0% found this document useful (0 votes)
197 views13 pages

Problem Set #1

1) The vector component of v parallel to b is (2,0,2). The component orthogonal to b is (1/3,1,1/3). 2) The distance between the parallel planes is 1/5. 3) The equation of the tangent plane to the level surface f(x,y,z)=0 at the point (1,2,-1) is 2(x-1) + 2(z+1) = 0.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
197 views13 pages

Problem Set #1

1) The vector component of v parallel to b is (2,0,2). The component orthogonal to b is (1/3,1,1/3). 2) The distance between the parallel planes is 1/5. 3) The equation of the tangent plane to the level surface f(x,y,z)=0 at the point (1,2,-1) is 2(x-1) + 2(z+1) = 0.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

Problem Set (1)

Math 250A
Directions: Show all work and justify all answers. Simplify to the extent we
have in class.



1. Let v = 1, 1, 2 and b = 1, 0, −1 .
(a) Find the vector component of v parallel to b.
(b) Find the vector component of v orthogonal to b.

v 
*
6v − p

 p
 - -
| {z }
b

p = projb v
v•b
 
= b
b•b


!
1, 1, 2 • 1, 0, −1

=

1, 0, −1
1, 0, −1 • 1, 0, −1
1+0−2

 

= 1, 0, −1
1+0+1
−1

= 1, 0, −1
2

−1 1

= 2 , 0, 2

This is the vector component parallel to b.


As shown in the picture, the vector component orthogonal to b is

v − p = 1, 1, 2 − −21 , 0, 21 = 32 , 1, 32



2. The planes 2x − y + 5z = 2 and −4x + 2y − 10z = 8 are parallel. Find the


distance between them.

• Choose a point P to be on the first plane. (1,0,0) works nicely.


• Choose a point Q to be on the second plane. (−2, 0, 0) works nicely.
~ = −3, 0, 0 is the vector connecting these points.


• PQ
• As shown in the picture below, since the planes are parallel, they
share a common normal direction. The distance betweent the planes
~
is the magnitude of projn PQ.

1
Q(−2,0,0) plane 2

* s
6 
p= 
~
projn̂ PQ 

s
  plane 1
P (1,0,0)


• n = 2, −1, 5 ( We can use any non-zero multiple of this vector,
which is found by picking out the coefficients in front of x, y, and
z in one of the planes—I worked with the first plane so as to get
smaller numbers.)

p ~
= projn PQ
!
~ •n
PQ
= n
n•n


!
−3, 0, 0 • 2, −1, 5

=

2, −1, 5
2, −1, 5 • 2, −1, 5
−6

 

= 2, −1, 5
30
−1

 

= 2, −1, 5
5


−1 q
||p|| = 22 + (−1)2 + 52
5
1√
= 30
5√
30
=
5

3. Let f ( x, y, z) = xyz + x2 y. Consider the level surface f ( x, y, z) = 0. Find


the equation of the tangent plane to this surface at the point (1, 2, −1).

Point: P(1, 2, −1)


Normal:

D E
xyz + x2 y , xyz + x2 y , xyz + x2 y

 ∂
 ∂
5f = ∂x ∂y ∂z

= yz + 2xy, xz + x2 ,


xy
n = 5 f (1, 2, −1)
= 2(−1) + 2(1)(2), 1(−1) + 12 , 1(2)




= 2, 0, 2

2
Plane: Let Q(x,y,z) represent an arbitrary point on the plane.
~ = x − 1, y − 2, z + 1 is parallel to the plane and thus


The PQ
orthoganal to n.

~ •n
PQ = 0



x − 1, y − 2, z + 1 • 2, 0, 2 = 0
2( x − 1) + 2( z + 1) = 0

4. Evaluate each limit or show it does not exist.


x +2y
(a) lim( x,y)→(0,0) x −y
Begin by making a guess as to whether or not the limit exists. I guess
that it doesn’t, so I will see if I can find 2 paths through the origin
that yield different limits.
limit along the x-axis:

Parametrize the x-axis as r1 (t) = t, 0

x + 2y t + 2(0)
lim = lim
( x, y) → (0, 0) x−y t →0 t−0
along x − axis
t
= lim
t →0 t
= 1

limit along the y-axis:



Parametrize the y-axis as r2 (t) = 0, t

x + 2y 0 + 2t
lim = lim
( x, y) → (0, 0) x−y t →0 0−t
along y − axis
2t
= lim
t →0 −t
= −2
x +2y
Since the two limits are not the same, lim( x,y)→(0,0) x −y does not
exist.
2 2
e x + y −1
(b) lim( x,y)→(0,0) x 2 + y2
Here, I’ll guess that the limit does exist; it looks like it will be easy
to evaluate if we switch to polar coordinates.

