Compute Lab Practical File

B.Com (Hons.)-308

Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement of

Bachelor of Commerce (Honors)

B.COM(H) Semester VI (Morning)

Batch 2015-2018

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Mrs. Reeta Nagari Aditya Jain
Assistant Professor 00314188815

JAGANNATH INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT SCHOOL

KALKAJI

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Question 1.
What is Microsoft Excel? Mention some features of Excel.

Answer 1.
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, Mac OS, Android
and iOS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming
language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied
spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has replaced
Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft
Office.

The list of uses for spreadsheet software is endless. However here is a short list of uses

 Modelling and Planning

 Household Finance Planning
 Business Accounts and Budgeting
 Invoices
 Predictions
 Calculations e.g. Adding, Subtracting, etc.
 Statistical analysis
 Creating Graphs e.g. bar chart, pie chart.
 Explore and interpret data in order to draw conclusions for business

ADVANTAGES OF SPREADSHEETS :

Spreadsheets are preferable to manual calculation and recording of data for a variety of
reasons Calculations are correct, Calculations are completed automatically, Information
is organized and easy to access , Information is easy to edit , Data can be easily sorted
and filtered ,Data can be quickly analyze , Reports can be made more visual by using
charts and graphs

Question 2.

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How many data formats are available in Excel?
Name some of them.

Answer 2.
Eleven data formats are available in Microsoft Excel for data Storage. Example:

 Number – Stores data as a number

 Currency – Stores data in the form of currency

 Date – Data is stored as dates

 Percentage – Stores numbers as a percentage

 Text Formats – Stores data as string of texts

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Question 3.
Specify the order of operations used for evaluating formulas in Excel.

Answer 3.

The order of operations for Excel is as follows:

 Evaluate items in parentheses.

 Evaluate ranges (:).

 Evaluate intersections (spaces).

 Evaluate unions (,).

 Perform negation (-).

 Convert percentages (%).

 Perform exponentiation (^).

 Perform multiplication (*) and division (/), which are of equal precedence.

 Perform addition (+) and subtraction (-), which are of equal precedence.

 Evaluate text operators (&).

 Perform comparisons (=, <>, <=, >=).

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Question 4.
Explain Macro in MS-Excel?

Answer 4.

A macro is an automated input sequence that imitates keystrokes or mouse actions. A

macro is typically used to replace a repetitive series of keyboard and mouse actions and
are common in spreadsheet and word processing applications like MS Excel and MS
Word. The file extension of a macro is commonly .MAC. The concept of macros is also
well-known among MMORPG gamers (Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing
Games) and SEO (Search Engine Optimization) specialists.

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Question 5.
Is it possible to prevent someone from copying the cell from your
worksheet?

Answer 5.

Yes, it is possible. In order to protect your worksheet from getting copied, you need to
go into

Menu bar >Review > Protect sheet > Password.

By entering password, you can secure your worksheet from getting copied by others.

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QUESTION 6.

What are Charts in MS –Excel ?

Answer 6.
In Microsoft Excel, a chart is often called a graph. It is a visual representation of data
from a worksheet that can bring more understanding to the data than just looking at the
numbers.

A chart is a powerful tool that allows you to visually display data in a variety of different
chart formats such as Bar, Column, Pie, Line, Area, Doughnut, Scatter, Surface, or
Radar charts. With Excel, it is easy to create a chart.

Here are some of the types of charts that you can create in Excel.

Pie Chart

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Bar Chart

Column Chart

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Line Chart

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 Question 7.
Explain few useful functions in Excel.

Answer 7.

Commonly used Built-In Excel Functions List

Logical Functions
Text Functions

Information Functions Date and Time Functions

Lookup Functions Math and Trig Functions

Statistical Functions Database Functions

Financial Functions Engineering Functions

Cube Functions Web Functions

Excel provides a large number of built-in functions that can be used to perform specific
calculations or to return information about your spreadsheet data. These functions are
grouped into categories like text, logical, math, etc.

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Question 8.
What does a red triangle at the top right of a cell indicate?

Answer 8.

The Red Triangle

A red triangle in the top right corner of a cell indicates that a user comment has
been added to the cell.

To read the comment, hover the mouse cursor over the cell containing the red
triangle; a text box containing the comment will appear next to the cell.

Additional options for indicating and displaying comments are:

 displaying neither comments or indicators - even when hovering over a cell

containing a comment

 always displaying comments and indicators for all cells containing

comments

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Question 9.
Explain pivot tables and its uses, with the help of an example.

