An Analysis of Code Switching in Media Social in Facebook

Created:

Nurmila Hasan

321414036

Class B

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY LETTER AND CULTURE

UNIVERSITY STATE OF GORONTALO

2017
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter attempts to introduce the background of research, concerning with the code

switching in facebook. This chapter also presents the research question, the aim of research, the

research delimitation, and the research significances in terms of theoretical and practical

contribution

1.1 Basic consideration

In speaking often we use two languages or more than one language every day either with

family, relation, friends and new comer. In our country many diverse languages are used

because they have residence areas of different the form languages such as Balinese Javanese,

Gorontalones, Sundanese, etc. The world also there are many languages used such as Korean,

English, Indonesian, Arabic, Iraq, Japan, China, Thailand, etc in accordance with the residence

them. Therefore, so many diverse languages so that people using more than one language or so-

called code switching or bilingualism.

In addition, code switching Also is one of the phenomena that occur Often anywhere

better in the world of education, politics, economics and social media, now .in Indonesia to

communicated language switching occurred in the world of social media especially Facebook.

facebook is a social media service where people who do not know each other through facebook.

Facebook also is a social network website that provides an extensive number of features

for its users to socialize and share information about Themselves (Eldin, A. A.: 2014). Hence,
facebook until it Became popular in social media and facebook has many benefits. Firstly, to

help businesses through facebook users because users can carry out promotional items they want

to sell .secondly, users can communicate with each other directly without inlaid advance. Third,

users will get a variety of new friends from different areas. Therefore, facebook has a lot of

takers.

In addition, in the majority of Facebook users when they chat and are always posted on

transferring the code. Thus, this habit has become a phenomenon that is not conscious.

Therefore, the researcher conducting research rather simple code facebook social media.

The main reason, the researcher choose code switching in facebook,because the users of

facebook it's always used language code switching but them to do code switching have some

the reason. There are some reasons in conducting in this research, they are as follow:

1. To know the types ,they use code switching in facebook because they do not know the name

of the type

2. It is important for reader, because the reader still confused to make the different both code

switching and code mixing

From the social media in facebook, the researcher found some intermediate code

switching . The following are some examples of language code switching that occurred social

media in facebook :

a. Data 1

b. Data 2
 from data above is the language code switching from Indonesia to lombok, Indonesia to

English .

based on explantion above, we can know the language they use in social media

especially in facebook is English ,Indonesian and lombok. code switching is one of the problems

that often occur in the world that is less noticed by them, especially social media in facebook

quite fathomable is very important in the analysis because to know the type is what is used social

media in facebook and the reason the occurrence of code switching

Based on phenomena above, the researcher want to find out code switching in social

media especially in facebook, to find out what are the types social media in facebook. So, this

research is code switching of social media in facebook.the researcher will use poplack (1998)

theory and theory of some linguistic experts.

This research focuses on the following one research question:

1. What are the types of code switching in facebook ?

1.3 Aim of research

1. To know the types of code switching in facebook.

1.4 Significance of research

study is expected to be useful for the reader and student will know the problems that often occur

in the transition code switching and types are in use in code switching as tag code switching

,intra-sentential code switching (translation or word / phrase substitute on within a sentence) and

inter- sentential code switching in social media in facebook

The additional benefit of this study is to the future research who conducted the same

research, I hope that it can be used as important additional references that enriches theoretical

that enriches theorical aspect of code switching

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

In this chapter provides of definitions of sociolinguistics , definition of code and code

switching, types of code switching and definition of facebook.

2.1 Definition of sociolinguistics

development of language in society. This is consistent with Noam Chomsky in Romaine (2000:p.

1) stated that sociolinguistics focus on differences in the use of language in society so that an

object can be the object language learning another language. Then, Chomsky said that the

question of language is the fundamental question of power. From the statement it is clear that

sociolinguistics is the study of language use in a society that does not focus on the composition

of sentence structure but focuses on differences in language use and language development in

society.

Beside that, Fishman (1972, p. 1) states that the interaction between these two aspects

sociolinguistics is habits of the people of the usefulness of the language and the social

composition of habitual action. With language clearly focused on the topic of social arrangement

inherent in language habits society. So, the lessons of sociolinguistics not only on the

organizational structure of the language but also on the level development use of language in

society and familiarize the user language to use the language that is used in accordance with the

appropriate developmental and language level of civility in society.

2.2 Definition of code switching

According to Wardhaugh (2010:p.98), Code is defined as the particular dialec or

language one chooses to use on any given occasion and the communication system used between

two or more parties.