3
→0 →0
z }| { z }| {
2 2 2
e x +y − 1 er − 1
lim = lim
( x,y)→(0,0) x 2 + y2 |{z} r →0+ r2
|{z}
| {z } switch to polar
→0 →0
2
2rer
= lim
|{z} r →0+ 2r
LH

2
= lim er
r →0+
= e0
= 1

5. Let f ( x, y) = x − y. Find the constrained max and min of f if the con-


straint curve is the circle of radius 2, centered at the origin.



5 f = f x , f y = 1, −1
The constraint equation is g( x, y) = x2 + y2 = 4 5 g = 2x, 2y , which

is never 0 on the circle (the center is not on the curve).


The constrained max and min (which are guaranteed to exist by the Ex-
treme Value Theorem, since f is continuous, and the circle is closed and
bounded) will be at places where

5f = λ 5 g

This gives us a system of 3 equations in 3 unknowns:

(1) 1 = λ(2x )
(2) −1 = λ(2y)
(3) x 2 + y2 = 4

Starting with equation (1):

Case 1: x = 0 This is not possible, since then (1) becomes 1 = 0, which is


not true.
1
Case 2: x 6= 0 If x 6= 0, we can divide both sides by x to get λ = 2x

Moving on to equation (2):

Case 1: y = 0 Again, this is not possible, since then (2) becomes −1 = 0,


which is not true.
Case 2: y 6= 0 In this case, we can divide both sides by y to get λ = −1
2y

4
Putting these results together:

λ = λ
1 −1
=
2x 2y
2y = −2x
y = −x

x2 + (− x )2 = 4
2x2 = 4
Plugging these results into (3), we get: 2
x = 2√
x=± 2
Note that this gives us two critical points, one for each value of x. Once
we pick a value for x, there is only one y-value (the opposite of x) that
gets paired with it.

√( x, y√
) 

f ( x, y)
2, − 2 2 2 ← max
 √ √  √
− 2, 2 −2 2 ← min
√ √ √
The constrained
√ it occurs at ( 2, − 2). The constrained min
max is 2√ 2; √
is −2 2 ; it occurs at (− 2, 2).
6. Often this semester we’ve seen that there is a “scaling factor” that shows
up when we evaluate integrals. For each problem below, fill in the blank
with the appropriate “scaling factor.” For this problem, you may write di-
rectly on the exam. Assume all functions are continuously differentiable
and all parametrizations are smooth.


(a) If r(u, v) = x (u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v) is a smooth parametrization
mapping a region R in the uv-plane to a surface σ in 3-space, then
ZZ ZZ
∂r ∂r
f ( x, y, z) dS = f (r(u, v)) × dA
σ R ∂u ∂v

(b) If z = g( x, y) maps a region R in the xy-plane to a surface σ in 3-


space then
ZZ ZZ q
2
f ( x, y, z) dS = f ( x, y, g( x, y)) 1 + ( gx )2 + gy dA
σ R

(c) If a curve C is smoothly parametrized by r(t), a ≤ t ≤ b, then


Z Z b
f (r(t)) r0 (t) dt

f ( P) ds =
C a

5
(d) If T(u,v) = (x(u,v) ,y(u,v) ) is an invertible function mapping a region
S in the uv-plane to a region R in the xy-plane, then

ZZ ZZ ∂( x, y)
f ( x, y) dA x,y = f ( x (u, v), y(u, v)) dAu,v
R S ∂(u, v)


7. Let F( x, y) = xy, x and let C be the circle of radius 2, centered at
the origin, and oriented counterclockwise. Verify Green’s theorem by
evaluating the work done by F on a particle travelling once around C
two ways:
(a) as a line integral
For this, we parametrize the curve:


r(t) = 2 cos t, 2 sin t ; 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
r0 (t) = −2 sin t, 2 cos t

Z
Work = F • T ds
C
Z 2π
= F • r0 (t) dt
0
Z 2π  
4| cos{zt sin }t, {z }t • −2 sin t,
2| cos

= 2 cos t dt
0 xy x
Z 2π  
= −8 cos t sin2 t + 4 cos2 t dt
0
Z 2π Z 2π
= −8 cos t sin2 t dt + 4 cos2 t dt
0
| {z } |0 {z }
A B

Z 2π
A = −8 cos t sin2 t dt
0
Z sin 2π =0
= −8 u2 du
|{z} sin 0=0
u = sin t
u0 = cos t
du = cos t dt

=
|{z} 0
limits of
integration are
the same

6
Z 2π
B = 4 cos2 t dt
0
Z 2π
1 + cos 2t
= 4 dt
|{z} 0 2
double angle
formula
Z 2π
= 2 (1 + cos 2t) dt
0
Z 4π
= (1 + cos u) du
|{z} 0
u = 2t
du = 2 dt
Note: the 2
outside the
integral gets
absorbed into the
“du.”

