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Analysis of Results

1) The document analyzes the results of a circuit diagram implementing a Darlington connection between two transistors. 2) Measurements of the circuit's DC values like voltage and current at different nodes show good agreement with theoretical calculations, with errors below 5%. 3) The frequency response was measured, showing a bandwidth of approximately 1kHz to 10kHz where the voltage gain remains high and nearly constant, indicating the circuit is designed to operate within this range.

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Dennis Jimenez
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51 views4 pages

Analysis of Results

1) The document analyzes the results of a circuit diagram implementing a Darlington connection between two transistors. 2) Measurements of the circuit's DC values like voltage and current at different nodes show good agreement with theoretical calculations, with errors below 5%. 3) The frequency response was measured, showing a bandwidth of approximately 1kHz to 10kHz where the voltage gain remains high and nearly constant, indicating the circuit is designed to operate within this range.

Uploaded by

Dennis Jimenez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analysis of results:

Figure 1. Circuit diagram to be implemented

In the circuit of figure 1 there is a Darlington connection between two transistors, the first which is
a 2N2222A, the 123AP or the ECG85 can also be used, which have similar specifications, for the
second transistor the 2N3055A is used, which must be with its heat sink, to avoid unwanted
voltage variations at the output of the circuit.

The 40H coil represents the second winding of a 120 to 12 Vrms transformer, which has a
considerably high inductance value compared to commercial inductors.

Measured resistors [Ω]


R1 5k
R2 2k
Re 0,6
Table 1. Resistances used in the circuit

Resistors R1 and R2 can vary according to the design criteria of each person, the resistances
presented in Table 1 are the measured values, which were considered to perform the
corresponding calculations for transistor polarization and its analysis in AC. Working with the
measured values of resistance allows a lower percentage of error between the theoretical
calculations and those measured for: voltages, currents and gains.

Theoretical Measured Error %


Vce1 4,96 V 4,78 V 3,62 %
Vce2 5,75 V 5,5 V 4,34 %
Ic1 3,37 [mA] 3,25 mA 3,56 %
Ic2 4,12 [mA] 4,06 mA 1,45 %
Vr1 4,31 V 4,15 V 3,71 %
Vr2 1,69 V 1,62 V 4,14 %
Vre 249,78 [mV] 243 mV 2,71 %
Table 2. DC values of the transistor

Table 2 shows the operation point of transistor 1 and 2, which are reflected in the values of Q1
[Vce1, Ic1] and Q2 [Vc2, Ic2], you can clearly see how the voltage and current increase from one
transistor to another in a Darlington connection, since the emitter current corresponding to
transistor 1 will be the base current of transistor 2, which causes a greater collector current.
Determining the Q point of each transistor is relevant since it consists in determining the voltage
and current values for the component to work in the active region within a circuit in which it is
desired to implement.

If the percentage of error is observed, it can be seen that all the values are below 5%, which is an
indication that the measurements taken in practice were carried out correctly. The error that
occurs may be due to the fact that the voltage input in DC is not exactly the 6V that were taken to
perform the calculations, and it may also be due to the considerations that were taken when
performing the calculations, Ic = Ie = βIb.

It is important to take the voltage values in the resistors, to verify that the power of the elements
is correct, to avoid overheating in the components, which can affect the circuit considerably;
special care must be taken with low resistance in this case with the 0.6 Ω emitter resistance, which
must have adequate power. It is advisable to place resistors of a power greater than that
calculated to prevent the components from heating up.

Figure 2. Load line of transistor 2


Figure 2 shows the load line of transistor 2N3055, in which it is observed that point Q is in the
linear region of the transistor, which is necessary for the amplification to exist. The 6V source aims
to provide the current and voltage necessary for the element to operate in the linear region and
supply power to the transistor from which part of it will be converted into power (amplification). If
Q is in the upper limit of the line the transistor will be saturated, in the lower limit in section and in
the intermediate points in the linear region, in figure 2 it is observed that point Q approaches the
lower limit but does not found in the cut region since the current values in this region correspond
to the order of the microamps, so Q would be in the linear region.

𝑄 [5,75 𝑉; 0,4 𝐴] Point of operation

Points used to perform the loading line:

𝐴 [6 𝑉; 0 𝐴] 𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 6𝑉
𝑉𝑐𝑐 6
𝐵 [0 𝑉; 10 𝐴] = = 10𝐴
𝑅𝐸 0,6

Frequency response
𝑓[𝐻𝑧] 10 50 100 500 1k 5k 10k 50k 100k 500k 1M 10M
𝑉0𝑅𝑀𝑆 [𝑚𝑉] 2,66 14,33 21,17 59,2 71,9 77,7 76,29 49,86 29,86 6,63 3,2 1,59
𝑉𝑖𝑅𝑀𝑆 [𝑚𝑉] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝐴𝑣 2,66 14,33 21,17 59,2 71,9 77,7 76,29 49,86 29,86 6,63 3,2 1,59
Table 3. Frequency response

Table 3 shows the variation that exists in the output voltage, due to the change in the input
frequency; by keeping the input voltage constant, the increase and decrease in Vo is appreciated;
The voltage gain Av = Vo / Vi, is dimensionless and this is where the phenomenon of amplification
is reflected. Table 3 allows to observe the frequency values for which the highest voltage gain is
obtained, it is important to observe that from 1k to 10k approximately, the voltage gain remains
almost constant, so it can be said that the device is designed for work with this frequency range.
The cutoff frequencies are determined by the values of the capacitors used in the circuit, since
these elements are those that manage the bandwidth of the circuit.
Figure 3. Frequency response

In Figure 3 you can see the graph of frequency vs. voltage gain (Av), it is observed that the
bandwidth is between 1k and 10kHz approximately since for these values the voltage gain is
around 70, so which has an almost constant voltage gain with a few small variations; If the graph is
analyzed outside the bandwidth, a significant drop in the voltage gain of the circuit can be seen
causing a lower amplification in the device.

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