Code-switching is the use of multiple languages in the words, phrases and sentences even

in a paragraph. This is according to Duran (1994) said that code switching is probably strongly

related to bilingual life and may appear more or less concurrently in the life of the developing

language bilinguals especially when they are conscious of such behavior and then choose more
or less purposefully to use or not to use it. Based on these statements, code-switching is clearly a

combination of two or more languages and combines words, phrases and sentences. Then, the

structure of language in code-switching does not violate the rules of drafting sentences for

second or more languages.

In many situations, a speaker may shift from one code to another, intentionally or

unintentionally. This shift may be from one language to another, from one dialect to another, or

from one style to another for many different reasons. A bilingual teacher in class may switch his

or her language in order to elaborate a certain point they are explaining. Sociolinguists refer to

this shift as ‘code-switching’. Joan Swann and Indra Sinka explain that definitions of codes

witching vary’ (Swann & Sinka, 2007). Indeed, the definition of code-switching varies from

one linguist to another, thus I will use several definitions that were set by various sociolinguists.

It must be noted that I have highlighted that any person who is capable of switching codes must

be a competent bilingual or multilingual. In the book Discourse Strategy, John J. Gumperz

defines what he calls ‘conversational code-switching’ as ‘the juxta position within the same

speech exchange of passages of speech belonging to two different grammatical systems or

subsystems as when a speaker uses a second language either to reiterate his message or to reply

to someone else’s statement’ (Gumperz, 1982).

Another approach to defining code-switching was set by sociolinguist Kathryn Woolard.

She defines code-switching as ‘the investigation of an individual’s use of two or more language

varieties in the same speech event or exchange’ (Woolard, 2004). Thus, as I have previously

discussed in the introduction, code-switching occurs within the same single utterance. The term

‘code-switching’ differs from other language interaction phenomena, such as lexical borrowing.
Lexical borrowing is the result of lack of a lexical terms in the speakers repertoire while in code-

switching, as Janet Holmes says, speakers have a genuine choice.

Code-mixing is the change of one language to another within the same utterance or in the

same oral/written text. Muysken (2000) defines code-mixing as the lexical items and

grammatical features of two languages that in the same sentence. According to Li (1998; 2000),

“code-mixing refers to any admixture of linguistic elements of two or more language systems in

the same utterance at various levels: phonological, lexical, grammatical and orthographical”.

According to Muysken (2000), the term code-mixing can be referred as when the features

of grammar and lexical items of two or more languages are in the same sentence. In a

multilingual society such as in Malaysia, code-mixing is regarded as a common phenomenon

which generates mixed language or the localized term ‘rojak’ language. This phenomenon has

given significant impact not only among language users in their daily normal day conversations,

but have influenced sentence use in online social network such as Facebook.

2.3 Types of code switching

There have been many attempts to give a typological framework to the phenomenon of

code-switching. One of then most frequently discussed is that given by Poplack (1980). Poplack

(1980) identified three different types of switching which, more often than not, bilinguals will
find themselves switching or mixing between languages that they are familiar with regularly

while engaging in a conversation daily. Known as code-switching in linguistics, many bilinguals

will utilize their ability to shift from one language to another to communicate with others in an

unchanged setting and usually within the same utterance (Bullock & Toribio, 2009).

Code-switching is traditionally assumed to be an indication of language knowledge

deficiency in bilingual speakers. However, various researchers have proposed that code-

switching is also commonly used by bilinguals to achieve particular interactional goals in a

conversation with other speakers (Shin, 2010). Additionally, code-switching was viewed as a

choice in determining the linguistic choices used in a conversation where the rewards and costs

for using either of the languages was weighed by the switcher to achieve a particular outcome

(Myers-Scotton, 1979). The theory was further represented in Myers-Scotton’s (1993)

Markedness Model based on the social motivation of code-switching. The model centers on the

notion of code-switching as low level proficiency in the second language .The model centers on

the notion of code-switching as language choices made by speakers and it is seen as either an

unmarked or marked language choice in different speech situations. Code-switching is deemed

as an unmarked or safe choice when it is more or less expected in a particular type of interaction

that is determined by factors other than the conversation content such as social and situational

settings. In contrast, marked choice is unpredictable, disregarding social and situational factors

and what is expected in the interaction. Therefore, a marked choice is a negotiation about the

speaker and the speaker’s relationship with other participants (Myers-Scotton, 1993). In one of

the early researches,

Bloom and Gumperz (1972) identified two types of code-switching: situational and

metaphorical. Situational code switching is influenced by situation change in a conversation or

code-switching, on the other hand, works as a conversational strategy to assist conversational

acts such as an apology, request, complaint or refusal. From another perspective, Poplack (1980)

categorized code-switching into the following three types: tag-switching, intersentential and

intrasentential.