Answer 9 .

A pivot table is a data summarization tool that can be used to summarize, analyze,
explore and present your data.

APPLICATIONS OF PIVOT TABLES:

1) Summarizing data like finding the average sales for each region for each product
from a product sales data table.

2) Listing unique values in any column of a table.

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3) Creating a pivot report with sub-totals and custom formats.

4) Making a dynamic pivot chart.

5) Filtering, sorting, drilling-down data in the reports without writing one formula or
macro.

6) Linking data sources outside excel and be able to make pivot reports out of such
data.

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Question 10.

Explain the difference between SUBSTITUTE and REPLACE function in MS-

Excel?

ANSWER 10.

If you know the text to be replaced, use the SUBSTITUTE function.

The SUBSTITUTE function has a 4th optional argument. You can use this argument to
indicate which occurrence you want to substitute.

If you know the position of the text to be replaced, use the REPLACE function.

Note: started at position 1 with length 3.

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Question 11.
Difference between COUNT, COUNTA, COUNTIF and COUNTBLANK in MS-Excel.

Answer 11 .

Count
To count the number of cells that contain numbers, use the COUNT function.

ADITYA

Count If
To count cells based on one criteria (for example, greater than 9), use the following
COUNTIF function.

ADITYA

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The COUNTBLANK function counts the number of blank cells.

ADITYA

The COUNTA function counts the number of nonblank cells. COUNTA stands for count all.

ADITYA

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Question12.

What is IF Function in EXCEL ?

Answer 12.
The Microsoft Excel IF function returns one value if the condition is TRUE, or another
value if the condition is FALSE.

The IF function is a built-in function in Excel that is categorized as a Logical Function. It

can be used as a worksheet function (WS) in Excel. As a worksheet function, the IF
function can be entered as part of a formula in a cell of a worksheet.
SYNTAX

The syntax for the IF function in Microsoft Excel is:

IF( condition, [value_if_true], [value_if_false] )

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Question 13.
What is the use of LOOKUP function in Excel? Show the use of
V lookup, H lookup function with the help of an example.

Answer 13.

Excel LOOKUP function - array form

The array form of the LOOKUP function searches the specified value in the first column
or row of the array and retrieves a value from the same position in the last column or
row of the array.

The array Lookup has 2 arguments, both of which are required:

Excel LOOKUP function - array form

The array form of the LOOKUP function searches the specified value in the first column
or row of the array and retrieves a value from the same position in the last column or
row of the array.

The array Lookup has 2 arguments, both of which are required:

LOOKUP(lookup_value, array)

Where:

Lookup_ value - a value to search for in an array.

Array - a range of cells where you want to search for the lookup value. The values in the
first column or row of the array (depending on whether you do V-lookup or H-lookup)
must be sorted in ascending order. Uppercase and lowercase characters are deemed
equivalent.

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VLOOKUP
The VLOOKUP function performs a vertical lookup by searching for a value in the first
column of a table and returning the value in the same row in the index_number position.

The VLOOKUP function is a built-in function in Excel that is categorized as a

Lookup/Reference Function. It can be used as a worksheet function (WS) in Excel. As a
worksheet function, the VLOOKUP function can be entered as part of a formula in a cell
of a worksheet.

Syntax
The syntax for the VLOOKUP function in Microsoft Excel is:
VLOOKUP( value, table, index_number, [approximate_match] )

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HLOOKUP
The Microsoft Excel HLOOKUP function performs a horizontal lookup by searching for a
value in the top row of the table and returning the value in the same column based on
the index_number.
The HLOOKUP function is a built-in function in Excel that is categorized as a
Lookup/Reference Function. It can be used as a worksheet function (WS) in Excel. As a
worksheet function, the HLOOKUP function can be entered as part of a formula in a cell
of a worksheet.

Syntax
The syntax for the HLOOKUP function in Microsoft Excel is:

HLOOKUP( value, table, index_number, [approximate_match] )

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Question 14.
Which function is used to determine the day of the week for a date?

Answer 14.

To get the year of a date, use the YEAR instead of DAY

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Note: use the MONTH function to get the month of a date.

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Question 15 .
Define Cell reference , type of cell references and how is it useful in calculation?

