X

Design of Shear Key:-

Soil pressure = 122.45+(247.76-122.45)x(4.6+0.6)/7.3 = 211.72 KN/m2

Passive pressure in
front of key 3x211.72 = 635.15 KN/m2

Assuming depth of key as = 1 m

Assuming width of key as = 0.5 m

Total Passive pressure Pp =635.15x1 = 635.15 KN/m

Sliding Force = 0.29x20(11.5+1)^2/2 = 459.96 KN/m

Total Weight W =1351.29+(7.3x20x1) = 1497.29 KN/m

Factor of Safety
against sliding = (0.5x1497.29+635.15)/459.96 = 3.01 OK

Bending Moment M =635.15/2/3 = 105.86 KNm

required depth d = 239.86 mm

Dia. of bars = 25 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 25 mm dia. Bars. @150 c/c
Ast Provided = πx25^2/4/1000/150 = 3272.917 mm2
depth d = 450 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x3272.92)/(0.36*20*1000) = 164.12 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x3272.92x(450-0.42x164.12)x10^-6 = 450.30 KNm
 Annex-X(c)

Counterfort Retaining wall No.2 (9.6 m high)

Design Constants:-
Height of wall (H) = 9.6 m
Saturated unit weight of soil (γ) = 20 KN/m3
Angle of repose (φ) = 34 deg
Angle of surcharge (i) = 20 deg
Cefficient of friction (μ) = 0.5
Angle of friction between wall and earthfill (δ) = 20 deg
Inclination of wall with vertical (α) = 0 deg
Vertical seismic coefficient (αv ) =0.5∗αh = 0.04
For zone V
(IS:1893-
Horizontal seismic coefficient (αh) = 0.08 1984)
λ = tan^(-1)⁡〖 (αh/(1-
αv)")⁡"⁡ 〗 = 4.76
[cosi⁡((cos⁡〖 i⁡-(cos^2⁡〖 i⁡-cos^2⁡〖 φ)⁡^2⁡ 〗 〗 〗 )/
Ka=
Thus ((cos⁡〖 i+(cos^2⁡〖 i⁡-cos^2⁡〖 φ)⁡^2⁡ 〗 〗 〗 )] = 0.34
Ca= ((1+αv)Cos^2⁡" "⁡(φ-α-λ)" "⁡)/((CosλCos^2α⁡)Cos^2⁡" "⁡
(δ+α+λ)" "⁡)*{1/(1+((sin⁡(φ+δ)⁡⁡sin⁡(φ-i-λ))/█(cos⁡(α-i)⁡⁡
cos⁡(δ+α+λ)@))^0.5⁡)}^2 = 0.39
Assume heel = 4.00 m
toe = 1.80 m
wall wdth at base = 0.40 m
wall wdth at top = 0.40 m
Base width of wall (B) = 6.20 m

pa =Ka⁡(H+H⁡sin⁡〖 i⁡)γ 〗 = 87.12 KN/m2/m

pae =Ca⁡(H+H⁡sin⁡〖 i⁡)γ 〗 = 99.52 KN/m2/m
=pa∗H/2
Pa = 418.18 KN
=pae∗H/2
Pae = 477.68 KN
PH =Pa∗cos⁡i = 392.96 KN
Phe =Pae∗cos⁡i = 448.87 KN
PV =Pa∗sin⁡i
= 143.03 KN
Pve =Pae∗sin⁡i
= 163.38 KN
Let thickness of base slab = 0.70 m

Clear spacing of counterforts = 2.600 m

Thickness of counterfort = 0.40 m

Stability of Wall:-
The calculations are arranged in table:-

S.No. Force Lever Arm

Moment @
Toe (KNm)
1 Wall 89.0 2.00 178.0
2 Base 108.5 3.10 336.4
3 Soil 712.0 4.20 2990.4
4 triangular 54.7 4.87 266.3
5 Counterfort 13.7 3.53 48.4
6 Toe 28.8 0.90 25.9
7 Pp 45.0
W 1006.7 MR = 3890.4

= (Ph∗H)/3+((Phe-
Overturning Moment Mo = 1525.85 KNm
Ph)/2)H

Factor of Safety against overturning = MR/Mo = 2.55 Hence Safe.

Shear key
Factor of Safety against sliding = μ*W/Ph = 1.28 is required
 Annex-X(c)

Pressure Distribution:-

Net Moment M =MR-Mo = 2364.5 KNm

x = M/W = 2.35 m
Therefore Eccentricity e = B/2 - x = 0.75 m

Pressure under toe p1 = W/B*(1 +6e/B) = 280.42 KN/m2

Pressure under heel p2 = W/B*(1 -6e/B) = 44.33 KN/m2

Design of Heel Slab:-

Ave. pressure intensity on 1m strip (outer) of heel = p 2+(p1-p2)/B = 82.41 KN/m2

Downward load due to weight of earth = 178 KN/m2

Downward load due to weight of heel slab = 17.5 KN/m2

Net downward intensity of load p = 113.09 KN/m2

Max. BM = 113.09 x 2.6^2/10 = 76.45 KNm

required depth d = 203.84 mm

Shear Force F = 113.09 x 2.6/2 = 147.02 KN

Diameter of bars = 16 mm
Spacing provided = 180 mm
Ast Provided =3.142 x 16 ^2/ 4 / 180 = 1117.16 mm2
depth d = 620 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x1117.16)/(0.36*20*1000) = 56.02 mm
Moment of resistance 0.87x415x1117.16(620-0.42x56.02)/1000000 = 240.59 KNm
OK
Distribution steel =0.12x1000x0.7x1000/100 = 840 mm2

Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 12dia. bars @150mm c/c
Ast Provided = 3.142x12^2x1000/(4x150) = 1508.160 mm2
Shear stress =147.02/(0.7x1000) = 0.21 N/mm2
OK
Design of Toe Slab:-

Downward load due to weight of earth = 10 KN

Downward load due to weight of toe slab = 17.5 KN

Upward pressure intensity = 280.42 KN/m2

Net upward load on

strip of 1m width =280.42-17.5-10 = 252.92 KN/m2

Maximum bending
moment =252.92x1.8^2/2 = 409.73 KNm

required depth d = 471.89 mm

Dia. of bars = 25 mm
Spacing = 180 mm
Provide 25 dia. bars @ 180mm c/c
 Annex-X(c)

Ast Provided = 3.142x25^2x1000/(4x180) = 2727.43 mm2

depth d = 620 mm
Neutral axis x= (0.87x415x2727.43)/(0.36*20*1000) = 136.77 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x2727.43x(620-0.42x136.77x10^-6) = 553.97 KNm
Percentage of steel = (2727.43x100/1000/620) = 0.44 %
Distribution steel = 0.12x1000x0.7x1000/100 = 840 mm2
Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 12mm dia. Bars @150mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = 3.142x12^2/4x1000 /150x2 = 1508.16 mm2
Shear Force at "d" F =252.92x(1.8-(620/1000)) = 298.45 KN
Shear stress = 0.43 N/mm2
Shear strength of concrete = 0.48 N/mm2
From table 19; IS:456-2000
Design of Stem:-

