HM150 19e1

Experiment Instructions
HM150.19 Demonstration
Pelton Turbine
Pelton Turbine
All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel 03/97
0,4 0,6
0,2 0,8
0
bar 1
Kl.1,6
Experiment Instructions
Document- Nr.: 917.000 19 A150 12 07/2011

Pelton Turbine
Table of Contents
1 Unit description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Preparing and performing the experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1 Preparing the experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.2 Settings and measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1 Pelton Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.2 Calculations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 Turbine characteristic curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4 Power curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4 Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5 Labsheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.1 Turbine characteristic curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5.2 Power curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Pelton Turbine
1 Unit description
The unit is designed for training and experimenta-

tion. It is used for demonstration purposes relating
to the principle of functioning of a Pelton turbine.
The orifice of the injection nozzle can be altered by
axial adjustment of the nozzle valve.
Load can be placed on the turbine with an adjusta-
ble, mechanical braking device.
Typical turbine characteristic curves and perfor-
mance curves for various rotational speeds can be
plotted in this way with the aid of a nozzle adjuster
and the braking device.
The water supply should be provided by the

HM 150 Basic Hydraulics Bench, since the
Pelton turbine is designed for those pump
data.
With HM 150 a closed water circuit can be estab-
lished.
When connecting the system to a laboratory water

supply, it should be ensured, when the turbine is
connected, that a volumetric flow of approx. 40 l/h
and a water pressure of 0.2 bar is reached, in order
for the demonstration experiments detailed below
to be performed.
The experiments additionally require a hand-held

tachometer, e.g. HM 082. This is not supplied.
1 Unit description 1
Pelton Turbine
The unit essentially comprises:
9
5
7
0,4 0,6 6
0,2 0,8
2 0
bar
Kl.1,6
1
10
3
1 Base plate 6 Turbine housing

2 Nozzle inlet 7 Manometer
3 Nozzle adjustment 8 Adjustable breaking device
4 Nozzle valve 9 Spring balance
5 Pelton wheel 10 Outlet through open housing
Pelton Turbine
A section through the volute casing shows the

power transmission from the impeller to the belt
pulley.
2
11
10
4 7
9
5
1 Nozzle inlet (concealed) 7 Turbine shaft

2 Turbine housing 8 Axial adjuster for impeller
3 Impeller with Pelton blades 9 Belt pully
4 Front screen 10 Belt
5 Shaft seal 11 Spring balances
6 Outlet through open housing
CAUTION
Risk of squeezed fingers.
Do not reach between belt and belt pully.
Pelton Turbine
2 Preparing and performing the experiment
2.1 Preparing the experiment
2 - Set up the experiment on the HM 150, so that

the outlet of the open housing (1) is positioned
over the duct of the HM 150.
- Connect the hose between the HM 150 and the

port (2) on the Pelton turbine, and open the
outflow of the volumetric tank of the HM 150.
23 45
3
- Fully release the braking device of the turbine
with the handwheel (3). The spring balances (4)
are relaxed and the belt (5) is no longer drawn
onto the pulley.
4
- Close the HM 150 main cock and switch on the
HM 150 pump. Slowly open the main cock fully.
5
- The nozzle valve (7) is rotated axially by turning
6
the knurled cap (6), and the nozzle can be
opened.
0
bar 1
Kl.1,6
Important! Never try to turn the nozzle valve

beyond its stop limit.
2 Preparing and performing the experiment 4

Pelton Turbine
2.2 Settings and measurements
Nozzle adjustment
Inserting the nozzle valve (1) into the nozzle open-

ing (2) reduces the cross-section of the opening.
In the process the amount of water and the energy
of the jet decrease, the jet contracts and the con -
verted energy in the impeller becomes less.
1 2
5
The knurled cap (3) has a line marking (4). The
position of the nozzle valve is read from the scale
(5) on the knurled cap. The value read is not a
measure for the water jet, but serves only as a
position marker.
2345
3 4

Pelton Turbine
Setting the centering of the turbine blades to

the water jet
3 4 The following setting is normally only necessary

after disassembly/assembly of the turbine.
The orientation of the water jet (1) to the blade (2)
can be set with the aid of the adjuster sleeve (3).
The belt pulley (4), which locks the adjuster sleeve
in place, must be released. The adjuster sleeve is
rotated with a WAF10 wrench.
To distribute the water evenly across both sides of

1 the blade, the jet should hit the centre of the blade
edge.
The belt pulley, adjuster sleeve and turbine shaft

have a left-hand thread.

