Scribd
Upload
520 views5 pages

Types of Turbines and Its Utilization

Turbines extract energy from moving fluids like water, steam, gas, or air. The main types of turbines are water, steam, gas, and wind turbines. Water turbines include impulse turbines like Pelton wheels that use high speed jets of water, and reaction turbines like Francis and Kaplan turbines that use fluid pressure changes. Steam turbines are used in power plants to generate electricity from steam. Gas turbines power aircraft and generators by combusting fuel in air. Wind turbines convert wind's kinetic energy to electricity using rotating blades on horizontal or vertical axes. Turbines vary in size and are used across industries to generate power from different fluid sources.

Uploaded by

Rao Sami
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
520 views5 pages

Types of Turbines and Its Utilization

Turbines extract energy from moving fluids like water, steam, gas, or air. The main types of turbines are water, steam, gas, and wind turbines. Water turbines include impulse turbines like Pelton wheels that use high speed jets of water, and reaction turbines like Francis and Kaplan turbines that use fluid pressure changes. Steam turbines are used in power plants to generate electricity from steam. Gas turbines power aircraft and generators by combusting fuel in air. Wind turbines convert wind's kinetic energy to electricity using rotating blades on horizontal or vertical axes. Turbines vary in size and are used across industries to generate power from different fluid sources.

Uploaded by

Rao Sami
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

TYPES OF TURBINES AND ITS UTILIZATION

1. What is a TURBINE???
 A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a
fast-moving flow of water, steam, gas, air, or other fluid and converts it
into useful work.
 A turbine is a turbo-machine with at least one moving part called a
rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached.
 Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart
rotational energy to the rotor.
2. WORKING PRINCIPLE:
The working principle is very much simple.

• When the fluid strikes the blades of the turbine, the blades are displaced,
which produces rotational energy.

• When the turbine shaft is directly coupled to an electric generator


mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.

• This electrical power is known as hydroelectric power.

3. Basic types of turbines


• Water Turbine

• Steam Turbine

• Gas Turbine

• Wind Turbine

Although the same principles apply to all turbines, their specific designs differ sufficiently to
merit separate descriptions.

3.1. Water turbines


• Impulse turbines

• Reaction turbines

3.1.1. Impulse Turbine


• In an impulse turbine, fast moving fluid is fired through a narrow nozzle at the turbine blades
to make them spin around.
• The blades of an impulse turbine are usually bucket-shaped so they catch the fluid and direct
it off at an angle.

• In an impulse turbine, the fluid is forced to hit the turbine at high speed.

Types of Impulse Turbines


I. Pelton Turbine

II. Cross-flow Turbine

3.1.1.1. Pelton Wheel


• These are usually used for high head, low flow power plants.

• It was invented by Lester Ella Pelton in the 1870s.

• Nozzles are direct forceful, high speed streams of water against a rotary series of spoon-
shaped buckets, also known as impulse blades, which are mounted around the circumferential
rim of a drive wheel also called a runner.

• As the water jet hit the bucket-blades, the direction of water velocity is changed to follow the
contours of the bucket.

• Water impulse energy exerts torque on the bucket and wheel system, spinning the wheel; the
water stream itself does a "uturn" and exits at the outer sides of the bucket.

• Pelton wheels operate best with Drop height: (50 - 2000 m) and Flow rate is (4 - 15 m3/s)

3.1.1.2. Cross-flow Turbine


• It is developed by Anthony Michel, in 1903 and is used for low heads. (10–70 meters)

• As with a water wheel, the water is admitted at the turbine's edge. After passing the runner, it
leaves on the opposite side.

• Going through the runner twice provides additional efficiency.

• The cross-flow turbine is a low-speed machine that is well suited for locations with a low head
but high flow.

3.1.2. Reaction Turbine


• In a reaction turbine, forces driving the rotor are achieved by the reaction of an accelerating
water flow in the runner while the pressure drops. The reaction principle can be observed in a
rotary lawn sprinkler where the emerging jet drives the rotor in the opposite direction.
• In reaction turbines torque developed by reacting to the fluid's pressure. The pressure of the
fluid changes as it passes through the turbine rotor blades.

Types of Reaction Turbines


• Kaplan Turbine

• Francis Turbine

• Kinetic Turbine

3.1.2.1. Kaplan Turbine


• The Kaplan turbine is a water turbine which has adjustable blades and is used for low heads
and high discharges.

• It was developed in 1913 by the Austrian professor Viktor Kaplan.

• The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid
changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy.

• The inlet is a scroll-shaped tube that wraps around the turbine's wicket gate. Water is directed
tangentially through the wicket gate and spirals on to a propeller shaped runner, causing it to
spin. The Kaplan turbine having drop height: 10 - 700 m and Flow rate 4 - 55 m3/s.

3.1.2.2. Francis Turbine


• The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by James B.Franceis and are
used for medium head(45-400 m) and medium discharge.(10-700 m^3/s)

• The Francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine, a category of turbine in which the working
fluid comes to the turbine under immense pressure and the energy is extracted by the turbine
blades from the working fluid.

• The turbine's exit tube is shaped to help decelerate the water flow and recover the pressure.

• Water flow is radial from exterior to interior.

3.1.2.3. Kinetic Turbines


• Kinetic energy turbines, also called free-flow turbines, generate electricity from the kinetic
energy present in flowing water.

• The systems may operate in rivers, man-made channels, tidal waters, or ocean currents.

• Kinetic systems utilize the water stream's natural pathway.

• They do not require the diversion of water through manmade channels, riverbeds, or pipes,
• They might have applications in such conduits.

• Kinetic systems do not require large civil works; however, they can use existing structures such
as bridges, tailraces and channels and do not require any dam or reservoir.

3.2. Steam Turbine


• A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to
do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft.

• This turbine was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884

• Steam turbines are used for the generation of electricity in thermal power plants, such as
plants using coal fuel oil or nuclear fuel.

• Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging from small to large . used as mechanical
drives for pumps, compressors and other shaft driven equipment, used to generate electricity
(upto1.5 GW).

3.3. Gas turbine


A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine.

• Fresh atmospheric air flows through a compressor that brings it to higher pressure.

• Energy is then added by spraying fuel into the air and igniting it so the combustion generates a
high-temperature flow.

• Gas turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical generators or even tanks.

3.4. Wind Turbine


• A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into electrical power.

• Conventional horizontal axis turbines can be divided into three components.

• The rotor component, includes the blades for converting wind energy to low speed rotational
energy.

• The generator component, includes the electrical generator, the control electronics, and most
likely a gearbox

• The structural support component, includes the tower etc

• Wind turbine used for charging batteries may be referred to as a wind charger.

Types of wind turbines


3.4.1. Horizontal-axis wind turbines
• Horizontal-axis wind turbines are being parallel to the ground, the axis of blade

rotation is parallel to the wind flow.

3.4.2. Vertical-axis wind turbines


• Vertical-axis wind turbines has its blades rotating on an axis perpendicular to the ground.

4. References
• Mechanical engineering department manuals Bhagwant university Ajmer.

• Fluid mechanics with engineering applications 10 edition by

John Fennimore and Joseph B. Fanzine

• Hydraulics and Fluid mechanics by E.H.Lewitt 10th edition

You might also like