Intensity of earth
pressure near heel ph=0.39x2020x(9.6-0.08) = 68.75 KN/m2

BM in slab near heel

M1 =68.75x2.6^2/8 = 58.09 KNm

required depth d = (1.5x58.09x10^6/(0.138x20x1000))^0.5 = 177.68 mm

Dia. of bars = 16 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 16 mm dia. Bars @150mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = πx16^2/4 x1000 /150 = 1340.587 mm2
depth d = 320 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x1340.59)/(0.36*20*1000) = 67.22 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x1340.59x (320-0.42x67.22)x10^-6 = 141.220 KNm

Intensity of earth
pressure in 1m strip
(2m above heel) ph =0.39x20(9.6-0.7-2) = 53.30 KN/m2

BM in slab near
counterforts M1 =53.3x2.6^2/8 = 45.04 KNm

required depth d = 156.45 mm

Dia. of bars = 16 mm
Spacing = 200 mm
Provide 16 mm dia. Bars @200mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = πx16^2/4 *1000 /200 = 1005.44 mm2
depth d = 320.00 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x1005.44)/(0.36*20*1000) = 50.42 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x1005.44x(320-0.42x50.42)x10^-6 = 108.48 KNm

Intensity of earth
pressure in 1m strip
(4m above heel) ph =0.39x20x(9.6-0.7-4) = 37.85 KN/m2

BM in slab near
counterforts M1 =37.85x2.6^2/8 = 31.98 KNm

required depth d = 131.84 mm

Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 12mm dia. Bars @150mm c/c on both faces
Ast Provided = πx12^2/4 x1000 /150 = 754.08 mm2
depth d = 320 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x754.08)/(0.36*20*1000) = 37.81 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x754.08x(320-0.42x37.81)x10^-6 = 82.80 KNm
Distribution steel = 0.12x1000x0.4x1000/100 = 480 mm2
Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 200 mm
Provide 12 mm dia. Bars @200mm c/c on both faces
Ast Provided = πx12^2/4 x1000 /200x2 = 1131.12 mm2
 Annex-X(c)

Design of Counterforts:-

Centre to centre spacing of counterforts = 3.000 m

Intensity of earth
pressure at base of ph =0.39x20(9.6-0.7) = 68.75 KN/m2
counterfort

Maximum Shear Force F =68.75x(9.6-0.7)/2x3 = 917.77 KN

Bending Moment M=68.75x(9.6-0.7)/2x3x(9.6-0.7)/3 = 2722.73 KNm

required depth d = 1923.37 mm

Dia. of bars = 25 mm
Number of bars = 3 nos
= 32 mm
= 3 nos
Provide 3 no.25 mm dia. Bars.+3 no.32 mm dia.bars
Ast Provided = πx25^2/4 x3+ πx32^2/4 x3 = 3885.87 mm2
depth d = 3920 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x3885.8685)/(0.36*20*1000) = 194.86 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x3885.8685x(3920-0.42x194.86)x10^-6 = 5384.91 KNm

Intensity of earth
pressure at 4m above
base of counterfort ph=0.34x20x(9.6-0.7-4) = 33.13 KN/m2

Maximum Shear Force F=33.13x(9.6-0.7-4)x3/2 = 243.54 KN

Bending Moment M=33.13x(9.6-0.7-4)/2x3x(9.6-0.7-4)/3 = 825.31 KNm

required depth d = 1058.93 mm

Dia. of bars = 32 mm
Number of bars = 3 nos
Provide 3 No. 32 mm dia. Bars.
Ast Provided = πx32^2/4 x3 = 2413.06 mm2
depth d = 2720 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x2413.056)/(0.36*20*1000) = 121.00 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x2413.056x(2720-0.42x121.004704)x10^-6 = 2325.48 KNm

Horizontal Ties:-

Force causing
separation at base of
Counterfort =68.75x2.6 = 178.74 KN/m

Area of steel required Ast =178.74x1000/230 = 777.14 mm2

Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 12 mm dia. Bars @ 150 mm c/c on both faces
Ast Provided = πx12^2/4/1000/150x2 = 1508.16 mm2

Vertical Ties:-

Net downward
pressure on heel =178-44.33 = 133.67 KN/m2

Net downward force on

heel = 133.67-2.6 = 347.55 KN/m

Area of steel required Ast

Ast =347.55x1000/230 = 1511.11 mm2
Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 12mm dia. Bars @ 150 mm c/c on both faces
Ast Provided = 1508.16 mm2
 Annex-X(c)

Design of Shear Key:-

Soil pressure = 44.33+(280.42-44.33)x(4+0.4)/6.2 = 211.88 KN/m2

Passive pressure in
front of key = 3x211.88 = 635.63 KN/m2

Assuming depth of key as = 1 m

Assuming width of key as = 0.5 m

Total Passive pressure Pp =635.63x1 = 635.63 KN/m

Sliding Force = 0.34x20(9.6+1)^2/2 = 379.90 KN/m

Total Weight W =1006.72+(6.2x20x1) = 1130.72 KN/m

Factor of Safety
against sliding = (0.5x1130.72+635.63)/379.9 = 3.16 OK

Bending Moment M =635.63/2/3 = 105.94 KNm

required depth d = 239.95 mm

Dia. of bars = 25 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 25 mm dia. Bars. @150 c/c
Ast Provided = πx25^2/4/1000/150 = 3272.917 mm2
depth d = 450 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x3272.92)/(0.36*20*1000) = 164.12 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x3272.92x(450-0.42x164.12)x10^-6 = 450.30 KNm
 Annex-X(d)

Counterfort Retaining wall No.2 (7.9 m high)

Design Constants:-
Height of wall (H) = 7.9 m
Saturated unit weight of soil (γ) = 20 KN/m3
Angle of repose (φ) = 34 deg
Angle of surcharge (i) = 20 deg
Cefficient of friction (μ) = 0.5
Angle of friction between wall and earthfill (δ) = 20 deg
Inclination of wall with vertical (α) = 0 deg
Vertical seismic coefficient (αv ) =0.5∗αh = 0.04
For zone V
(IS:1893-
Horizontal seismic coefficient (αh) = 0.08 1984)
λ = tan^(-1)⁡〖 (αh/(1-
αv)")⁡"⁡ 〗 = 4.76
[cosi⁡((cos⁡〖 i⁡-(cos^2⁡〖 i⁡-cos^2⁡〖 φ)⁡^2⁡ 〗 〗 〗 )/
Ka=
Thus ((cos⁡〖 i+(cos^2⁡〖 i⁡-cos^2⁡〖 φ)⁡^2⁡ 〗 〗 〗 )] = 0.34
Ca= ((1+αv)Cos^2⁡" "⁡(φ-α-λ)" "⁡)/((CosλCos^2α⁡)Cos^2⁡" "⁡
(δ+α+λ)" "⁡)*{1/(1+((sin⁡(φ+δ)⁡⁡sin⁡(φ-i-λ))/█(cos⁡(α-i)⁡⁡
cos⁡(δ+α+λ)@))^0.5⁡)}^2 = 0.39
Assume heel = 3.00 m
toe = 1.40 m
wall wdth at base = 0.35 m
wall wdth at top = 0.35 m
Base width of wall (B) = 4.75 m

pa =Ka⁡(H+H⁡sin⁡〖 i⁡)γ 〗 = 71.69 KN/m2/m

pae =Ca⁡(H+H⁡sin⁡〖 i⁡)γ 〗 = 81.89 KN/m2/m
=pa∗H/2
Pa = 283.19 KN
=pae∗H/2
Pae = 323.48 KN
PH =Pa∗cos⁡i = 266.11 KN
Phe =Pae∗cos⁡i = 303.97 KN
PV =Pa∗sin⁡i
= 96.86 KN
Pve =Pae∗sin⁡i
= 110.64 KN
Let thickness of base slab = 0.70 m

