Chapter 6 – Polynomials

Solutions to Exercise 6A
1 P(x) = x3 − 3x2 − 2x + 1 b P(1) = (1)3 + 4(1)2 − 2(1) + 6
=9
a P(1) = 1 − 3 − 2 + 1 = −3

b P(−1) = (−1)3 − 3(−1)2 − 2(−1) + 1 c P(2) = (2)3 + 4(2)2 − 2(2) + 6

= −1 − 3 + 2 + 1 = 26

= −1 d P(−1) = (−1)3 + 4(−1)2 − 2(−1) + 6

c P(2) = (2)3 − 3(2)2 − 2(2) + 1 = −1 + 4 + 2 + 6

= 8 − 12 − 4 + 1 = 11

= −7 e P(a) = (a)3 + 4(a)2 − 2(a) + 6

d P(−2) = (−2)3 − 3(−2)2 − 2(−2) + 1 = a3 + 4a2 − 2a + 6

= −8 − 12 + 4 + 1 f P(2a) = (2a)3 + 4(2a)2 − 2(2a) + 6

= −15 = 8a3 + 16a2 − 4a + 6

2 P(x) = 8x3 − 4x2 − 2x + 1 4 a P(x) = x3 + 5x2 − ax − 20 and

1 1 1 1 P(2) = 0
a P( ) = 8( )3 − 4( )2 − 2( ) + 1 ∴ 23 + 5 × (2)2 − 2a − 20 = 0
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 ∴ 8 − 2a = 0
=8× −4× −2× +1
8 4 2
∴a=4
=0
b P(x) = 2x3 + ax2 − 5x − 7 and
b
1 1 1 1 P(3) = 68
P(− ) = 8(− )3 − 4(− )2 − 2(− ) + 1 ∴ 2 × 33 + a × (3)2 − 5 × 3 − 7 = 68
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 ∴ 9a = 36
= 8 × (− ) − 4 × + 2 × + 1
8 4 2
∴a=4
=0
c P(x) = x4 + x3 − 2x + c and P(1) = 6
3 P(x) = x3 + 4x2 − 2x + 6 ∴1+1−2+c=6
∴c=6
a P(0) = (0)3 + 4(0)2 − 2(0) + 6
=6 d P(x) = 3x6 − 5x3 + ax2 + bx + 10 and
P(−1) = P(2) = 0

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 P(−1) = 0 imples a − b = −18 . . . (1) d 3 f (x) = 3(x3 − 2x2 + x)
P(2) = 0 implies 4a + 2b = −162 and = 3x3 − 6x2 + 3x
thus 2a + b = −81 . . . (2)
Add equations (1) and (2) e
3a = −99 f (x)g(x) = (x3 − 2x2 + x)(2 − 3x
Hence a = −33 = 2(x3 − 2x2 + x) − 3x(x3 − 2x2 + x)
Substitute in (1) to find b = −15
= −3x4 + 8x3 − 7x2 + 2x
e Let P(x) = x5 − 3x4 + ax3 + bx2 +
f g(x)h(x) = (2 − 3x)(x2 + x)
24x − 36
P(3) = P(1) = 0 = 2(x2 + x) − 3x(x2 + x)
P(3) = −3x3 − x2 + 2x
= 35 − 3 × 34 + 33 a + 32 b + 24 × 3 − 36 g
= 243 − 243 + 27a + 9b + 72 − 36 f (x) + g(x) + h(x) = x3 − 2x2 + x + 2 − 3x + x2 + x
= 9(3a + b + 4) = x3 − x2 − x + 2
P(1)
h
= 1 − 3 × 1 + 1 a + 1 b + 24 × 1 − 36
5 4 3 2
f (x)h(x) = (x3 − 2x2 + x)(x2 + x)
= 1 − 3 + a + b + 24 − 36 = x3 (x2 + x) − 2x2 (x2 + x) + x(x2 + x)
= a + b − 14 = x5 − x4 − x3 + x2
We have the simultaneous equations
3a + b = −4 . . . (1)
6 a (x − 2)(x2 − 2x + 3)
a + b = 14 . . . (2)
Subtract equation (1) from equation = x(x2 − 2x + 3) − 2(x2 − 2x + 3)
(2) = x3 − 2x2 + 3x − 2x2 + 4x − 6
2a = −18
∴ a = −9 and b = 23. = x3 − 4x2 + 7x − 6

