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Structural Dynamics of Earthquake Resistant Buildings

1. Structural dynamics is an extension of conventional static structural analysis that considers time-varying external loads and the structure's response through stiffness, inertia, and damping. 2. A dynamic system can be modeled as a single-degree-of-freedom system defined by its mass, damping, and stiffness, with the governing equation of motion relating these properties. 3. Important characteristics of a structure's response include its natural frequency, natural period, and consideration of both linear and nonlinear behavior.

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Anil Kadbhane
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45 views

Structural Dynamics of Earthquake Resistant Buildings

1. Structural dynamics is an extension of conventional static structural analysis that considers time-varying external loads and the structure's response through stiffness, inertia, and damping. 2. A dynamic system can be modeled as a single-degree-of-freedom system defined by its mass, damping, and stiffness, with the governing equation of motion relating these properties. 3. Important characteristics of a structure's response include its natural frequency, natural period, and consideration of both linear and nonlinear behavior.

Uploaded by

Anil Kadbhane
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

0 INTRODUCTION OF STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS

Conventional structural analysis is based on the concept of statics, which can be


derived from Newton’s 1st law of motion. This law states that it is necessary for
some force to act in order to initiate motion of a body at rest or to change the velocity
of a moving body. Conventional structural analysis considers the external forces or
joint displacements to be static and resisted only by the stiffness of the structure.
Therefore, the resulting displacements and forces resulting from structural analysis
do not vary with time.

Structural Dynamics is an extension of the conventional static structural analysis. It is


the study of structural analysis that considers the external loads or displacements to
vary with time and the structure to respond to them by its stiffness as well as inertia
and damping. Newton’s 2nd law of motion forms the basic principle of Structural
Dynamics. This law states that the resultant force on a body is equal to its mass
times the acceleration induced. Therefore, just as the 1st law of motion is a special
case of the 2nd law, static structural analysis is also a special case of Structural
Dynamics.

Although much less used by practicing engineers than conventional structural


analysis, the use of Structural Dynamics has gradually increased with worldwide
acceptance of its importance. At present, it is being used for the analysis of tall
buildings, bridges, towers due to wind, earthquake, and for marine/offshore
structures subjected wave, current, wind forces, vortex etc.

Dynamic Force
The time-varying loads are called dynamic loads. Structural dead loads and live
loads have the same magnitude and direction throughout their application and are
thus static loads. However there are several examples of forces that vary with time,
such as those caused by wind, vortex, water wave, vehicle, impact, blast or ground
motion like earthquake.

Dynamic System
A dynamic system is a simple representation of physical systems and is modeled by
mass, damping and stiffness. Stiffness is the resistance it provides to deformations,
mass is the matter it contains and damping represents its ability to decrease its own
motion with time.

Mass is a fundamental property of matter and is present in all physical systems. This
is simply the weight of the structure divided by the acceleration due to gravity. Mass
contributes an inertia force (equal to mass times acceleration) in the dynamic
equation of motion.

Stiffness makes the structure more rigid, lessens the dynamic effects and makes it
more dependent on static forces and displacements. Usually, structural systems are
made stiffer by increasing the cross-sectional dimension, making the structures
shorter or using stiffer materials.

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Damping is often the least known of all the elements of a structural system. Whereas
the mass and the stiffness are well-known properties and measured easily, damping
is usually determined from experimental results or values assumed from experience.
There are several sources of damping in a dynamic system. Viscous damping is the
most used damping system and provides a force directly proportional to the
structural velocity. This is a fair representation of structural damping in many cases
and for the purpose of analysis, it is convenient to assume viscous damping (also
known as linear viscous damping). Viscous damping is usually an intrinsic property
of the material and originates from internal resistance to motion between different
layers within the material itself. However, damping can also be due to friction
between different materials or different parts of the structure (called frictional
damping), drag between fluids or structures flowing past each other, etc. Sometimes,
external forces themselves can contribute to (increase or decrease) the damping.
Damping is also increased in structures artificially by external sources.

2.0 FREE VIBRATION OF UNDAMPED SINGLE-DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM (SDOF)


SYSTEM

Formulation of the Single-Degree-of-Freedom (SDOF) Equation


A dynamic system resists external forces by a combination of forces due to its
stiffness (spring force), damping (viscous force) and mass (inertia force). For the
system shown in Fig. 2.1, k is the stiffness, c the viscous damping, m the mass and
u(t) is the dynamic displacement due to the time-varying excitation force f(t). Such
systems are called Single-Degree-of-Freedom (SDOF) systems because they have
only one dynamic displacement [u(t) here].

Fig. 2.1: Dynamic SDOF system subjected to dynamic force f(t)

Considering the free body diagram of the system, f(t) fS fV = ma …………..(2.1)


where fS = Spring force = Stiffness times the displacement = k u …..………(2.2)
fV = Viscous force = Viscous damping times the velocity = c du/dt …..………(2.3)
fI = Inertia force = Mass times the acceleration = m d2u/dt2 ..…………(2.4)

Combining the equations (2.2)-(2.4) with (2.1), the equation of motion for a SDOF
system is derived as,
m d2u/dt2 + c du/dt + ku = f(t) …..………(2.5)

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This is a 2nd order ordinary differential equation (ODE), which needs to be solved in
order to obtain the dynamic displacement u(t). As will be shown subsequently, this
can be done analytically or numerically.

Eq. (2.5) has several limitations; e.g., it is assumed on linear input-output


relationship [constant spring (k) and dashpot (c)]. It is only a special case of the more
general equation (2.1), which is an equilibrium equation and is valid for linear or
nonlinear systems. Despite these, Eq. (2.5) has wide applications in Structural
Dynamics. Several important derivations and conclusions in this field have been
based on it.

Free Vibration of Undamped Systems

Natural Frequency and Natural Period of Vibration

Eq (2.11) implies that the system vibrates indefinitely with the same amplitude at a
frequency of ⱷn radian/sec. Here, ⱷn is the angular rotation (radians) traversed by a
dynamic system in unit time (one second). It is called the natural frequency of the
system (in radians/sec).

Alternatively, the number of cycles completed by a dynamic system in one second is


also called its natural frequency (in cycles/sec or Hertz). It is often denoted by fn.
fn = ⱷn /2Π
…………(2.12)

The time taken by a dynamic system to complete one cycle of revolution is called its
natural period (Tn). It is the inverse of natural frequency.

Tn = 1/fn = 2Π / ⱷn
…..(2.13)

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3.0 SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDING

Non Linear SDOF System

An earthquake is a rare natural phenomenon that produces exceptional (very high)


loads on the structures. Designing structures that behave in the elastic range might
be too expensive. We can accept that some damages occur taking into account the
non linear behavior of a structure, that in most of cases can be represented by an
elasto-plastic model, characterized by:

Anelastic SDOF System

The equation of motion has a similar formulation; the only difference is that now the
internal force is not linear dependent by the relative displacement.

The solution can not be obtained in the same way of a linear SDOF system. A
numerical integration in time domain (Time history analysis) have to be done, even if
it can be very time consuming in case of many degree of freedom systems. Some
past studies have demonstrated that the maximum displacement of a non linear

STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS Page 4


SDOF system is very similar to the corresponding linear system one (Newmark
Hypothesis).

Design Response Spectrum

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Role of ductility in seismic response

Energetic Approach

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What’s the value of q-factor?

Traditional Design Approach

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Capacity Design

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The overstrength factor

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Regularity

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Seismic Analysis of Buildings

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4.0 REFERENCES

STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS Page 13

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