Answer 15.
A cell reference, or cell address, is an alphanumeric value used to identify a specific cell
in a spreadsheet. Each cell reference contains one or more letters followed by a
number. The letter or letters identify the column and the number represents the row.

In a standard spreadsheet, the first column is A, the second column is B, the third
column is C, etc. These letters are typically displayed in the column headers at the top
of the spreadsheet. If there are more than 26 columns, the 26th column is labeled Z,
followed by AA for column 27, AB for column 28, AC for column 29, etc.

Examples of cell references are listed below:

1. First column, seventh row: A7

2. Tenth column, twentieth row: J20

3. Sixty-first column, three hundred forty-second row: BI342

4. One thousand column, two thousandth row: ALL2000

Cell references are helpful in two ways:

1) They provide an easy way to locate a specific value within a spreadsheet,

2) They are used in creating formulas.

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There are three types of cell references.
 Absolute – This means the cell reference stays the same if
you copy or move the cell to any other cell. This is done by
anchoring the row and column, so it does not change when
copied or moved.

 Relative – Relative referencing means that the cell address

changes as you copy or move it; i.e. the cell reference is
relative to its location.

 Mixed – This means you can choose to anchor either the row
or the column when you copy or move the cell, so that one
changes and the other does not. For example, you could
anchor the row reference then move a cell down two rows and
across four columns and the row reference stays the same.

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Question 16 .
How to group worksheets in excel, give an example.
Answer 16.

 To group worksheets, hold down CTRL and click the sheet tabs of the sheets you
want to group.

 Release CTRL.
 Now you can edit multiple worksheets at the same time.

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Question 17.
What is template in excel? Take an example Personal Monthly Budget.

Answer 17.
 Click File > New.

 Click Personal.

 Double-click the template you just created.

Excel creates a new workbook that is based on your template.

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Question 18.
Give the keyboard shortcuts in excel.
Answer 18.
Keyboard Shortcuts
Keyboard shortcuts allow you to do things with your keyboard instead of your mouse to
increase your speed.
Basic
Select cell B2.

1. To select the entire range, press CTRL + a (if you press CTRL + a one more
time Excel selects the entire sheet).

2. To copy the range, press CTRL + c (to cut a range, press CTRL + x).
3. Select cell A6 and press CTRL + v to paste this range .

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4. To undo this operation, press CTRL + z
Moving
Select cell B2.

1. To quickly move to the bottom of the range, hold down CTRL and press ↓

2. To quickly move to the right of the range, hold down CTRL and press →

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Selecting
Select cell A1.

1. To select cells while moving down, hold down SHIFT and press ↓ a few times.

2. To select cells while moving to the right, hold down SHIFT and press → a few times.

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Formulas
Select cell F2.

1. To quickly insert the SUM function, press ATL + =, and press Enter.

2. Select cell F2, hold down SHIFT and press ↓ two times.

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3. To fill a formula down, press CTRL + d (down).

Formatting
Select the range B2:F4.

1. To launch the 'Format cells' dialog box, press CTRL + 1

2. Press TAB and press ↓ two times to select the Currency format.
3. Press TAB and press ↓ two times to set the number of decimal places to 0.

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4. Press Enter.

Question 19.
Write Date & Time functions available in excel, with example.
Answer 19.
Date & Time Functions

To enter a date in Excel, use the "/" or "-" characters. To enter a time, use the ":" (colon).
You can also enter a date and a time in one cell.

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Note: Dates are in US Format. Months first, Days second. This type of format depends
on your windows regional settings. Learn more about Date and Time formats.
Year, Month, Day

To get the year of a date, use the YEAR function.

Note: use the MONTH and DAY function to get the month and day of a date.

Date Function

1. To add a number of days to a date, use the following simple formula.

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2. To add a number of years, months and/or days, use the DATE function.

Note: the DATE function accepts three arguments: year, month and day. Excel knows that 6 + 2
= 8 = August has 31 days and rolls over to the next month (23 August + 9 days = 1 September).

Current Date & Time

To get the current date and time, use the NOW function.

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Note: use the TODAY function to get the current date only. Use NOW()-TODAY() to get
the current time only (and apply a Time format).
Hour, Minute, Second

To return the hour, use the HOUR function.

Note: use the MINUTE and SECOND function to return the minute and second.
Time Function

To add a number of hours, minutes and/or seconds, use the TIME function.

Note: Excel adds 2 hours, 10 + 1 = 11 minutes and 70 - 60 = 10 seconds.

Question 20.

