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Genetic Algorithm

This document provides an introduction to genetic algorithms. It describes genetic algorithms as search-based optimization techniques inspired by natural selection and genetics. The key steps of genetic algorithms are described as initializing a population, evaluating fitness, selecting parents for reproduction, applying genetic operators like crossover and mutation to produce offspring, and iterating until a termination condition is met. Basic genetic algorithm terminology and various genetic operators are defined.

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Nitesh Trivedi
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97 views17 pages

Genetic Algorithm

This document provides an introduction to genetic algorithms. It describes genetic algorithms as search-based optimization techniques inspired by natural selection and genetics. The key steps of genetic algorithms are described as initializing a population, evaluating fitness, selecting parents for reproduction, applying genetic operators like crossover and mutation to produce offspring, and iterating until a termination condition is met. Basic genetic algorithm terminology and various genetic operators are defined.

Uploaded by

Nitesh Trivedi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Presented By:

Nitesh Trivedi,
M.Tech 1st Year,
CSE(Analytics)
GENETIC ALGORITHM //INTRODUCTION
 Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a search-based optimization
technique based on the principles of Genetics and
Natural Selection.

 Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are search based algorithms


based on the concepts of natural selection and genetics.

 GAs are a subset of a much larger branch of computation


known as Evolutionary Computation.

 GAs were developed by John Holland and his students and


colleagues at the University of Michigan.

 GA follows principle of Darwinian Theory of “Survival of


the Fittest”.
BASIC TERMINOLOGY
Population- It is a subset of all the possible (encoded) solutions
to the given problem.
Chromosomes- A chromosome is one such solution to the given
problem.
Gene- A gene is one element position of a chromosome.
Allele- It is the value a gene takes for a particular chromosome.
Genotype- Genotype is the population in the computation space.
Phenotype- Phenotype is the population in the actual real world
solution space.
Decoding and Encoding- Decoding is a process of
transforming a solution from the genotype to the phenotype space
and Encoding is vice-versa.
Fitness Function- A fitness function takes the solution as input
and produces the suitability of the solution as the output.
Genetic Operators- These alter the genetic composition of the
offspring. These include crossover, mutation, selection, etc.
METHODOLOGY
Initial
Population

Fitness

Next
Selection
Generation

Mutation Crossover
PARENT SELECTION
 Parent Selection is the process of selecting parents which mate and
recombine to create off-springs for the next generation.
 Methods for parent selection-
1) Fitness Proportionate Selection
a) Roulette Wheel Selection
b) Stochastic Universal Sampling (SUS)
2) Tournament Selection
3) Rank Selection
4) Random Selection

 Fitness Proportionate Selection- Fitness Proportionate Selection


is one of the most popular ways of parent selection. In this every
individual can become a parent with a probability which is
proportional to its fitness.
ROULETTE WHEEL SELECTION

Picture Courtesy- Tutorials Point


(https://www.tutorialspoint.com/genetic_algorithms/genetic_algorithms_parent_selection.
htm)
STOCHASTIC UNIVERSAL SAMPLING (SUS)

Picture Courtesy- Tutorials Point


(https://www.tutorialspoint.com/genetic_algorithms/genetic_algorithms_pare
nt_selection.htm)
TOURNAMENT SELECTION

Picture Courtesy- Tutorials Point


(https://www.tutorialspoint.com/genetic_algorithms/genetic_algorithms_parent_selection.
htm)
RANK SELECTION
 The previous selection will have problems when the finesses differs very
much. For example, if the best chromosome fitness is 90% of all the roulette
wheel then the other chromosomes will have very few chances to be selected.

Picture Courtesy- http://www.obitko.com/tutorials/genetic-algorithms/selection.php


CROSSOVER
 In this more than one parent is selected and one or more off-springs are
produced using the genetic material of the parents.
 CROSSOVER OPERATORS-

1) One Point Crossover-

2) Multi Point Crossover-


MUTATION
 In simple terms, mutation may be defined as a small random tweak in the
chromosome, to get a new solution. It is used to maintain and introduce
diversity in the genetic population and is usually applied with a low
probability – pm.
 Mutation Operators-
1) Bit Flip Mutation

2) Scramble Mutation

3) Inversion Mutation

4) Swap Mutation
TERMINATION CONDITION

 The termination condition of a Genetic Algorithm is important in


determining when a GA run will end.
 Usually, we keep one of the following termination conditions −
1) When there has been no improvement in the population for X iterations.
2) When we reach an absolute number of generations.
3) When the objective function value has reached a certain pre-defined value.
ADVANTAGES
 It is frequently used to find optimal or near-optimal solutions to
difficult problems which otherwise would take a lifetime to solve.

 It is frequently used to solve optimization problems, in research, and


in machine learning.

 Is faster and more efficient as compared to the traditional methods.

 Optimizes both continuous and discrete functions and also multi-


objective problems.

 Useful when the search space is very large and there are a large
number of parameters involved.

 Provides a list of “good” solutions and not just a single solution.


LIMITATIONS

 GAs are not suited for all problems, especially problems which are
simple and for which derivative information is available.

 Fitness value is calculated repeatedly which might be


computationally expensive for some problems.

 Being stochastic, there are no guarantees on the optimality or the


quality of the solution

 If not implemented properly, the GA may not converge to the optimal


solution.
REFERENCES

 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/genetic_algorithms/genetic_algorithm
s_introduction.htm

 P.N. Tan, M. Steinbach, V. Kumar, Introduction to Data Mining,


Pearson Addison Wessley, 2005.

 J. Han, M. Kamber, Data Mining Concepts and Techniques, San


Francisco:Morgan Kaufmapp, 2006.

 http://www.obitko.com/tutorials/genetic-algorithms/selection.php

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