b (x − 4)(x2 − 2x + 3)
5 f (x) = x3 − 2x2 + x,g(x) = 2 − 3x and = x(x2 − 2x + 3) − 4(x2 − 2x + 3)
h(x) = x2 + x
= x3 − 2x2 + 3x − 4x2 + 8x − 12
a f (x) + g(x) = x3 − 2x2 + x + 2 − 3x = x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 12
= x3 − 2x2 − 2x + 2
c (x − 1)(2x2 − 3x − 4)
b f (x) + h(x) = x3 − 2x2 + x + x2 + x = x(2x2 − 3x − 4) − 1(2x2 − 3x − 4)
= x3 − x2 + 2x = 2x3 − 3x2 − 4x − 2x2 + 3x + 4

c f (x) − g(x) = x3 − 2x2 + x − (2 − 3x) = 2x3 − 5x2 − x + 4

= x3 − 2x2 + 4x − 2

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 d (x − 2)(x2 + bx + c) 8 x2 + 6x − 2 = (x − b)2 + c
= x(x2 + bx + c) − 2(x2 + bx + c) = x2 − 2bx + b2 + c
Equating coefficients
= x3 + bx2 + cx − 2x2 − 2bx − 2c
−2b = 6 and b2 + c = −2.
= x3 + (b − 2)x2 + (c − 2b)x − 2c ∴ b = −3 and c = −11.

e (2x + 1)(x2 − 4x − 3)
9 a We know that
= 2x(x2 − 4x − 3) + (x2 − 4x − 3)
(a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3 b + 6a2 b2 + 4ab3 + b4
= 2x3 − 8x2 − 6x + x2 − 4x − 3 (a + b)5 = (a + b)(a + b)4
= 2x3 − 7x2 − 10x − 3 = a(a4 + 4a3 b + 6a2 b2 + 4ab3 + b4 )
+ b(a4 + 4a3 b + 6a2 b2 + 4ab3 + b4 )
7 a (x + 1)(x2 + bx + c) = a5 + 5a4 b + 10a3 b2 + 10a2 b3 + 5ab4 + b5
= x(x2 + bx + c) + (x2 + bx + c)
b
= x3 + bx2 + cx + x2 + bx + c (a + b)6 = (a + b)(a + b)5
= x3 + (b + 1)x2 + (c + b)x + c = a6 + 6a5 b + 15a4 b2 + 20a3 b3 + 15a2 b4 + 6ab5 + b6
b Equating coefficients
b + 1 = −7 (coefficients of x2 ) 10 We know that
∴ b = −8 (a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3 b + 6a2 b2 + 4ab3 + b4
Note that c = 12. Also as a check
note that: c + b = 4 (coefficients of x) a Let a = x and b = −y
∴ c = 12 (x − y)4 = (x + (−y))4
= x4 + 4x3 (−y) + 6x2 (−y)2 + 4x(−y)3 + (−y)4
c x − 7x + 4x + 12
3 2
= x4 − 4x3 y + 6x2 y2 − 4xy3 + y4
= (x + 1)(x − 8x + 12)
2

= (x + 1)(x − 6)(x − 2) b Let a = 2x and b = y

(2x + y)4
= (2x)4 + 4(2x)3 y + 6(2x)2 y2 + 4(2x)y3 + y4
= 16x4 + 32x3 y + 24x2 y2 + 8xy3 + y4

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 Solutions to Exercise 6B
28
2x2 + 3x + 10 +
 x−3
3 d x − 3 2x − 3x + x − 2
3 2
x2 + 2x + 2x3 − 6x2
x−1
3x2 + x

1 a x − 1 x + x − 2x + 3
3 2

x3 − x2 3x2 − 9x
2x2 − 2x 10x − 2
2x2 − 2x 10x − 30
0 28

6
2x2 − x − 3 + 8
x+1 x2 − x + 4 −
 x+1
b x + 1 2x3 + x2 − 4x + 3 
2 a x + 1 x + 0x + 3x − 4
3 2
2x3 + 2x2
x3 + x2
−x2 − 4x
−x2 + 3x
−x2 − x
−x2 − x
−3x + 3
4x − 4
−3x − 3
4x + 4
6
−8
43
3x2 − 10x + 22 − 181
x+2 2x2 − 8x + 49 −
 x+4
c x + 2 3x − 4x + 2x + 1
3 2 
b x + 4 2x + 0x + 17x + 15
3 2
3x3 + 6x2
2x3 + 8x2
−10x2 + 2x
−8x2 + 17x
−10x2 − 20x
−8x2 − 32x
22x + 1
49x + 15
22x + 44
49x + 196
−43
−181