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Write text functions available in excel, with example.

Answer 20.

Text Functions
Excel has many functions to offer when it comes to manipulating text strings.
Join Strings
To join strings, use the & operator.

Note: to insert a space, use " "

Left
To extract the leftmost characters from a string, use the LEFT function.

Right
To extract the rightmost characters from a string, use the RIGHT function.

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Mid
To extract a substring, starting in the middle of a string, use the MID function.

Note: started at position 5 (p) with length 3.

Len
To get the length of a string, use the LEN function.

Note: space (position 8) included!

Find
To find the position of a substring in a string, use the FIND function.

Note: string "am" found at position 3.

Substitute
To replace existing text with new text in a string, use the SUBSTITUTE function.

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Question 21.
Write statistical functions available in excel, with example
Answer 21.
Statistical Functions
Average
To calculate the average of a range of cells, use the AVERAGE function.

Average if
To average cells based on one criteria, use the AVERAGEIF function. For example, to
calculate the average excluding zeros.

Note: <> means not equal to. The AVERAGEIF function is similar to the SUMIF function.

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Median
To find the median (or middle number), use the MEDIAN function.

Mode
To find the most frequently occurring number, use the MODE function.

Standard Deviation
To calculate the standard deviation, use the STEDV function.

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Min
To find the minimum value, use the MIN function.

Max
To find the maximum value, use the MAX function.

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Question 22.
Write Financial functions available in excel, with example
Answer 22.
 PMT - Calculates loan repayments based on constant payments and a constant
interest rate
 RATE - Returns the interest rate per period of a loan or investment
 PV - Returns the present value of an investment based on a constant interest rate
and payments
 FV - Returns the future value of an investment based on constant payments and a
constant interest rate
 IPMT - Calculates the interest paid during a period of a loan or investment
 PPMT - Calculates the principal payment made in a period of an investment
 IRR - Returns the internal rate of return on a series of regular investments
 XIRR - Returns the internal rate of return on a series of irregular payments on an
investment
 NPV - Returns the net present value of an investment based on a series of cash
flows and a discount rate
 XNPV - Returns the net present value of an investment based on a series of cash
flows, the dates of the cash flows and a discount rate

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 *NOTE: Examples for financial functions are shown later on in a separate section of the file

Question 23.
Write Logical functions available in excel, with example
Answer 23.
Logical Functions
If Function
The IF function checks whether a condition is met, and returns one value if TRUE and
another value if FALSE.
1. Select cell C1 and enter the following function.

The IF function returns Correct because the value in cell A1 is higher than 10.

And Function
The AND Function returns TRUE if all conditions are true and returns FALSE if any of
the conditions are false.
1. Select cell D1 and enter the following formula.

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The AND function returns FALSE because the value in cell B1 is not higher than 5. As a
result the IF function returns Incorrect.

Or Function

The OR function returns TRUE if any of the conditions are TRUE and returns FALSE if
all conditions are false.
1. Select cell E1 and enter the following formula.

The OR function returns TRUE because the value in cell A1 is higher than 10. As a
result the IF function returns Correct.

General note: the AND and OR function can check up to 255 conditions.

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Question 24.
Define Index and match functions with syntax .Show working
of both the functions.
Answer 24.
Match

SYNTAX
=MATCH (lookup_value, lookup_array, [match_type])

The MATCH function returns the position of a value in a given range.

Explanation: Yellow found at position 3 in the range E4:E7. The third argument is
optional. Set this argument to 0 to return the position of the value that is exactly equal to
lookup_value (A2) or a #N/A error if not found.

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Index

SYNTAX
=INDEX(array, row_num, [column_num])
The INDEX function below returns a specific value in a two-dimensional range.

Explanation: 92 found at the intersection of row 3 and column 2 in the range E4:F7.

The INDEX function below returns a specific value in a one-dimensional range.

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Explanation: 97 found at position 3 in the range E4:E7.

Question 25.
Define Solver Tool Also Show working of Solver by taking
some relevant example.
Answer 25.
Solver is a Microsoft Excel add-in program you can use for what-if analysis. Use Solver
to find an optimal (maximum or minimum) value for a formula in one cell — called the
objective cell — subject to constraints, or limits, on the values of other formula cells on a
worksheet. Solver works with a group of cells, called decision variables or simply
variable cells that are used in computing the formulas in the objective and constraint
cells. Solver adjusts the values in the decision variable cells to satisfy the limits on
constraint cells and produce the result you want for the objective cell.