Clear spacing of counterforts = 2.700 m

Thickness of counterfort = 0.30 m

Stability of Wall:-
The calculations are arranged in table:-

S.No. Force Lever Arm

Moment @
Toe (KNm)
1 Wall 63.0 1.58 99.2
2 Base 83.1 2.38 197.4
3 Soil 432.0 3.25 1404.0
4 triangular 30.8 3.75 115.4
5 Counterfort 6.0 2.75 16.5
6 Toe 22.4 0.70 15.7
7 Pp 45.0
W 637.3 MR = 1893.3

= (Ph∗H)/3+((Phe-
Overturning Moment Mo = 850.31 KNm
Ph)/2)H

Factor of Safety against overturning = MR/Mo = 2.23 Hence Safe.

Shear key
Factor of Safety against sliding = μ*W/Ph = 1.20 is required
 Annex-X(d)

Pressure Distribution:-

Net Moment M =MR-Mo = 1042.9 KNm

x = M/W = 1.64 m
Therefore Eccentricity e = B/2 - x = 0.74 m

Pressure under toe p1 = W/B*(1 +6e/B) = 259.33 KN/m2

Pressure under heel p2 = W/B*(1 -6e/B) = 9.01 KN/m2

Design of Heel Slab:-

Ave. pressure intensity on 1m strip (outer) of heel = p 2+(p1-p2)/B = 61.71 KN/m2

Downward load due to weight of earth = 144 KN/m2

Downward load due to weight of heel slab = 17.5 KN/m2

Net downward intensity of load p = 99.79 KN/m2

Max. BM = 99.79 x 2.7^2/10 = 72.75 KNm

required depth d = 198.84 mm

Shear Force F = 99.79 x 2.7/2 = 134.72 KN

Diameter of bars = 16 mm
Spacing provided = 150 mm
Ast Provided =3.142 x 16 ^2/ 4 / 150 = 1340.59 mm2
depth d = 620 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x1340.59)/(0.36*20*1000) = 67.22 mm
Moment of resistance 0.87x415x1340.59(620-0.42x67.22)/1000000 = 286.43 KNm
OK
Distribution steel =0.12x1000x0.7x1000/100 = 840 mm2

Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 200 mm
Provide 12dia. bars @200mm c/c
Ast Provided = 3.142x12^2x1000/(4x200) = 1131.120 mm2
Shear stress =134.72/(0.7x1000) = 0.19 N/mm2
OK
Design of Toe Slab:-

Downward load due to weight of earth = 10 KN

Downward load due to weight of toe slab = 17.5 KN

Upward pressure intensity = 259.33 KN/m2

Net upward load on

strip of 1m width =259.33-17.5-10 = 231.83 KN/m2

Maximum bending
moment =231.83x1.4^2/2 = 227.19 KNm

required depth d = 351.39 mm

Dia. of bars = 25 mm
Spacing = 200 mm
Provide 25 dia. bars @ 200mm c/c
 Annex-X(d)

Ast Provided = 3.142x25^2x1000/(4x200) = 2454.69 mm2

depth d = 620 mm
Neutral axis x= (0.87x415x2454.69)/(0.36*20*1000) = 123.09 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x2454.69x(620-0.42x123.09x10^-6) = 503.67 KNm
Percentage of steel = (2454.69x100/1000/620) = 0.40 %
Distribution steel = 0.12x1000x0.7x1000/100 = 840 mm2
Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 180 mm
Provide 12mm dia. Bars @180mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = 3.142x12^2/4x1000 /180x2 = 1256.8 mm2
Shear Force at "d" F =231.83x(1.4-(620/1000)) = 180.83 KN
Shear stress = 0.26 N/mm2
Shear strength of concrete = 0.43 N/mm2
From table 19; IS:456-2000
Design of Stem:-

Intensity of earth
pressure near heel ph=0.39x2020x(7.9-0.08) = 55.62 KN/m2

BM in slab near heel

M1 =55.62x2.7^2/8 = 50.68 KNm

required depth d = (1.5x50.68x10^6/(0.138x20x1000))^0.5 = 165.96 mm

Dia. of bars = 16 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 16 mm dia. Bars @150mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = πx16^2/4 x1000 /150 = 1340.587 mm2
depth d = 270 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x1340.59)/(0.36*20*1000) = 67.22 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x1340.59x (270-0.42x67.22)x10^-6 = 117.019 KNm

Intensity of earth
pressure in 1m strip
(2m above heel) ph =0.39x20(7.9-0.7-2) = 40.17 KN/m2

BM in slab near
counterforts M1 =40.17x2.7^2/8 = 36.60 KNm

required depth d = 141.04 mm

Dia. of bars = 16 mm
Spacing = 200 mm
Provide 16 mm dia. Bars @200mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = πx16^2/4 *1000 /200 = 1005.44 mm2
depth d = 270.00 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x1005.44)/(0.36*20*1000) = 50.42 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x1005.44x(270-0.42x50.42)x10^-6 = 90.33 KNm

Distribution steel = 0.12x1000x0.35x1000/100 = 420 mm2

Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 200 mm
Provide 12 mm dia. Bars @200mm c/c on both faces
Ast Provided = πx12^2/4 x1000 /200x2 = 1131.12 mm2
 Annex-X(d)

Design of Counterforts:-

Centre to centre spacing of counterforts = 3.000 m

Intensity of earth
pressure at base of ph =0.39x20(7.9-0.7) = 55.62 KN/m2
counterfort

Maximum Shear Force F =55.62x(7.9-0.7)/2x3 = 600.65 KN

Bending Moment M=55.62x(7.9-0.7)/2x3x(7.9-0.7)/3 = 1441.56 KNm

required depth d = 1616.02 mm

Dia. of bars = 25 mm
Number of bars = 2 nos
= 32 mm
= 3 nos
Provide 2 no.25 mm dia. Bars.+3 no.32 mm dia.bars
Ast Provided = πx25^2/4 x2+ πx32^2/4 x3 = 3394.93 mm2
depth d = 2920 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x3394.931)/(0.36*20*1000) = 170.24 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x3394.931x(2920-0.42x170.24)x10^-6 = 3491.52 KNm