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 11 x2 − 2x − 6
x2 + x − 3 +
x+3 
 c x − 3 x3 − 5x2 + 0x + 18
c x + 3 x + 4x + 0x + 2
3 2
x3 − 3x2
x3 + 3x2
−2x2 + 0x
x2 + 0x
−2x2 + 6x
x2 + 3x
−6x + 18
−3x + 2
−6x + 18
−3x − 9
0
11

8 3x2 − x − 6
x2 − x + 4 + 
 x−2 d x − 2 3x3 − 7x2 − 4x + 12
d x − 2 x − 3x + 6x + 0
3 2 −x3 − 6x2
x3 − 2x2 −x2 − 4x
−x2 + 6x −x2 + 2x
−x2 + 2x −6x + 12
4x + 0 −6x + 12
4x − 8 0
8
x2 + 0x − 3
x2 − 2x + 5

4 a x + 2 x3 + 2x2 − 3x + 1
x3 + 2x2

3 a x + 1 x3 − x2 + 3x + 5
x3 + x2 0x2 − 3x
−2x2 + 3x 0x2 + 0x
−2x2 − 2x −3x + 1
5x + 5 −3x − 6
5x + 5 7
0 Quotient = x − 3, Remainder = 7
2

2x2 − 2x − 6 x2 + 2x + 15

b x − 5 x3 − 3x2 + 5x − 4

b x + 4 2x3 + 6x2 − 14x − 24
2x3 + 8x2 x3 − 5x2
−2x2 − 14x 2x2 + 5x
−2x2 − 8x 2x2 − 10x
−6x − 24 15x − 4
−6x − 24 15x − 75
0 71
Quotient = x + 2x + 15,
2

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 Remainder = 71 x2 + 2x − 3 − 2x+1
2

2x2 − 3x + 0 b 2x + 1 2x3 + 5x2 − 4x − 5
 2x3 + x2
c x + 1 2x3 − x2 − 3x − 7
4x2 − 4x
2x3 + 2x2
4x2 + 2x
−3x2 − 3x
−6x − 5
−3x2 − 3x
−6x − 3
0x − 7
−2
0x + 0
−7 x2 + 2x − 15
Quotient = 2x − 3x,
2 
c 2x − 1 2x3 + 3x2 − 32x + 15
Remainder = −7
2x3 − x2
5x2 + 20x + 77 4x2 − 32x
4x2 − 2x

d x − 4 5x3 + 0x2 − 3x + 7
5x3 − 20x2 −30x + 15
2
20x − 3x −30x + 15
20x2 − 80x 0
77x + 7
77x − 308
1 2
3x − 89 x − 8
27 + 19
27(3x−1)

315 d 3x − 1 x3 − 3x2 + 0x + 1
Quotient = 5x2 + 20x + 77, x3 − 13 x2
Remainder = 315 − 83 x2 + 0x
− 83 x2 + 89 x
1 2
2x + 74 x − 83 − 103
8(2x+5)
− 89 x+1
 − 89 x + 27
8
5 a 2x + 5 x3 + 6x2 + 8x + 11
19
2x3 + 25 x2 27
7 2
2x + 8x
7 2
2x + 35
4 x
6 a Using equating coefficients.
− 43 x + 11 x3 + 2x2 + 5x + 1 = (x − 1)(x2 + 3x + 8) + 9.
− 38 x − 15 x3 + 2x2 + 5x + 1 9
8
103
∴ = x2 + 3x + 8 +
x−1 x−1
8 ∴ a = 9.

b Using equating coefficients.

x 9 21
2x3 − 2x2 + 5x + 3 = (2x − 1)(x2 −
+ )+ .
2 4 4
2x − 2x + 5x + 3
3 2
x 9 21
∴ = x2 − + +
2x − 1 2 4 4(2x − 1)