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51
Question 26.
Take the example of book store and show the use of goal seek,
scenario in Ms Excel.

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Answer 26.

ADITYA

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ADITYA

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 Question 27.
Mini Project : Create a central library system using various data
validations rules ,if condition, functions and formulas. Create graphs ,
V lookup and pivot table using existing data.
Answer 27.

ADITYA JAIN

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 ADITYA

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Question 28.
Take the sales for 8 periods and forecast the sales for next 4
periods, using forecast and trend functions.
Answer 28.
Forecast function is used to predict the future values based on existing trend of values
2006 20000
2007 35000
2008 30000
2009 24000
2010 40000
2011 38000
2012 35000
2013 45000

Forecast of next four periods

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 Text Functions
Excel has many functions to offer when it comes to manipulating text strings.
Join Strings
To join strings, use the & operator.

Note: to insert a space, use " "

Left
To extract the leftmost characters from a string, use the LEFT function.

Right
To extract the rightmost characters from a string, use the RIGHT function.

Mid
To extract a substring, starting in the middle of a string, use the MID function.

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Note: started at position 5 (p) with length 3.

Len
To get the length of a string, use the LEN function.

Note: space (position 8) included!

Find
To find the position of a substring in a string, use the FIND function.

Note: string "am" found at position 3.

Substitute
To replace existing text with new text in a string, use the SUBSTITUTE function.

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Date & Time Functions

To enter a date in Excel, use the "/" or "-" characters. To enter a time, use the ":" (colon).
You can also enter a date and a time in one cell.

Note: Dates are in US Format. Months first, Days second. This type of format depends
on your windows regional settings. Learn more about Date and Time formats.
Year, Month, Day

To get the year of a date, use the YEAR function.

Note: use the MONTH and DAY function to get the month and day of a date.

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 Date Function

1. To add a number of days to a date, use the following simple formula.

2. To add a number of years, months and/or days, use the DATE function.

Note: the DATE function accepts three arguments: year, month and day. Excel knows
that 6 + 2 = 8 = August has 31 days and rolls over to the next month (23 August + 9
days = 1 September).

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Current Date & Time

To get the current date and time, use the NOW function.

Note: use the TODAY function to get the current date only. Use NOW()-TODAY() to get
the current time only (and apply a Time format).
Hour, Minute, Second

To return the hour, use the HOUR function.

Note: use the MINUTE and SECOND function to return the minute and second.
Time Function

To add a number of hours, minutes and/or seconds, use the TIME function.

Note: Excel adds 2 hours, 10 + 1 = 11 minutes and 70 - 60 = 10 seconds.

63
 Logical Functions

If Function
The IF function checks whether a condition is met, and returns one value if TRUE and
another value if FALSE.
1. Select cell C1 and enter the following function.

The IF function returns Correct because the value in cell A1 is higher than 10.

And Function
The AND Function returns TRUE if all conditions are true and returns FALSE if any of
the conditions are false.
1. Select cell D1 and enter the following formula.

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The AND function returns FALSE because the value in cell B1 is not higher than 5. As a
result the IF function returns Incorrect.

Or Function

The OR function returns TRUE if any of the conditions are TRUE and returns FALSE if
all conditions are false.
1. Select cell E1 and enter the following formula.

The OR function returns TRUE because the value in cell A1 is higher than 10. As a
result the IF function returns Correct.

General note: the AND and OR function can check up to 255 conditions.

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 Statistical Functions
Average
To calculate the average of a range of cells, use the AVERAGE function.

Average if
To average cells based on one criteria, use the AVERAGEIF function. For example, to
calculate the average excluding zeros.

Note: <> means not equal to. The AVERAGEIF function is similar to the SUMIF function.

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Median
To find the median (or middle number), use the MEDIAN function.

Mode
To find the most frequently occurring number, use the MODE function.

Standard Deviation
To calculate the standard deviation, use the STEDV function.

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Min
To find the minimum value, use the MIN function.

Max
To find the maximum value, use the MAX function.

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 Mathematical Functions
Count
To count the number of cells that contain numbers, use the COUNT function.

Count If
To count cells based on one criteria (for example, greater than 9), use the following
COUNTIF function.

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Sum
To sum a range of cells, use the SUM function.

Sum If
To sum cells based on one criteria (for example, greater than 9), use the following
SUMIF function

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.

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