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    Skeletal System

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    Carlos Enrique Pijo Perez
    The document discusses the skeletal system of insects, specifically their exoskeleton. It describes some key functions of the exoskeleton, including providing support, protection of internal organs, and attachment points for muscles. The exoskeleton provides overall strength from the outside hollow tubes, compared to the inside solid tubes of an endoskeleton. Specific structures that reinforce the exoskeleton are also discussed, such as sclerites, apodemes, and the tentorium. The tentorium forms an internal "endoskeleton" in the head that provides tissue support and muscle attachment sites. Other internal structures like the furca, phragma, and apophyses evolve to further support the body and

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    Skeletal System

    Uploaded by

    Carlos Enrique Pijo Perez
    6 views23 pages
    The document discusses the skeletal system of insects, specifically their exoskeleton. It describes some key functions of the exoskeleton, including providing support, protection of internal organs, and attachment points for muscles. The exoskeleton provides overall strength from the outside hollow tubes, compared to the inside solid tubes of an endoskeleton. Specific structures that reinforce the exoskeleton are also discussed, such as sclerites, apodemes, and the tentorium. The tentorium forms an internal "endoskeleton" in the head that provides tissue support and muscle attachment sites. Other internal structures like the furca, phragma, and apophyses evolve to further support the body and

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    16. Skeletal System

    Original Title

    16. Skeletal System

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    The document discusses the skeletal system of insects, specifically their exoskeleton. It describes some key functions of the exoskeleton, including providing support, protection of internal organs, and attachment points for muscles. The exoskeleton provides overall strength from the outside hollow tubes, compared to the inside solid tubes of an endoskeleton. Specific structures that reinforce the exoskeleton are also discussed, such as sclerites, apodemes, and the tentorium. The tentorium forms an internal "endoskeleton" in the head that provides tissue support and muscle attachment sites. Other internal structures like the furca, phragma, and apophyses evolve to further support the body and

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    6 views23 pages

    Skeletal System

    Uploaded by

    Carlos Enrique Pijo Perez
    The document discusses the skeletal system of insects, specifically their exoskeleton. It describes some key functions of the exoskeleton, including providing support, protection of internal organs, and attachment points for muscles. The exoskeleton provides overall strength from the outside hollow tubes, compared to the inside solid tubes of an endoskeleton. Specific structures that reinforce the exoskeleton are also discussed, such as sclerites, apodemes, and the tentorium. The tentorium forms an internal "endoskeleton" in the head that provides tissue support and muscle attachment sites. Other internal structures like the furca, phragma, and apophyses evolve to further support the body and

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    SKELETAL SYSTEM

    The evolutionary and physiological


    impacts of having
    Huge diversity
    an exoskeleton.
    SKELETAL SYSTEM
    FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM
    1. Support and strength of the organism and its limbs
    2. Protection of animal, especially the internal organs
    3. Attachment for muscles
    Kennedy, C.H. 1927. The exoskeleton as a factor in limiting and
    directing the evolution of insects. Journ. Morph. 44:267-312.
    Overall strength of an exoskeleton versus an endoskeleton

    Support for body. Outside tubes that are hollow of an


    exoskeleton are stronger than inside, solid tubes of an
    endoskeleton
    Sclerites ( tergites, pleurites and sternites)
    Apodemes-Cuticular ingrowths or 4, deep invaginations that meet
    internally and form a brace for the head and for muscle
    attachment and found in all insects.
    In the pterygote insects, however, these ingrowths start
    at the tentorial pits on the face and have evolved
    to form the head endoskeleton or tentorium.

    Apodemes can take the form of


    being just a point-like invagination
    or a line (or sulcus or suture).
    4 major apodemes provide sort of an internalized
    ‘endoskeleton’. Gives tissue support and attachment sites
    For muscles.
    Tentorium----head
    Furca----------thorax
    Phragma------thorax
    Apophysis----thorax

    Why does the head and thorax need


    additional support?
    TENTORIUM

    Japyx stained red to show tentorium


    Various modifications of the tentorium-from pg. 117 Snodgrass
    Phragma are transverse partitions of the endoskeleton used mainly
    for muscle attachment.
    Phragma development in the thorax-Notice none in larva, somewhat
    more in the apterygote? and much more in the winged adult. The
    flight muscles need attachment sites, which the phragma provide.
    Apophyses-plates of the endoskeleton that provide both extra strength
    and muscle attachment sites for muscles in the thorax.
    Furca-Forked endoskeletal ridge of the sternum of higher insects
    Evolution of the furca and apophyses to support evolution of wings
    Apophysis in abdomen of the lubber grasshopper. Endoskeletal
    ingrowths that provide for muscle attachment.
    Involvement of various apophyses for muscle attachment for muscle
    Tonofibrillae-definition from Snodgrass-Cuticular fibrils connecting
    the muscle fibers with the inner surface of the cuticula. Because of
    TEM we now know that these fibrils are microtubules that usually
    pass through the epidermal cells and are probably produced by them.

    Note that in most cases


    the microtubules
    extend into the epithelial
    cells. Also note that the
    muscle can attach to the
    apodeme
    Schematic representation of cartoon and model showing how the
    epidermal cells are involved in attaching the muscles to the cuticle
    via microtubules and thus forming tonofibrillae.
    Note the microtubules extend from
    the muscle through the epidermal
    cell and to the surface of epicuticle
    Lateral, abdominal, cuticular plaques of Tabanus nigrovittatus
    Research on cuticular plaques in
    Tabanus nigrovittatus. Originally
    people thought these plaques were
    sensory. No research on them. When
    sections were made through the
    plaques, we found that the tonofibrillae
    (T) had penetrated the cuticle. These are
    remnants of muscles used by adult to
    exit the puparium. Separates the
    Orthorrhaphous from Cyclorrhapha
    NOW ON TO THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

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