Pelton Turbine
Determining the volumetric flow
.
To determine the volumetric flow V, time the time
t required to fill the volumetric tank of the HM 150
from 20 to 30 litres, for example.
Determining the rotational speed
- To determine the rotational speed n, a non-

contact hand-held tachometer is required,
which displays the speed by means of a
reflection marker (1).

The reflection marker is affixed to the belt
pulley (2). The hand-held tachometer must
then be aligned with its photoelectric reflex
switch perpendicular to the mark.
Note!
A hand-held tachometer is not supplied with
1 2 HM 150.19.
The digital hand-held tachometer HM 082 by
G.U.N.T. is suitable for this purpose.
Determining the fall height
0,4 0,6
0,8
- The fall height H of the water column corre-
0,2
0
sponds to the pump pressure applied upstream
bar 1
Kl.1,6
of the turbine. The fall height is read from the
manometer (1) in bar.
p kg
H= with ρ = 1000
ρ⋅g m3
m
and g = 9.81
s2

Pelton Turbine
Determining the torque

3
To determine the torque a load must be produced
with the braking device.
4
A torque can be determined in this way using the
spring balances (1) and the diameter of the belt
pulley (2).
1
D
M=F⋅ with D = 50 mm
2
2 For the force F the difference between the two read

values for the forces F1 and F2 must be used.
F = F1 − F2
- With the handwheel (3), swing the traverse (4)

upwards until both spring balances display a
F2 F1 value. Read off the forces F1 and F2 and form
the difference. Make a note of the value F in N.
Important!
Be sure to keep the belt and belt pulley dry and
free of grease !

Pelton Turbine
3 Experiments
3.1 Pelton Turbine
Water turbines are important components of hy-

droelectric power stations. Their task is to convert
the potential energy of the water in reservoirs,
canals and rivers into mechanical energy, normally
to power electric generators. Turbines are classi-
fied into impulse and reaction turbines based on
their principle of operation.
On a Pelton turbine, the water jet is accelerated in

a nozzle and emerges with atmospheric pressure.
After free flight, the jet strikes the blades of the
impeller tangentially. Because of the free water jet,
Pelton turbines are also known as free jet turbines.
In the blades, the water jet is diverted by almost
180°. The impulse of the water jet is transferred to
the impeller. If the jet speed and circumferential
speed of the impeller are optimally coordinated,
the absolute speed and the outlet and thus the
outlet loss is almost equal to zero.
The blades have the shape of a double cup. The

Figure shows a section through the blade.
3 Experiments 9
Pelton Turbine
3.2 Calculations
In order to determine the power and efficiency of

the Pelton turbine, a number of basic formulae are
detailed to enable calculation of the characteristic
curves.
Moment M on the shaft:

Moment = force x lever arm
D
M=F⋅ [Nm] with D = 0.05m
2
Power Pout on the turbine shaft:

Power = Torque x angular velocity
n −1
Pout = M ⋅ 2 ⋅ π ⋅ [W ] with n in min
60
Hydraulic power Phyd :

The hydraulic power is a function of volumetric flow
and fall height
.
Phyd = f (V, H ).
Thus the hydraulic power is:

.
Phyd = V ⋅ H ⋅ ρ ⋅ g.
The measured fall height can be applied directly in

the following formula in bar:
. 5
V ⋅ p ⋅ 10 .
Phyd = [W ] with V in l/min
1000 ⋅ 60
3 Experiments 10
Pelton Turbine
Efficiency η :
Efficiency = shaft power / hyd. power
Pout
η=
Phyd
If the inner moment of friction of approx.