Intensity of earth
pressure at 4m above
base of counterfort ph=0.34x20x(7.9-0.7-4) = 21.64 KN/m2

Maximum Shear Force F=21.64x(7.9-0.7-4)x3/2 = 103.87 KN

Bending Moment M=21.64x(7.9-0.7-4)/2x3x(7.9-0.7-4)/3 = 284.75 KNm

required depth d = 718.23 mm

Dia. of bars = 25 mm
Number of bars = 3 nos
Provide 3 No. 25 mm dia. Bars.
Ast Provided = πx25^2/4 x3 = 1472.81 mm2
depth d = 1720 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x1472.8125)/(0.36*20*1000) = 73.86 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x1472.8125x(1720-0.42x73.85541015625)x10^-6 = 898.13 KNm

Horizontal Ties:-

Force causing
separation at base of
Counterfort =55.62x2.7 = 150.16 KN/m

Area of steel required Ast =150.16x1000/230 = 652.88 mm2

Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 12 mm dia. Bars @ 150 mm c/c on both faces
Ast Provided = πx12^2/4/1000/150x2 = 1508.16 mm2

Vertical Ties:-

Net downward
pressure on heel =144-9.01 = 134.99 KN/m2

Net downward force on

heel = 134.99-2.7 = 364.48 KN/m

Area of steel required Ast

Ast =364.48x1000/230 = 1584.68 mm2
Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 12mm dia. Bars @ 150 mm c/c on both faces
Ast Provided = 1508.16 mm2
 Annex-X(d)

Design of Shear Key:-

Soil pressure = 9.01+(259.33-9.01)x(3+0.35)/4.75 = 185.55 KN/m2

Passive pressure in
front of key = 3x185.55 = 556.66 KN/m2

Assuming depth of key as = 1 m

Assuming width of key as = 0.5 m

Total Passive pressure Pp =556.66x1 = 556.66 KN/m

Sliding Force = 0.34x20(7.9+1)^2/2 = 267.82 KN/m

Total Weight W =637.31+(4.75x20x1) = 732.31 KN/m

Factor of Safety
against sliding = (0.5x732.31+556.66)/267.82 = 3.45 OK

Bending Moment M =556.66/2/3 = 92.78 KNm

required depth d = 224.55 mm

Dia. of bars = 25 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 25 mm dia. Bars. @150 c/c
Ast Provided = πx25^2/4/1000/150 = 3272.917 mm2
depth d = 450 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x3272.92)/(0.36*20*1000) = 164.12 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x3272.92x(450-0.42x164.12)x10^-6 = 450.30 KNm
 Annex-X(e)

Cantilever Retaining wall No.3 (5.9 m high)

Design Constants:-
Height of wall (H) = 5.9 m
Saturated unit weight of soil (γ) = 20 KN/m3
Angle of repose (φ) = 34 deg
Angle of surcharge (i) = 20 deg
Cefficient of friction (μ) = 0.5
Angle of friction between wall and earthfill (δ) = 20 deg
Inclination of wall with vertical (α) = 0 deg
Vertical seismic coefficient (αv ) =0.5∗αh = 0.04
For zone V
(IS:1893-
Horizontal seismic coefficient (αh) = 0.08 1984)
λ = tan^(-1)⁡〖 (αh/(1-
αv)")⁡"⁡ 〗 = 4.76
[cosi⁡((cos⁡〖 i⁡-(cos^2⁡〖 i⁡-cos^2⁡〖 φ)⁡^2⁡ 〗 〗 〗 )/
Ka=
Thus ((cos⁡〖 i+(cos^2⁡〖 i⁡-cos^2⁡〖 φ)⁡^2⁡ 〗 〗 〗 )] = 0.34
Ca= ((1+αv)Cos^2⁡" "⁡(φ-α-λ)" "⁡)/((CosλCos^2α⁡)Cos^2⁡" "⁡
(δ+α+λ)" "⁡)*{1/(1+((sin⁡(φ+δ)⁡⁡sin⁡(φ-i-λ))/█(cos⁡(α-i)⁡⁡
cos⁡(δ+α+λ)@))^0.5⁡)}^2 = 0.39
Assume heel = 2.50 m
toe = 1.00 m
wall wdth at base = 0.50 m
wall wdth at top = 0.40 m
Base width of wall (B) = 4.00 m

pa =Ka⁡(H+H⁡sin⁡〖 i⁡)γ 〗 = 53.54 KN/m2/m

pae =Ca⁡(H+H⁡sin⁡〖 i⁡)γ 〗 = 61.16 KN/m2/m
=pa∗H/2
Pa = 157.95 KN
=pae∗H/2
Pae = 180.43 KN
PH =Pa∗cos⁡i = 148.43 KN
Phe =Pae∗cos⁡i = 169.54 KN
PV =Pa∗sin⁡i
= 54.02 KN
Pve =Pae∗sin⁡i
= 61.71 KN
Let thickness of base slab = 0.70 m

Stability of Wall:-
The calculations are arranged in table:-

S.No. Force Lever Arm

Moment @
Toe (KNm)
1 Wall 58.5 1.25 73.1
2 Base 70.0 2.00 140.0
3 Soil 260.0 2.75 715.0
4 triangular 21.4 3.17 67.7
5 Toe 16.0 0.50 8.0
6 Pp 45.0
W 425.9 MR = 1048.8

= (Ph∗H)/3+((Phe-
Overturning Moment Mo = 354.20 KNm
Ph)/2)H

Factor of Safety against overturning = MR/Mo = 2.96 Hence Safe.

Shear key
is not
Factor of Safety against sliding = μ*W/Ph = 1.43 required
 Annex-X(e)

Pressure Distribution:-

Net Moment M =MR-Mo = 694.6 KNm

x = M/W = 1.63 m
Therefore Eccentricity e = B/2 - x = 0.37 m

Pressure under toe p1 = W/B*(1 +6e/B) = 165.40 KN/m2

Pressure under heel p2 = W/B*(1 -6e/B) = 47.54 KN/m2

Design of Heel Slab:-

Ave. pressure intensity on 1m strip (outer) of heel = p 2+(p1-p2)/B = 77.01 KN/m2

Downward load due to weight of earth = 104 KN/m2

Downward load due to weight of heel slab = 17.5 KN/m2

Net downward intensity of load p = 44.49 KN/m2

Max. BM = 44.49 x 2.5^2/2 = 139.05 KNm

required depth d = 274.90 mm

Shear Force F = 44.49 x 2.5 = 111.24 KN

Diameter of bars = 16 mm
Spacing provided = 150 mm
Ast Provided =3.142 x 16 ^2/ 4 / 150 = 1340.59 mm2
depth d = 620 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x1340.59)/(0.36*20*1000) = 67.22 mm
Moment of resistance 0.87x415x1340.59(620-0.42x67.22)/1000000 = 286.43 KNm
OK
Distribution steel =0.12x1000x0.7x1000/100 = 840 mm2

Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 12dia. bars @150mm c/c on both faces
Ast Provided = 3.142x12^2x1000/(4x150) = 1508.160 mm2
Shear stress =111.24/(0.7x1000) = 0.16 N/mm2
OK
Design of Toe Slab:-

Downward load due to weight of earth = 10 KN

Downward load due to weight of toe slab = 17.5 KN

Upward pressure intensity = 165.40 KN/m2

Net upward load on

strip of 1m width =165.4-17.5-10 = 137.90 KN/m2

Maximum bending
moment =137.9x1^2/2 = 68.95 KNm

required depth d = 193.58 mm

Dia. of bars = 16 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 16 dia. bars @ 150mm c/c
 Annex-X(e)

Ast Provided = 3.142x16^2x1000/(4x150) = 1340.59 mm2

depth d = 620 mm
Neutral axis x= (0.87x415x1340.59)/(0.36*20*1000) = 67.22 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x1340.59x(620-0.42x67.22x10^-6) = 286.43 KNm
Percentage of steel = (1340.59x100/1000/620) = 0.22 %
Distribution steel = 0.12x1000x0.7x1000/100 = 840 mm2
Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 12mm dia. Bars @150mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = 3.142x12^2/4x1000 /150x2 = 1508.16 mm2
Shear Force at "d" F =137.9x(1-(620/1000)) = 52.40 KN
Shear stress = 0.07 N/mm2
Shear strength of concrete = 0.34 N/mm2
From table 19; IS:456-2000
Design of Stem:-

Intensity of earth
pressure near heel ph=0.39x2020x(5.9-0.08) = 40.17 KN/m2

BM in stem near heel

M1 =40.17x(5.9-0.7)^2/6 = 181.02 KNm

required depth d = (1.5x181.02x10^6/(0.138x20x1000))^0.5 = 313.66 mm

Dia. of bars = 25 mm
Spacing = 125 mm
Provide 25 mm dia. Bars @125mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = πx25^2/4 x1000 /125 = 3927.500 mm2
depth d = 420 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x3927.5)/(0.36*20*1000) = 196.95 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x3927.5x (420-0.42x196.95)x10^-6 = 478.274 KNm

Intensity of earth
pressure in 1m strip
(2m above heel) ph =0.39x20(5.9-0.7-2) = 24.72 KN/m2

BM in stem #REF! = 42.19 KNm

required depth d = 151.42 mm

Dia. of bars = 25 mm
Spacing = 250 mm
Provide 25 mm dia. Bars @250mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = πx25^2/4 *1000 /250 = 1963.75 mm2
depth d = 320.00 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x1963.75)/(0.36*20*1000) = 98.47 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x1963.75x(320-0.42x98.47)x10^-6 = 197.56 KNm

Distribution steel = 0.12x1000x0.5x1000/100 = 600 mm2

Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 12 mm dia. Bars @150mm c/c on both faces
Ast Provided = πx12^2/4 x1000 /150x2 = 1508.16 mm2
 Annex-X(f)

Cantilever Retaining wall No.3 (4.4 m high)

Design Constants:-
Height of wall (H) = 4.4 m
Saturated unit weight of soil (γ) = 20 KN/m3
Angle of repose (φ) = 34 deg
Angle of surcharge (i) = 20 deg
Cefficient of friction (μ) = 0.5
Angle of friction between wall and earthfill (δ) = 20 deg
Inclination of wall with vertical (α) = 0 deg
Vertical seismic coefficient (αv ) =0.5∗αh = 0.04
For zone V
(IS:1893-
Horizontal seismic coefficient (αh) = 0.08 1984)
λ = tan^(-1)⁡〖 (αh/(1-
αv)")⁡"⁡ 〗 = 4.76
[cosi⁡((cos⁡〖 i⁡-(cos^2⁡〖 i⁡-cos^2⁡〖 φ)⁡^2⁡ 〗 〗 〗 )/
Ka=
Thus ((cos⁡〖 i+(cos^2⁡〖 i⁡-cos^2⁡〖 φ)⁡^2⁡ 〗 〗 〗 )] = 0.34
Ca= ((1+αv)Cos^2⁡" "⁡(φ-α-λ)" "⁡)/((CosλCos^2α⁡)Cos^2⁡" "⁡
(δ+α+λ)" "⁡)*{1/(1+((sin⁡(φ+δ)⁡⁡sin⁡(φ-i-λ))/█(cos⁡(α-i)⁡⁡
cos⁡(δ+α+λ)@))^0.5⁡)}^2 = 0.39
Assume heel = 1.80 m
toe = 0.80 m
wall wdth at base = 0.40 m
wall wdth at top = 0.30 m
Base width of wall (B) = 3.00 m

pa =Ka⁡(H+H⁡sin⁡〖 i⁡)γ 〗 = 39.93 KN/m2/m

pae =Ca⁡(H+H⁡sin⁡〖 i⁡)γ 〗 = 45.61 KN/m2/m
=pa∗H/2
Pa = 87.85 KN
=pae∗H/2
Pae = 100.35 KN
PH =Pa∗cos⁡i = 82.55 KN
Phe =Pae∗cos⁡i = 94.29 KN
PV =Pa∗sin⁡i
= 30.05 KN
Pve =Pae∗sin⁡i
= 34.32 KN
Let thickness of base slab = 0.40 m

Stability of Wall:-
The calculations are arranged in table:-

S.No. Force Lever Arm

Moment @
Toe (KNm)
1 Wall 35.0 1.00 35.0
2 Base 30.0 1.50 45.0
3 Soil 144.0 2.10 302.4
4 triangular 11.1 2.40 26.6
5 Toe 17.6 0.40 7.0
6 Pp 45.0
W 237.7 MR = 461.0

= (Ph∗H)/3+((Phe-
Overturning Moment Mo = 146.91 KNm
Ph)/2)H

Factor of Safety against overturning = MR/Mo = 3.14 Hence Safe.

Shear key
is not
Factor of Safety against sliding = μ*W/Ph = 1.44 required
 Annex-X(f)

Pressure Distribution:-

Net Moment M =MR-Mo = 314.1 KNm

x = M/W = 1.32 m
Therefore Eccentricity e = B/2 - x = 0.18 m

Pressure under toe p1 = W/B*(1 +6e/B) = 107.49 KN/m2

Pressure under heel p2 = W/B*(1 -6e/B) = 50.96 KN/m2

Design of Heel Slab:-

Ave. pressure intensity on 1m strip (outer) of heel = p 2+(p1-p2)/B = 69.81 KN/m2

Downward load due to weight of earth = 80 KN/m2

Downward load due to weight of heel slab = 10 KN/m2

Net downward intensity of load p = 20.19 KN/m2

Max. BM = 20.19 x 1.8^2/2 = 32.72 KNm

required depth d = 133.34 mm

Shear Force F = 20.19 x 1.8 = 36.35 KN

Diameter of bars = 16 mm
Spacing provided = 150 mm
Ast Provided =3.142 x 16 ^2/ 4 / 150 = 1340.59 mm2
depth d = 320 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x1340.59)/(0.36*20*1000) = 67.22 mm
Moment of resistance 0.87x415x1340.59(320-0.42x67.22)/1000000 = 141.22 KNm
OK
Distribution steel =0.12x1000x0.4x1000/100 = 480 mm2

Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 12dia. bars @150mm c/c on both faces
Ast Provided = 3.142x12^2x1000/(4x150) = 1508.160 mm2
Shear stress =36.35/(0.4x1000) = 0.09 N/mm2
OK
Design of Toe Slab:-

Downward load due to weight of earth = 10 KN

Downward load due to weight of toe slab = 10 KN

Upward pressure intensity = 107.49 KN/m2

Net upward load on

strip of 1m width =107.49-10-10 = 87.49 KN/m2

Maximum bending
moment =87.49x0.8^2/2 = 28.00 KNm

required depth d = 123.35 mm

Dia. of bars = 16 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 16 dia. bars @ 150mm c/c
 Annex-X(f)

Ast Provided = 3.142x16^2x1000/(4x150) = 1340.59 mm2

depth d = 320 mm
Neutral axis x= (0.87x415x1340.59)/(0.36*20*1000) = 67.22 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x1340.59x(320-0.42x67.22x10^-6) = 141.22 KNm
Percentage of steel = (1340.59x100/1000/320) = 0.42 %
Distribution steel = 0.12x1000x0.4x1000/100 = 480 mm2
Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 12mm dia. Bars @150mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = 3.142x12^2/4x1000 /150x2 = 1508.16 mm2
Shear Force at "d" F =87.49x(0.8-(320/1000)) = 42.00 KN
Shear stress = 0.10 N/mm2
Shear strength of concrete = 0.44 N/mm2
From table 19; IS:456-2000
Design of Stem:-

Intensity of earth
pressure near heel ph=0.39x2020x(4.4-0.08) = 30.90 KN/m2

BM in stem near heel

M1 =30.9x(4.4-0.4)^2/6 = 82.39 KNm

required depth d = (1.5x82.39x10^6/(0.138x20x1000))^0.5 = 211.61 mm

Dia. of bars = 16 mm
Spacing = 100 mm
Provide 16 mm dia. Bars @100mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = πx16^2/4 x1000 /100 = 2010.880 mm2
depth d = 320 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x2010.88)/(0.36*20*1000) = 100.84 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x2010.88x (320-0.42x100.84)x10^-6 = 201.581 KNm

Intensity of earth
pressure in 1m strip
(2m above heel) ph =0.39x20(4.4-0.4-2) = 15.45 KN/m2

BM in stem M1 =15.45x(4.4-0.4-2)^2/6 = 10.30 KNm

required depth d = 74.82 mm

Dia. of bars = 16 mm
Spacing = 200 mm
Provide 16 mm dia. Bars @200mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = πx16^2/4 *1000 /200 = 1005.44 mm2
depth d = 320.00 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x1005.44)/(0.36*20*1000) = 50.42 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x1005.44x(320-0.42x50.42)x10^-6 = 108.48 KNm

Distribution steel = 0.12x1000x0.4x1000/100 = 480 mm2

Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 12 mm dia. Bars @150mm c/c on both faces
Ast Provided = πx12^2/4 x1000 /150x2 = 1508.16 mm2
 Annex-X(g)

Buttress Retaining wall No.4 (10.5 m high)

Design Constants:-
Height of wall (H) = 10.5 m
Saturated unit weight of soil (γ) = 20 KN/m3
Angle of repose (φ) = 34 deg
Angle of surcharge (i) = 0 deg
Cefficient of friction (μ) = 0.5
Angle of friction between wall and earthfill (δ) = 20 deg
Inclination of wall with vertical (α) = 0 deg
Vertical seismic coefficient (αv ) =0.5∗αh = 0.04
For zone V
(IS:1893-
Horizontal seismic coefficient (αh) = 0.08 1984)
λ = tan^(-1)⁡〖 (αh/(1-
αv)")⁡"⁡ 〗 = 4.76
[cosi⁡((cos⁡〖 i⁡-(cos^2⁡〖 i⁡-cos^2⁡〖 φ)⁡^2⁡ 〗 〗 〗 )/
Ka=
Thus ((cos⁡〖 i+(cos^2⁡〖 i⁡-cos^2⁡〖 φ)⁡^2⁡ 〗 〗 〗 )] = 0.28
Ca= ((1+αv)Cos^2⁡" "⁡(φ-α-λ)" "⁡)/((CosλCos^2α⁡)Cos^2⁡" "⁡
(δ+α+λ)" "⁡)*{1/(1+((sin⁡(φ+δ)⁡⁡sin⁡(φ-i-λ))/█(cos⁡(α-i)⁡⁡
cos⁡(δ+α+λ)@))^0.5⁡)}^2 = 0.25
Assume heel = 2.80 m
toe = 3.00 m
wall wdth at base = 0.40 m
wall wdth at top = 0.40 m
Base width of wall (B) = 6.20 m

pa =Ka⁡(H+H⁡sin⁡〖 i⁡)γ 〗 = 59.37 KN/m2/m

pae =Ca⁡(H+H⁡sin⁡〖 i⁡)γ 〗 = 53.44 KN/m2/m
=pa∗H/2
Pa = 311.69 KN
=pae∗H/2
Pae = 280.56 KN
PH =Pa∗cos⁡i = 311.69 KN
Phe =Pae∗cos⁡i = 280.56 KN
PV =Pa∗sin⁡i
= 0.00 KN
Pve =Pae∗sin⁡i
= 0.00 KN
Let thickness of base slab = 0.70 m

Clear spacing of counterforts = 2.344 m

Thickness of counterfort = 0.40 m

Stability of Wall:-
The calculations are arranged in table:-

S.No. Force Lever Arm

Moment @
Toe (KNm)
1 Wall 98.0 3.20 313.6
2 Base 108.5 3.10 336.4
3 Soil 548.8 4.80 2634.2
4 triangular 0.0 5.27 0.0
5 Counterfort 11.7 4.33 50.7
6 Toe 48.0 1.50 72.0
7 Pp 45.0
W 815.0 MR = 3451.9

= (Ph∗H)/3+((Phe-
Overturning Moment Mo = 927.49 KNm
Ph)/2)H

Factor of Safety against overturning = MR/Mo = 3.72 Hence Safe.