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 ∴a=
21
. x2 − 4x + 2
4 
d x2 + 2x − 1 x4 − 2x3 − 7x2 + 7x + 5
x4 + 2x3 − x2
2x − 6
 −4x3 − 6x2 + 7x
7 a x2 + 0x − 2 2x3 − 6x2 − 4x + 12 −4x3 − 8x2 + 4x
2x3 + 0x2 − 4x 2x2 + 3x + 5
−6x2 + 0x + 12 2x2 + 4x − 2
−6x2 + 0x + 12 −x + 7
0
x2 − 3x + 7
x−6 
 e x2 + 2x − 1 x4 − x3 + 0x2 + 7x + 2
b x2 + 0x + 1 x3 − 6x2 + x − 8 x4 + 2x3 − x2
x3 + 0x2 + x −3x3 + x2 + 7x
−6x2 + 0x − 8 −3x3 − 6x2 + 3x
−6x2 + 0x − 6 7x2 + 4x + 2
−2 7x2 + 14x − 7
−10x + 9
2x − 6
x2 + x − 32

c x2 + 0x − 2 2x3 − 6x2 − 4x + 54
2x3 + 0x2 − 4x

f 2x2 − x + 4 2x4 + x3 + 0x2 + 13x + 10
−6x2 + 0x + 54 2x4 − x3 + 4x2
−6x2 + 0x + 12 2x3 − 4x2 + 13x
42 2x3 − x2 + 4x
−3x2 + 9x + 10
−3x2 + 32 x − 6
15
x + 16
2

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 Solutions to Exercise 6C
Use the Remainder Theorem. 1
Divide by 3x + 1: remainder = P(− )
 1 3  1 2 3
1 a P(x) = x3 − x2 − 3x + 1 = 108 − − 27 − − 1 = −8
Divide by x − 1: remainder = P(1) 3 3
= 13 − 12 − 3(1) + 1 = −2
2 a P(x) = x3 + ax2 + 3x − 5
b P(x) = x − 3x + 4x − 1
3 2
Remainder −3 when divided by x − 2
Divide by x + 2: remainder = P(−2) ∴ P(2) = 8 + 4a + 6 − 5 = −3
= (−2)3 − 3(−2)2 + 4(−2) − 1 = −29
∴ 4a = −12
c P(x) = 2x3 − 2x2 + 3x + 1 ∴ a = −3
Divide by x − 2: remainder = P(2)
= 2(2)3 − 2(2)2 + 3(2) + 1 = 15 b P(x) = x3 + x2 − 2ax + a2
Remainder 8 when divided by x − 2
d P(x) = x3 − 2x + 3 ∴ P(2) = 8 + 4 − 4a + a = 8
Divide by x + 1: remainder = P(−1) ∴ a − 4a = −4
= (−1)3 − 2(−1) + 3 = 4
∴ (a − 2)2 = 0
e P(x) = x3 + 2x − 5 ∴ a=2
Divide by x − 2: remainder = P(2)
= (2)3 + 2(2) − 5 = 7 c P(x) = x3 − 3x2 + ax + 5
Remainder 17 when divided by x − 3
f P(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 + 3x − 2 ∴ P(3) = 27 − 27 + 3a + 5 = 17
Divide by x + 2: remainder = P(−2) ∴ 3a = 12
= 2(−2)3 + 3(−2)2 + 3(−2) − 2 = −12
∴ a=4
g P(x) = 6 − 5x + 9x + 10x
2 3
d P(x) = x3 + x2 + ax + 8
Divide by 2x + 3: remainder = P(− 23 )
 3   3 2 Remainder 0 when divided by x − 1
=6−5 − +9 − ∴ P(1) = 1 + 1 + a + 8 = 0
 23 3 2
+ 10 − =0 ∴ a = −10
2 Use the Factor Theorem.
h P(x) = 10x3 − 3x2 + 4x − 1
Divide
 by 2x + 1: remainder 3 a P(x) = x3 − x2 + x − 1
1
=P − ∴ P(1) = 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 = 0
 21 3  1 2 Therefore P(x) is exactly divisible by
= 10 − −3 − x−1
 21  2
+4 − − 1 = −5 b P(x) = x3 + 3x2 − x − 3
2
∴ P(1) = 1 + 3 − 1 − 3 = 0
i P(x) = 108 x3 − 27x2 − 1