0.0125 Nm, mainly due to the shaft seal ring, is
taken into account from the very beginning, the
efficiency can be increased further.
3 Experiments 11
Pelton Turbine
3.3 Turbine characteristic curves
For the plotting of turbine characteristic curves the

nozzle is fully open, the nozzle valve tip level with
the nozzle opening.
The fall height is kept at a constant 0.2 bar (2m) by
means of the ball-cock in the HM 150 inflow.
Increase the load on the braking device in incre-
ments of 0.5 N.
.
The volumetric flow V is almost constant over the
entire measurement series. It is applied in the
. l
calculation as V = 30.7 .
min
Exemplary measurement result:

Rotational Braking Moment on Power on Efficiency
speed force the shaft the shaft Hyd. power Efficiency without shaft
n F M Pout Phyd η seal ring
in in in in in in η’ in
min−1 N Nm W W % %
820 0.5 0.0125 1.07 10.26 10 21

790 1.0 0.025 2.07 10.26 20 30
747 1.5 0.0375 2.93 10.26 29 38
696 2.0 0.05 3.64 10.26 35 44
647 2.5 0.0625 4.23 10.26 41 50
613 3.0 0.075 4.81 10.26 47 55
580 3.5 0.0875 5.31 10.26 52 59
534 4.0 0.1 5.59 10.26 54 61
474 4.5 0.1125 5.58 10.26 54 60
411 5.0 0.125 5.38 10.26 52 58
286 5.3 0.1325 3.97 10.26 39 42
3 Experiments 12
Pelton Turbine
0.14
0.12
0.10
M 0.08
in
Nm 0.06
0.04
0.02 Torque on
turbine shaft
0
4
Pout
in
3
Watts
2
1 Power on
turbine shaft
0
70 η’
without shaft
60 seal ring
50
40
η, η’
30
20
10
Efficiency
0
0 250 500 750 1000
Rotational speed in rpm
3 Experiments 13
Pelton Turbine
3.4 Power curves
For the plotting of power curves load is placed on

the turbine in increments by way of the brakes, at
various nozzle positions.
The fall height set to 0.2 bar (2m) by way of the
ball-cock in the inflow of the HM 150.
The respective braking force and rotational speed
is noted. .
The volumetric flow V is constant for the rele-
vant measurement series.

. . .
Position 0, V = 31.6 l/rpm Position 2, V = 18.75 l/rpm Position 4, V = 11.5 l/rpm

Power Power Power
Braking Rotational on the Braking Rotational on the Braking Rotational on the
force speed shaft force speed shaft force speed shaft
F n Pout F n Pout F n Pout
in in in in in in in in in
N rpm W N rpm W N rpm W
0 845 0 0 760 0 0 660 0
0.4 825 0.86 0.35 730 0.67 0.45 525 0.62
0.7 790 1.45 0.7 680 1.25 0.7 490 0.90
1.4 740 2.71 1 640 1.68 1.05 415 1.14
1.7 720 3.20 1.4 595 2.18 1.4 330 1.21
2 700 3.67 1.8 555 2.62 1.8 245 1.15
2.5 650 4.25 2.1 515 2.83 1.95 150 0.77
2.7 640 4.52 2.5 470 3.08 2.3 75 0.45
3.1 610 4.95 2.85 415 3.10
3.8 545 5.42 3.2 350 2.93
4.1 520 5.58 3.5 300 2.75
4.5 475 5.60 3.8 230 2.29
5 420 5.50 4.1 180 1.93
5.5 350 5.04 4.3 130 1.46
5.8 320 4.86
6 285 4.48
6.3 250 4.12
6.5 205 3.49
3 Experiments 14
Pelton Turbine
6
Power on turbine shaft Pout in Watt
5
Position 0
3
Position 2
2
1
Positon 4
0
0 250 500 750 1000
Rotational speed in rpm
3 Experiments 15
Pelton Turbine
4 Technical data
.
Design data: Volumetric flow V = 40 l/min
Fall height H=2m
Rotational speed n = 500 rpm
.
Power at V ≈ 30.7 l/min
H ≈ 2 m = 0.2 bar ≈ 5.6 W / 500 rpm
Nozzle: jet diameter: 10 mm
Impeller: outer diameter: 132 mm