Shear key
Factor of Safety against sliding = μ*W/Ph = 1.31 is required
 Annex-X(g)

Pressure Distribution:-

Net Moment M =MR-Mo = 2524.4 KNm

x = M/W = 3.10 m
Therefore Eccentricity e = B/2 - x = 0.00 m

Pressure under toe p1 = W/B*(1 +6e/B) = 131.78 KN/m2

Pressure under heel p2 = W/B*(1 -6e/B) = 131.13 KN/m2

Design of Heel Slab:-

Ave. pressure intensity on 1m strip (outer) of heel = p 2+(p1-p2)/B = 131.23 KN/m2

Downward load due to weight of earth = 196 KN/m2

Downward load due to weight of heel slab = 17.5 KN/m2

Net downward intensity of load p = 82.27 KN/m2

Max. BM = 82.27 x 2.8^2/2 = 322.49 KNm

required depth d = 418.65 mm

Shear Force F = 82.27 x 2.8 = 230.35 KN

Diameter of bars = 25.00 mm

Spacing provided = 150.00 mm
Ast Provided =3.142 x 25 ^2/ 4 / 150 = 3272.92 mm2
depth d = 620 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x3272.92)/(0.36*20*1000) = 164.12 mm
Moment of resistance 0.87x415x3272.92(620-0.42x164.12)/1000000 = 651.19 KNm
OK
Distribution steel =0.12x1000x0.7x1000/100 = 840 mm2

Dia. of bars = 16 mm
Spacing = 250 mm
Provide 16dia. bars @250mm c/c
Ast Provided =3.142x16^2x1000/(4x250) = 1608.704 mm2
Shear stress =230.35/(0.7x1000) = 0.33 N/mm2
OK
Design of Toe Slab:-

Downward load due to weight of earth = 10 KN

Downward load due to weight of toe slab = 17.5 KN

Upward pressure intensity = 131.78 KN/m2

Net upward load on

strip of 1m width =131.78-17.5-10 = 104.28 KN/m2

Maximum bending
moment =104.28x2.344^2/10 = 57.29 KNm

required depth d = 176.46 mm

Dia. of bars = 16 mm
Spacing = 200 mm
Provide 16 dia. bars @ 200mm c/c
 Annex-X(g)

Ast Provided =3.142x16^2x1000/(4x200) = 1005.44 mm2

depth d = 620 mm
Neutral axis x= (0.87x415x1005.44)/(0.36*20*1000) = 50.42 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x1005.44x(620-0.42x50.42x10^-6) = 217.38 KNm
Percentage of steel = (1005.44x100/1000/620) = 0.16 %
Distribution steel = 0.12x1000x0.7x1000/100 = 840 mm2
Dia. of bars = 16 mm
Spacing = 250 mm
Provide 16mm dia. Bars @250mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = 3.142x16^2/4x1000 /250x2 = 1608.704 mm2
Shear Force at "d" F =104.28x(3-(620/1000)) = 248.19 KN
Shear stress = 0.35 N/mm2
Shear strength of concrete = 0.28 N/mm2
From table 19; IS:456-2000
Design of Stem:-

Intensity of earth
pressure near heel ph=0.25x2020x(10.5-0.08) = 49.88 KN/m2

BM in slab near heel

M1 =49.88x2.344^2/8 = 34.26 KNm

required depth d = (1.5x34.26x10^6/(0.138x20x1000))^0.5 = 136.44 mm

Dia. of bars = 16 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 16 mm dia. Bars @150mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = πx16^2/4 x1000 /150 = 1340.587 mm2
depth d = 320 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x1340.59)/(0.36*20*1000) = 67.22 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x1340.59x (320-0.42x67.22)x10^-6 = 141.220 KNm

Intensity of earth
pressure in 1m strip
(3m above heel) ph =0.25x20(10.5-0.7-3) = 34.61 KN/m2

BM in slab near
buttress M1 =34.61x2.344^2/8 = 23.77 KNm

required depth d = 113.66 mm

Dia. of bars = 16 mm
Spacing = 200 mm
Provide 16 mm dia. Bars @200mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = πx16^2/4 *1000 /200 = 1005.44 mm2
depth d = 320.00 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x1005.44)/(0.36*20*1000) = 50.42 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x1005.44x(320-0.42x50.42)x10^-6 = 108.48 KNm

Distribution steel = 0.12x1000x0.4x1000/100 = 480 mm2

Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 200 mm
Provide 12 mm dia. Bars @200mm c/c on both faces
Ast Provided = πx12^2/4 x1000 /200x2 = 1413.9 mm2
 Annex-X(g)

Design of Buttress:-

Centre to centre spacing of buttress = 2.744 m

Intensity of earth
pressure at base of ph =0.25x20(10.5-0.7) = 49.88 KN/m2
buttress

Maximum Shear Force F =49.88x(10.5-0.7)/2x3 = 733.20 KN

Bending Moment M=49.88x(10.5-0.7)/2x3x(10.5-0.7)/3 = 2190.75 KNm

required depth d = 1725.27 mm

Dia. of bars = 32 mm
Number of bars = 6 nos
Provide 6 no.32 mm dia. Bars.
Ast Provided = πx32^2/4 x6 = 4826.11 mm2
depth d = 2920 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x4826.112)/(0.36*20*1000) = 242.01 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x4826.112x(2920-0.42x242.01)x10^-6 = 4910.89 KNm

Intensity of earth
pressure at 4m above
base of buttress ph=0.28x20x(10.5-0.7-4) = 32.79 KN/m2

Maximum Shear Force F=32.79x(10.5-0.7-4)x3/2 = 285.32 KN

Bending Moment M=32.79x(10.5-0.7-4)/2x3x(10.5-0.7-4)/3 = 838.95 KNm

required depth d = 1067.65 mm

Dia. of bars = 32 mm
Number of bars = 3 nos
Provide 3 No. 32 mm dia. Bars.
Ast Provided = πx32^2/4 x3 = 2413.06 mm2
depth d = 2320 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x2413.056)/(0.36*20*1000) = 121.00 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x2413.056x(2320-0.42x121.004704)x10^-6 = 1976.98 KNm

Horizontal Ties:-

Force causing
separation at base of
buttress =49.88x2.344 = 116.91 KN/m

Area of steel required Ast =116.91x1000/230 = 508.32 mm2

Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 200 mm
Provide 12 mm dia. Bars @ 200 mm c/c on both faces
Ast Provided = πx12^2/4/1000/200x2 = 1508.16 mm2

Vertical Ties:-

Net downward
pressure on heel =196-131.13 = 64.87 KN/m2

Net downward force on

heel = 64.87-2.344 = 152.07 KN/m

Area of steel required Ast

Ast =152.07x1000/230 = 661.15 mm2
Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 250 mm
Provide 12mm dia. Bars @ 250 mm c/c on both faces
Ast Provided = 904.90 mm2
 Annex-X(g)

Design of Shear Key:-

Soil pressure = 131.13+(131.78-131.13)x(2.8+0.4)/6.2 = 131.46 KN/m2

Passive pressure in
front of key 3x131.46 = 394.39 KN/m2

Assuming depth of key as = 1 m

Assuming width of key as = 0.5 m

Total Passive pressure Pp =394.39x1 = 394.39 KN/m

Sliding Force = 0.28x20(10.5+1)^2/2 = 373.89 KN/m

Total Weight W =815.01+(6.2x20x1) = 939.01 KN/m

Factor of Safety
against sliding = (0.5x939.01+394.39)/373.89 = 2.31 OK

Bending Moment M =394.39/2/3 = 65.73 KNm

required depth d = 189.01 mm

Dia. of bars = 25 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Provide 25 mm dia. Bars. @150 c/c
Ast Provided = πx25^2/4/1000/150 = 3272.917 mm2
depth d = 450 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x3272.92)/(0.36*20*1000) = 164.12 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x3272.92x(450-0.42x164.12)x10^-6 = 450.30 KNm
 Annex-