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 Therefore P(x) is exactly divisible by P(x) = (x − 1)(6x2 − 7x + 6)
x−1 No more factors since ∆ < 0 for the
quadratic term.
c P(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 11x + 6
∴ P(−2) = −16 − 12 + 22 + 6 = 0 d P(x) = x3 − 21x + 20
Therefore P(x) is exactly divisible by P(1) = 1 − 21 + 20 = 0
x+2 (x − 1) is a factor.
Long division or calculator:
d P(x)= 2x3 − 13x2 + 27x − 18 P(x) = (x − 1)(x2 + x − 20)
3 27 117 81
∴ P = − + − 18 = 0 ∴ P(x) = (x − 1)(x − 4)(x + 5)
2 4 4 2
Therefore P(x) is exactly divisible by
2x − 3 e P(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 − 1
P(−1) = −2 + 3 − 1 = 0
(x + 1) is a factor.
4 a P(x) = x3 − 4x2 + x + m Long division or calculator:
P(3) = 27 − 36 + 3 + m = 0 P(x) = (x + 1)(2x2 + x − 1)
∴ m=6 ∴ P(x) = (x + 1)(x + 1)(2x − 1)

b P(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − (m + 1)x − 30 = (2x − 1)(x + 1)2

P(5) = 250 − 75 − 5(m + 1) − 30 = 0
f P(x) = x3 − x2 − x + 1
∴ 5(m + 1) = 145
∴ m + 1 = 29, ∴ m = 28 = x2 (x − 1) − (x − 1)
= (x − 1)(x2 − 1)
c P(x) = x − (m + 1)x − x + 30
3 2

P(−3) = −27 − 9(m + 1) + 3 + 30 = 0 = (x + 1)(x − 1)2

∴ 9(m + 1) = 6
2 1 g P(x) = 4x3 + 3x − 38
∴ m + 1 = ,∴ m = − P(2) = 32 + 6 − 38 = 0
3 3
(x − 2) is a factor.
Long division or calculator:
5 a 2x3 + x2 − 2x − 1
P(x) = (x − 2)(4x2 + 8x + 19)
= x2 (2x + 1) − (2x + 1) No more factors since ∆ < 0 for the
= (2x + 1)(x2 − 1) quadratic term.
= (2x + 1)(x + 1)(x − 1) h P(x) = 4x3 + 4x2 − 11x − 6
P(−2) = −32 + 16 + 22 − 6 = 0
b x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1
(x + 2) is a factor.
= (x + 1)3 Long division or calculator:
P(x) = (x + 2)(4x2 − 4x − 3)
c P(x) = 6x3 − 13x2 + 13x − 6
P(1) = 6 − 13 + 13 − 6 = 0 = (x + 2)(2x + 1)(2x − 3)
(x − 1) is a factor.
6 Let P(x) = (1 + x)4 . Then
Long division or calculator:

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 P(−2) = (−2)4 = 1 solutions. Check this by using the
The remainder is 1. factor theorems.
The factor of 2 to be considered is2
The factors of −5 to be considered
7 a P(x) = 2x3 − 7x2 + 16x − 15
are ±5, ±1.
Note that P(x) = 0 has no integer
The values to check using the factor
solutions. Check this by using the 5 1
factor theorems. theorem are ± , ±
2 2
The factor of 2 to be considered is2 Then using the factor! theorem.
5 1
The factors of 15 to be considered are P( ) , 0 but P − = 0. No need to
±3, ±5, ±15, ±1 . 2 2
try another. We can factorise since we
The values to check using the factor
3 5 15 1 know 2x + 1 is a factor.
theorem are ± , ± , ± , ± Using the equating coefficients
2 2 2 2
Then using the factor theorem. method we find:
3
P( ) = 0. No need to try another. We P(x) = (2x + 1)(x2 − 2x − 5)
2
can factorise since we know 2x − 3 is
d P(x) = 2x3 − x2 − 8x − 3
a factor.
Note that P(x) = 0 has no integer
Using the equating coefficients
solutions. Check this by using the
method we find:
factor theorems.
P(x) = (2x − 3)(x2 − 2x + 5)
The factor of 2 to be considered is2
b P(x) = 2x3 − 7x2 + 8x + 5 The factors of −3 to be considered
Note that P(x) = 0 has no integer are ±3, ±1.
solutions. Check this by using the The values to check using the factor
3 1
factor theorems. theorem are ± , ±
2 2
The factor of 2 to be considered is2 Then using the factor! theorem.
The factors of 5 to be considered are 1 3
P( ) , 0 but P − = 0. No need to
±5, ±1. 2 2
The values to check using the factor try another. We can factorise since we
5 1 know 2x + 3 is a factor.
theorem are ± , ±
2 2 Using the equating coefficients
Then using the factor! theorem. method we find:
5 1
P( ) , 0 but P − = 0. No need to P(x) = (2x + 3)(x2 − 2x − 1)
2 2
try another. We can factorise since we
know 2x + 1 is a factor. 8 Sum/difference of two cubes:
Using the equating coefficients x3 + y3 = (x + y)(x2 − xy + y2 )
method we find: x3 − y3 = (x − y)(x2 + xy + y2 )
P(x) = (2x + 1)(x2 − 2x + 5)
a x3 − 1 = (x − 1)(x2 + x + 1)
c P(x) = 2x − 3x − 12x − 5
3 2