= (u + sin u)|4π
0
= (4π + 0) − 0
= 4π

Work = A+B
= 0 + 4π
= 4π
(b) as a double integral
• Let R be the disk of radius 2, centered at the origin. Then C is the
boundary of R. According to Green’s theorem, we can integrate
over R to calculate the work.
• Recall that Green’s theorem is a special case of Stokes’ theorem;
to find the integrand we can embed our region and our vector
field in 3-space:
* +
xy , |{z}
x ∼

F( x, y) = |{z} g
,→ F ( x, y, z) = xy, x, 0
f

According to Stoke’s theorem, the integrand will be curl F •n


i j k







∼ ∂ ∂


∂ ∂
= ∂z i − ∂x
∂x ∂y ∂z =
curl F ∂y ∂z j + ∂x ∂y k

x 0 xy 0 xy x
xy x 0


= 0, 0, 1 − x

7
Since our surface is on the xy-plane, and its boundary is ori-
ented counter-clockwise, the normal vector
(by the right-hand


up. Thus n = k
rule) must point straight
= 0, 0, 1
Thus the integrand is 0, 0, 1 − x • 0, 0, 1 = 1 − x
• Note: The above work allows us to derive the formula for the
integrand using Stoke’s theorem. Note that the result is that the
∂g ∂f
integrand is ∂x − ∂y . If you memorized this result, that’s fine,
but it’s good to know how to derive it.

Z
Work = F • T ds
ZCZ
= (1 − x ) dA
|{z} R
Green’s theorem
Z 2π Z 2
= (1 − r cos θ ) r| drdθ
|{z} 0 0 {z }
dA
convert to polar
coordinates
Z 2π Z 2  
= r − r2 cos θ drdθ
0 0
Z 2π  2  2
r r3
= −
cos θ dθ
0 2 3
Z 2π   0 
8
= 2 − cos θ − 0 dθ
0 3
  2π
8
= 2θ + sin θ
3 0
= (4π + 0) − 0
= 4π

Note that Green’s theorem is confirmed, since we got the same an-
swer both ways.
8. Let F( x, y, z) = y + z, x + 2z, y2 and let σ be the portion of the plane

3x + 2y + z = 6 lying in the first octanct, oriented down. Let C be the


boundary of σ, with positive orientation. Evaluate
Z
F • T ds
C

8
B
B
B
B
B
B

Z ZZ
F • T ds = curlF • n dS
C |{z} σ

Stokes’ theorem

Here, the surface integral should be easier to evaluate, since C is only


piecewise smooth; it consists of 3 line segments, so to evaluate a line
integral along C would require us to evaluate 3 separate integrals, one
for each line segment.
We can solve the plane for any of the three variables: x, y, or z. I’ve chosen
to solve for z, since I can do so without introducing fractions:

z = 6 − 3x − 2y
D E

∂z
Since σ is oriented down, a normal vector is ∂x ∂z
, ∂y , −1 = −3, −2, −1
The “n” that shows up in Stoke’s theorem is this vector, normalized.
However, we need not normalize this vector, since the “scaling factor”
we’ll get when we integrate over R (the projection of σ onto the xy-plane)
will be the magnitude of this vector.
R, the projection of σ onto the xy-plane is the triangular region shown
below. We can find the diagonal boundary line by setting z = 0:

−3
0 = 6 − 3x − 2y ⇒ y = x+3
2

9
(0,3)
J
J
J
(2,0)

i j k ∂

∂ ∂
∂ ∂ ∂
∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂z i − ∂x
∂z =
curlF ∂y ∂z j + ∂x ∂y k