Cantilever Retaining wall behind BVC below EL.923.00 (6.25 m high)

(Drg. NO.PH-RP-C567 to C571)
Design Constants:-
Height of wall (H) = 6.25 m
Saturated unit weight of soil (γ) = 20 KN/m3
Angle of repose (φ) = 34 deg
Angle of surcharge (i) = 0 deg
Cefficient of friction (μ) = 0.5
Angle of friction between wall and earthfill (δ) = 20 deg
Inclination of wall with vertical (α) = 0 deg
Vertical seismic coefficient (αv ) =0.5∗αh = 0.04
For zone V
(IS:1893-
Horizontal seismic coefficient (αh) = 0.08 1984)
λ = tan^(-1)⁡〖 (αh/(1-
αv)")⁡"⁡ 〗 = 4.76
[cosi⁡((cos⁡〖 i⁡-(cos^2⁡〖 i⁡-cos^2⁡〖 φ)⁡^2⁡ 〗 〗 〗 )/
Ka=
Thus ((cos⁡〖 i+(cos^2⁡〖 i⁡-cos^2⁡〖 φ)⁡^2⁡ 〗 〗 〗 )] = 0.28
Ca= ((1+αv)Cos^2⁡" "⁡(φ-α-λ)" "⁡)/((CosλCos^2α⁡)Cos^2⁡" "⁡
(δ+α+λ)" "⁡)*{1/(1+((sin⁡(φ+δ)⁡⁡sin⁡(φ-i-λ))/█(cos⁡(α-i)⁡⁡
cos⁡(δ+α+λ)@))^0.5⁡)}^2 = 0.25
Assume heel = 1.70 m
toe = 0.80 m
wall wdth at base = 0.80 m
wall wdth at top = 0.50 m
Base width of wall (B) = 3.30 m

pa =Ka⁡(H+H⁡sin⁡〖 i⁡)γ 〗 = 35.34 KN/m2/m

pae =Ca⁡(H+H⁡sin⁡〖 i⁡)γ 〗 = 31.81 KN/m2/m
=pa∗H/2
Pa = 110.44 KN
=pae∗H/2
Pae = 99.41 KN
PH =Pa∗cos⁡i = 110.44 KN
Phe =Pae∗cos⁡i = 99.41 KN
PV =Pa∗sin⁡i
= 0.00 KN
Pve =Pae∗sin⁡i
= 0.00 KN
Let thickness of base slab = 0.75 m

Stability of Wall:-
The calculations are arranged in table:-

S.No. Force Lever Arm

Moment @
Toe (KNm)
1 Wall 89.4 1.20 107.3
2 Base 61.9 1.65 102.1
3 Soil 187.0 2.45 458.2
4 triangular 0.0 2.73 0.0
5 Toe 12.0 0.40 4.8
6 Pp 45.0
W 350.3 MR = 717.3

= (Ph∗H)/3+((Phe-
Overturning Moment Mo = 195.61 KNm
Ph)/2)H

Factor of Safety against overturning = MR/Mo = 3.67 Hence Safe.

Shear key
is not
Factor of Safety against sliding = μ*W/Ph = 1.59 required
 Annex-

Pressure Distribution:-

Net Moment M =MR-Mo = 521.7 KNm

x = M/W = 1.49 m
Therefore Eccentricity e = B/2 - x = 0.16 m

Pressure under toe p1 = W/B*(1 +6e/B) = 137.11 KN/m2

Pressure under heel p2 = W/B*(1 -6e/B) = 75.16 KN/m2

Design of Heel Slab:-

Ave. pressure intensity on 1m strip (outer) of heel = p 2+(p1-p2)/B = 93.93 KN/m2

Downward load due to weight of earth = 110 KN/m2

Downward load due to weight of heel slab = 18.75 KN/m2

Net downward intensity of load p = 34.82 KN/m2

Max. BM = 34.82 x 1.7^2/2 = 50.31 KNm

required depth d = 165.36 mm

Shear Force F = 34.82 x 1.7 = 59.19 KN

Diameter of bars = 16 mm
Spacing provided = 200 mm
Ast Provided =3.142 x 16 ^2/ 4 / 200 = 1005.44 mm2
depth d = 670 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x1005.44)/(0.36*20*1000) = 50.42 mm
Moment of resistance 0.87x415x1005.44(670-0.42x50.42)/1000000 = 235.53 KNm
OK
Distribution steel =0.12x1000x0.75x1000/100 = 900 mm2

Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 200 mm
Provide 12dia. bars @200mm c/c on both faces
Ast Provided = 3.142x12^2x1000/(4x200) = 1131.120 mm2
Shear stress =59.19/(0.75x1000) = 0.08 N/mm2
OK
Design of Toe Slab:-

Downward load due to weight of earth = 10 KN

Downward load due to weight of toe slab = 18.75 KN

Upward pressure intensity = 137.11 KN/m2

Net upward load on

strip of 1m width =137.11-18.75-10 = 108.36 KN/m2

Maximum bending
moment =108.36x0.8^2/2 = 34.68 KNm

required depth d = 137.28 mm

Dia. of bars = 16 mm
Spacing = 200 mm
Provide 16 dia. bars @ 200mm c/c
 Annex-

Ast Provided = 3.142x16^2x1000/(4x200) = 1005.44 mm2

depth d = 670 mm
Neutral axis x= (0.87x415x1005.44)/(0.36*20*1000) = 50.42 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x1005.44x(670-0.42x50.42x10^-6) = 235.53 KNm
Percentage of steel = (1005.44x100/1000/670) = 0.15 %
Distribution steel = 0.12x1000x0.75x1000/100 = 900 mm2
Dia. of bars = 12 mm
Spacing = 200 mm
Provide 12mm dia. Bars @200mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = 3.142x12^2/4x1000 /200x2 = 1131.12 mm2
Shear Force at "d" F =108.36x(0.8-(670/1000)) = 14.09 KN
Shear stress = 0.03 N/mm2
Shear strength of concrete = 0.28 N/mm2
From table 19; IS:456-2000
Design of Stem:-

Intensity of earth
pressure near heel ph=0.25x2020x(6.25-0.08) = 27.99 KN/m2

BM in stem near heel

M1 =27.99x(6.25-0.75)^2/6 = 141.13 KNm

required depth d = (1.5x141.13x10^6/(0.138x20x1000))^0.5 = 276.95 mm

Dia. of bars = 25 mm
Spacing = 200 mm
Provide 25 mm dia. Bars @200mm c/c on both faces.
Ast Provided = πx25^2/4 x1000 /200 = 2454.688 mm2
depth d = 720 mm
Neutral axis x = (0.87x415x2454.69)/(0.36*20*1000) = 123.09 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.87x415x2454.69x (720-0.42x123.09)x10^-6 = 592.292 KNm