Note that P(x) = 0 has no integer b x3 + 64 = (x + 4)(x2 − 4x + 16)

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 c 27x3 − 1 = (3x − 1)(9x2 + 3x + 1) ∴ 9a + b = 24
a = 3, b = −3
d 64x3 − 125 = (4x − 5)(16x2 + 20x + 25) So P(x) = x3 + 3x2 − x − 3
= x2 (x + 3) − (x + 3)
e 1 − 125x3 = (1 − 5x)(1 + 5x + 25x2 )
= (x + 3)(x2 − 1)
f 8 + 27x3 = (2 + 3x)(4 − 6x + 9x2 ) = (x + 3)(x − 1)(x + 1)

g 64m3 − 27n3 = (4m − 3n)(16m2 +

11 a P(x) = xn − an
12mn + 9n2 )
P(a) = an − an = 0
h 27b3 + 8a3 = (3b + 2a)(9b2 − 6ab + By the Factor Theorem, (x − a) is a
4a2 ) factor of P(x)

b Q(x) = xn + an
9 a P(x) = x3 + x2 − x + 2
P(−2) = −8 + 4 + 2 + 2 = 0 i If (x + a) is a factor of Q(x), then
∴ P(x) = (x + 2)(x2 − x + 1) Q(−a) = (−a)n + an ,
No more factors since ∆ < 0, for the which is zero if n is an odd
quadratic term. number.

b P(x) = 3x3 − 7x2 + 4 ii If (x + a) is a factor of P(x), then

P(1) = 3 − 7 + 4 = 0 P(−a) = (−a)n − an ,
∴ P(x) = (x − 1)(3x2 − 4x − 4) which is zero if n is an even
number.
= (x − 1)(3x + 2)(x − 2)

c P(x) = x3 − 4x2 + x + 6 12 a P(x) = (x − 1)(x − 2)Q(x) + ax + b

P(−1) = −1 − 4 − 1 + 6 = 0
P(1) = a + b = 2
∴ P(x) = (x + 1)(x − 5x + 6)
P(2) = 2a + b = 3
= (x + 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)
a=b=1
d P(x) = 6x3 + 17x2 − 4x − 3
b i If P(x) is a cubic with x3
P(−3) = −162 + 153 + 12 − 3 = 0
coefficient = 1:
∴ P(x) = (x + 3)(6x2 − x − 1)
P(x) = (x − 1)(x − 2)(x + c) + x + 1
= (x + 3)(3x + 1)(2x − 1) Since −1 is a solution to P(1) = 0:

10 P(x) = x3 + ax2 − x + b
P(x) is divisible by x − 1 and x + 3:
P(1) = 1 + a − 1 + b = 0
∴a+b=0
P(−3) = −27 + 9a + 3 + b = 0

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 P(−1) = (−2)(−3)(−1 + c) − 1 + 1 = 0 ii P(x) = (x + 1)(x2 − 3x + 3)
∴ c=1 includes a quadratic where ∆ < 0,
so x = −1 is the only real solution
P(x) = (x − 1)(x − 2)(x + 1) + x + 1 to P(x) = 0
= (x + 1)((x − 1)(x − 2) + 1)
= (x + 1)(x2 − 3x + 2 + 1)
= (x + 1)(x2 − 3x + 3)
= x3 − 2x2 + 3

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 Solutions to Exercise 6D
1 a (x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 4) = 0 b x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0
x = 1, −2, 4 ∴ x2 (x + 1) + (x + 1) = 0
∴ (x + 1)(x2 + 1) = 0
b (x − 4)(x − 4)(x − 6) = 0
x = −1; no other real solutions since
x = 4, 6
∆ < 0 for the quadratic term.
c (2x − 1)(x − 3)(3x + 2) = 0
1 2 c x3 − 5x2 − 10x + 50 = 0
x = , 3, − ∴ x2 (x − 5) − 10(x − 5) = 0
2 3
d x(x + 3)(2x − 5) = 0 ∴ (x − 5)(x2 − 10) = 0
5 √ √
x = 0 or x = −3 or x = ∴ (x − 5)(x − 10)(x + 10) = 0
2 √
x = 5, ± 10