∂x ∂y
y + z x + 2z y2 x + 2z 2
y y + z y2 y+z x + 2z


= 2y − 2, 1 − 0, 1 − 1


= 2y − 2, 1, 0

ZZ ZZ


curlF • n dS = 2y − 2, 1, 0 • −3, −2, −1 dA
σ
Z ZR
= (−6y + 6 − 2) dA
R
Z 2 Z −3 x +3
2
= (−6y + 4) dydx
0 0
Z 2  −3 x+3
2
= −3y2 + 4y
0 0
Z 2
" 2 ! #
−3 −3
 
= −3 x+3 +4 x+3 − 0 dx
0 2 2
Z 2   
9 2
= −3 x − 9x + 9 − 6x + 12 dx
0 4
Z 2
−27 2
 
= x + 27x − 27 − 6x + 12 dx
0 4
Z 2
−27 2
 
= x + 21x − 15 dx
0 4
 2
−27 x3 x2


= + 21 − 15x
4 3 2 0
−27
    
8
= + 21(2) − 30 − 0
4 3
= −18 + 42 − 30
= −6

10
9. Let G be the region enclosed by the parabaloid z = x2 + y2 and the plane
z
= 4. Let σ be the boundary of G, with outward orientation. Let F =
xz, −2z, z2 . Calculate the flux of F across σ.

ZZ
Φ = F • n dS
Z ZσZ
= divF dV
|{z} G

Divergence
Theorem

divF = 5•F
∂ ∂ ∂
= ( xz) + (−2z) + (z2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
= z + 0 + 2z
= 3z
The paraboloid meets the plane when x2 + y2 = 4. Projecting this onto
the xy-plane, we get the circle of radius 2. Together with its interior, this
gives us the disk of radius 2 as the projection of G onto the xy-plane.

ZZZ Z 2π Z 2 Z 4
3z dV = 3z r| dzdrdθ
G |{z} 0 0 r2 {z }
dV
express integral
in cylindrical
coordinates

4
z2
Z 2π Z 2
= 3r drdθ
0 0 2 r2
Z 2π Z 2     4 
16 r
= 3r − 3r drdθ
0 0 2 2
Z 2π Z 2  
3
= 24r − r5 drdθ
0 0 2
Z 2π   6  2
3 r
12r2 −

= dθ
0 2 6
0
Z 2π
= ((48 − 16) − 0) dθ
0
Z 2π
= 32 dθ
0
= 32(2π )
= 64π

11
* 1+
y cos( xy) + 2, x cos( xy) − 2
10. Let F( x, y) = | {z } y
f | {z }
g

(a) Verify that F is conservative.


∂f
• ∂y =
|{z} cos( xy) + y (− x sin( xy)) = cos( xy) − xy sin( xy)
product rule

∂g
• ∂x =
|{z} cos( xy) + x (−y sin( xy)) = cos( xy) − xy sin( xy)
product rule

∂f ∂g
• ∂y = ∂x , the first partials of F are continuous, and F is defined
on R which is simply connected, so F is conservative.
2

(b) Find a potential function φ for F.


Note that since F is conservative we know there is a potential func-
tion φ for which F = 5φ.
Thus we know the component functions of F are the first partials of
φ. That is:

∂φ
∂x = f = y cos( xy) + 2
∂φ
∂y = g = x cos( xy) − y12

To find φ:
∂φ ∂φ
Integrate ∂x with respect to x or ∂y with respect to y: I’ve chosen the
former.

Z
∂φ
φ = dx
Z
∂x
= (y cos( xy) + 2) dx
Z Z
= y cos( xy) dx + 2 dx
Z
=
|{z} cos u du + 2x + k(y)
|{z}
u = xy a function
u0 = y that is con-
du = y dx stant with
respect to
x; it can
have y’s in
it
= sin u + 2x + k(y)
= sin( xy) + 2x + k (y)

12
Differentiate φ with respect to the y and solve for k0 (y):

∂φ
= x cos( xy) + k0 (y)
∂y

We already know that ∂y = g = x cos( xy) − y12


∂phi

Setting these expressions equal to one another:

1
x cos( xy) + k0 (y) = x cos( xy) −
y2
1
k0 (y) = −
y2

Integrate with respect to y to solve for k:

Z
k(y) = k0 (y) dy
Z
= −y−2 dy

= y −1 + c
1
= +c
y

Put all the pieces together:


φ = sin( xy) + 2x + y1 + c Since we just need to get a potential
function, we can choose c to be any constant. If we choose c to
be 0, we get φ = sin( xy) + 2x + 1y
(c) How much work is done by F acting on a particle that travels once
around the unit circle?
Since the unit circle is a smooth closed curve and F is conservative,
the work done is 0.

13

You might also like