Blade width: 33.5 mm
No. of blades: 14
Braking force: max. 10 N
Belt pulley: diameter: 50 mm
Hose connection: Pressure hose grommet

D = 20 mm
Dimensions:
Length: 400 mm
Width: 400 mm
Height: 650 mm
Weight: 15 kg
4 Technical data 16
Pelton Turbine
5 Labsheets
5.1 Turbine characteristic curves
- For the plotting of turbine characteristic curves fully

open the nozzle valve.
- Keep fall height at a constant 0.2 bar (2m) by means of
the ball-cock in the HM 150 inflow.
- Increase load on the braking device in increments of 0.5N.
- Determine volumetric .flow as described in HM 150 manual.
The volumetric flow V is almost constant over the entire
measurement series.
Date: Experiment-Nr.: Turbine Type:
Rotational Braking Moment on Power on Hyd. power Efficiency Efficiency

speed force the shaft the shaft Phyd η without shaft
n F M Pout in W in % seal ring
in rpm in N in Nm in W η’ in %
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.3
5 Labsheets 17
Pelton Turbine
5.2 Power curves
- For the plotting of power curves place load on the turbine

in increments of ~0.5N by way of the brakes at various
nozzle positions.
- Set fall heigh to 0.2 bar (2m) by way of the ball-cock in the
inflow of the HM 150.
- Note the respective braking force and rotational speed.
.
- Determine the volumetric flow V for each nozzle setting.
The flow can be assumed as constant for the relevant
measurement series.
Date: Experiment-Nr.: Turbine Type:
Nozzle
. valve position: Nozzle
. valve position: Nozzle
. valve position:
V= ltr/rpm V= ltr/rpm V= ltr/rpm
Power Power Power
Braking Rotational on the Braking Rotational on the Braking Rotational on the
force speed shaft force speed shaft force speed shaft
F n Pout F n Pout F n Pout
in N in rpm in W in N in rpm in W in N in rpm in W
0 0 0 0 0 0
5 Labsheets 18

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Experiment Instructions

Document- Nr.: 917.000 19 A150 12 07/2011

2 Preparing and performing the experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.1 Preparing the experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3.1 Pelton Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

5.1 Turbine characteristic curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

The unit is designed for training and experimenta-

The water supply should be provided by the

When connecting the system to a laboratory water

The experiments additionally require a hand-held

The unit essentially comprises:

1 Base plate 6 Turbine housing

A section through the volute casing shows the

1 Nozzle inlet (concealed) 7 Turbine shaft

2 Preparing and performing the experiment

2.1 Preparing the experiment

2 - Set up the experiment on the HM 150, so that

- Connect the hose between the HM 150 and the

Important! Never try to turn the nozzle valve

2 Preparing and performing the experiment 4

2.2 Settings and measurements

Inserting the nozzle valve (1) into the nozzle open-

2 Preparing and performing the experiment 5

Setting the centering of the turbine blades to

3 4 The following setting is normally only necessary

To distribute the water evenly across both sides of

The belt pulley, adjuster sleeve and turbine shaft

2 Preparing and performing the experiment 6

Determining the volumetric flow

Determining the rotational speed

- To determine the rotational speed n, a non-

reflection marker (1).

Determining the fall height

2 Preparing and performing the experiment 7

Determining the torque

2 For the force F the difference between the two read

- With the handwheel (3), swing the traverse (4)

2 Preparing and performing the experiment 8

3.1 Pelton Turbine

Water turbines are important components of hy-

On a Pelton turbine, the water jet is accelerated in

The blades have the shape of a double cup. The

In order to determine the power and efficiency of

Moment M on the shaft:

Power Pout on the turbine shaft:

Hydraulic power Phyd :

Thus the hydraulic power is:

The measured fall height can be applied directly in

If the inner moment of friction of approx.

3.3 Turbine characteristic curves

For the plotting of turbine characteristic curves the

Exemplary measurement result:

820 0.5 0.0125 1.07 10.26 10 21

3.4 Power curves

For the plotting of power curves load is placed on

Exemplary measurement result:

Position 0, V = 31.6 l/rpm Position 2, V = 18.75 l/rpm Position 4, V = 11.5 l/rpm

Rotational speed in rpm