2 a x3 − 2x2 − 8x = 0 d x3 − ax2 − 16x + 16a = 0

∴ x(x2 − 2x − 8) = 0 ∴ x2 (x − a) − 16(x − a) = 0
∴ x(x + 2)(x − 4) = 0 ∴ x2 (x − a)(x − 16) = 0
x = −2, 0, 4 ∴ (x − a)(x − 4)(x + 4) = 0
x = a, ±4
b x3 + 2x2 − 11x = 0
∴ x(x2 + 2x − 11) = 0
√ √ 4 a x3 − 19x + 30 = 0
∴ x(x + 1 − 2 3)(x + 1 + 2 3) = 0 P(2) = 8 − 38 + 30 = 0
√
x = 0, −1 ± 2 3 ∴ P(x) = (x − 2)(x2 + 2x − 15) = 0

c x3 − 3x2 − 40x = 0 = (x − 2)(x − 3)(x + 5) = 0

∴ x(x2 − 3x − 40) = 0 x = −5, 2, 3
∴ x(x − 8)(x + 5) = 0
b P(x) = 3x3 − 4x2 − 13x − 6 = 0
x = −5, 0, 8
P(−1) = −3 − 4 + 13 − 6 = 0
d x3 + 2x2 − 16x = 0 ∴ P(x) = (x + 1)(3x2 − 7x − 6) = 0
∴x(x2 + 2x − 16) =0 = (x + 1)(3x + 2)(x − 3) = 0
√ √ x = −1, − 32 , 3
∴ x(x + 1 − 17)(x + 1 + 17) = 0
√
x = 0, −1 ± 17 c x3 − x2 − 2x + 2 = 0
∴ x2 (x − 1) − 2(x − 1) = 0
3 a x3 − x2 + x − 1 = 0 ∴ (x − 1)(x2 − 2) = 0
∴ x2 (x − 1) + (x − 1) = 0 √ √
∴ (x − 1)(x − 2)(x + 2) = 0
∴ (x − 1)(x2 + 1) = 0 √
x = 1, ± 2
x = 1; no other real solutions since
∆ < 0 for the quadratic term. d P(x) = 5x3 + 12x2 − 36x − 16 = 0

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 P(2) = 40 + 48 − 72 − 16 = 0 ∴ P(x) = (x + 1)(2x2 + x + 6) = 0
∴ P(x) = (x − 2)(5x + 22x + 8) = 0 x = −1; no other real solutions since
= (x − 2)(5x + 2)(x + 4) = 0 ∆ < 0 for the quadratic term.
2
x = −4, − , 2 e P(x) = x3 − x2 − 5x − 3 = 0
5
P(3) = 27 − 9 − 15 − 3 = 0
e P(x) = 6x3 − 5x2 − 2x + 1 = 0 ∴ P(x) = (x − 3)(x2 + 2x + 1) = 0
P(1) = 6 − 5 − 2 + 1 = 0
= (x − 3)(x + 1)2 = 0
∴ P(x) = (x − 1)(6x2 + x − 1) = 0 x = −1, 3
= (x − 1)(3x − 1)(2x + 1) = 0
1 1 f P(x) = x3 + x2 − 11x − 3 = 0
x = − , ,1 P(3) = 27 + 9 − 33 − 3 = 0
2 3
∴ P(x) = (x − 3)(x2 + 4x + 1) = 0
f P(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 29x − 30 = 0 √ √
P(−2) = −16 − 12 + 58 − 30 = 0 = (x − 3)(x + 2 − 3)(x + 2 + 3)
∴ P(x) = (x + 2)(2x2 − 7x − 15) = 0 =0
= (x + 2)(2x + 3)(x − 5) = 0 √
x = 3, −2 ± 3
3
x = −2, − , 5
2
6 a 2x3 = 16x
5 a P(x) = x3 + x2 − 24x + 36 = 0 ∴ 2x3 − 16x = 0
P(2) = 8 + 4 − 48 + 36 = 0 ∴ 2x(x2 − 8) = 0
√ √
∴ P(x) = (x − 2)(x + 3x − 18) = 0 2 2)(x + 2 2) = 0
∴ 2x(x − √
= (x − 2)(x − 3)(x + 6) = 0 x = 0, ±2 2
x = −6, 2, 3
b 2(x − 1)3 = 32
b P(x) = 6x3 + 13x2 − 4 = 0 ∴ (x − 1)√3
= 16
x − 1 = 2 √2
3
P(−2) = −48 + 52 − 4 = 0
x=1+2 2
3
∴ P(x) = (x + 2)(6x + x − 2) = 0
= (x + 2)(2x − 1)(3x + 2) = 0 c x3 + 8 = 0
2 1
x = −2, − , ∴ (x + 2)(x2 − 2x + 4)
3 2
x = −2; no other real solutions since
c P(x) = x3 − x2 − 2x − 12 = 0 ∆ < 0 for the quadratic term
P(3) = 27 − 9 − 6 − 12 = 0
∴ P(x) = (x − 3)(x2 + 2x + 4) = 0 d 2x3 + 250 = 0
x = 3; no other real solutions since ∴ 2(x3 + 125) = 0
∆ < 0 for the quadratic term. ∴ 2(x + 5)(x2 − 5x + 25) = 0
x = −5; no other real solutions since
d P(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 + 7x + 6 = 0 ∆ < 0 for the quadratic term.
P(−1) = −2 + 3 − 7 + 6 = 0