- Tag switching

Tag-switching involves inserting a tag or short phrase in one language into an utterance that is

otherwise entirely in another language. This type of code-switching occurs the most easily for

the reason being that tags typically contain minimal syntactic restrictions thus not violating

syntactic rules when being inserted into monolingual sentences. Common English tags such as I

mean, you know and I wish are some of the examples that fit into thatcategory.

- Inter-Sentential Switching

Intersentential switching happens at clausal or sentential level where each clause or sentence is in

one language or another. Occurring within the same sentence or between speaker turns, this type

of code-switching requires its speaker to be fluent in both languages in order to conform to the

rules of the languages.

- Intra-Sentential Switching

Intra-sentential switching is possibly the most complex type among the three, can take place at

clausal, sentential or even word level Since the early 1970s, code-switching has gained the

interest of scholars as a naturally occurring use of languages by bilinguals (Ariffin&Rafik-Galea,

2009). The motivations, functions and reasons of code-switching have been studied extensively

by a number of researchers from various linguistics perspectives. Malik (1994) in discussing the
sociolinguistics of code-switching of the language situation in India explained ten reasons for

speakers to code-switch.

2.4 Definition of facebook

Facebook is a social network website that provides an extensive number of features for its

users to socialize and share information about themselves. Users can sign up on the website with

a valid e-mail address and create a profile page, allowing them to keep updated with friends’

social activities, upload photos, share links and videos and connect with people. As of January

2011, the network was estimated to have more than 600 million monthly active users worldwide

(Carlson, 2011). One of the main features is the News Feed where users can publish status

updates and share them with users in their network. The status updates posted on users’ profiles

pages will then available to be replied or commented on at any time by other users. Thus,

Facebook has become the leading social network platform on the Internet and a vital

communication tool globally.

CHAPTER 111

METHODOLOGY

Research method
 In this study, the researcher used a qualitative method. Qualitative research method is a

procedure used to collect data. The data is collected from several in social media in facebook. In

facebook users always used code switching resulting .in this phenomenon need research

methods, especially for collecting the data or analysis of the data that matches the purpose of this

research is to get the use of code switching in social media in facebook.

Data and source data

in this study I gathered data from several social media posts, especially in facebook.but,

not all posts serve as data for research, Therefore, the data will be used in the analyze research

beforehand so that when the researchers analyzed the data no trouble.

source of research data obtained from multiple social media posts in facebook, but not all

posts in facebook users using the code switching. in addition, the playing of data is the facebook

that Contain variation such as Indonesian language, English, Malay language in Gorontalo,

Manado dialect and language Lombok.

Technique of collecting data

This study applying some technique for collecting data ,there are :
 1. The research facebook users that using code switching

This session, researchers looked for any Facebook user who uses code switching

in each post in media social . Especially Facebook users have joined with researcher’s

facebook.

2. Capture the relevant facebook

In collecting the data the researcher used the laptop for capturing the data to make

it easier to retrieve data. Researchers using laptop in capturing the data as a source of data

on facebook.

3. Classification the data

All the data have been obtained will be analyzed is the type classification code

switching in facebook social media used by poplack theory (1980).

Technique of analyzing the data

The corpuses data were analyzed by using qualitative method. It will take some steps :

a. Transcribing and reduction the data

in this step, all the data is is classified as the corpus. actually, the Data comes

from the post on facebook the data do not correlate as code switching and code mixing

will be reduced as corpus. after the switching by switching utterance Contain the data are

collected, the data is will be transcribed to be a corpus of data. It will be done manually

by the switching read in facebook

b. Categorizing and interpreting the data

language even regional language.for the data in English language is formed in italic. the aims

classify between bahasa indonesia and foreign language .

the corpus Contain with posts by facebook users and Also the Type code switching

itself. Social media in facebook have two parts. Hence, the time in the corpus in signed with

part of facebook. The switching utterance in the post-post in facebook. Also the section

known as finding .all of the finding in the corpus of data will be interpreted.

c. Discussion of data

In this step, all the data is from facebook will be discussed into the next chapter. In

discussing the theory there are several ahlii of code switching used in the study to get a result

from code switching type and reason, there are theory of poplack and Hoffman

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