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 √
1 x = 5, ± 10
e 1000 =
x3
∴ 1000x3 = 1 d x3 − ax2 − 16x + 16a = 0
∴ (10x)3 = 1 ∴ x2 (x − a) − 16(x − a) = 0
1 ∴ x2 (x − a)(x − 16) = 0
∴ 10x = 1, ∴ x =
10 ∴ (x − a)(x − 4)(x + 4) = 0
x = a, ±4
7 a x3 − x2 + x − 1 = 0
∴ x2 (x − 1) + (x − 1) = 0
8 a 2x3 − 22x2 − 250x+ 2574
∴ (x − 1)(x + 1) = 0
2
= 2(x − 9)(x2 − 2x − 143)
x = 1; no other real solutions since = 2(x − 9)(x − 13)(x + 11)
∆ < 0 for the quadratic term.
b 2x3 + 27x2 + 52x − 33
b x +x +x+1=0
3 2
= (x + 3)(2x2 + 15x − 11)
∴ x2 (x + 1) + (x + 1) = 0 = (x + 3)(2x2 + 21x − 11)
∴ (x + 1)(x2 + 1) = 0 = (x + 3)(2x − 1)(x + 11)
x = −1; no other real solutions since
∆ < 0 for the quadratic term. c 2x3 − 9x2 − 242x+ 1089
= (x − 11)(2x2 + 13 x − 99)
c x3 − 5x2 − 10x + 50 = 0 = (x − 11)(2x − 9)(x + 11)
∴ x2 (x − 5) − 10(x − 5) = 0
d 2x3 + 51x2 + 304x − 165
∴ (x − 5)(x2 − 10) = 0
√ √ = (x + 11)(2x2 + 29x − 15)
∴ (x − 5)(x − 10)(x + 10) = 0 = (x + 11)(2x − 1)(x + 15)

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 Solutions to Exercise 6E
1 a y = (x + 2)3 − 1 y
Stationary point of inflection at
(−2, −1)
29
y

(–3, 2) 2
7
1
x
–3 –2 –1 0

x
–2 –1 0 d y = (x − 2)3 + 5
–1 Stationary point of inflection at (2, 5)
(–2, –1) y
b y = (x − 1)3 − 1
Stationary point of inflection at
5
(1, −1) 4 (2, 5)
y 3
2
1
x
0 1 2
x
–3
0 1
–1
(1, –1) e y = (x + 2)3 − 5
Stationary point of inflection at
–2
(−2, −5)
y
c y = (x + 3) + 2
3

Stationary point of inflection at

3
(−3, 2) x
–2 –1 0
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
(–2, –5)

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 2 a y = 2x3 + 3 y
Stationary point of inflection at (0, 3)
y

3
2
3 1
(0, 3)
2 x
1 0 1 2
x
–2 –1 0 e y = (3 − x)3
Stationary point of inflection at (3, 0)
b y = 2(x − 3)3 + 2 y
Stationary point of inflection at (3, 2)
y
27

3
2 x
1 (3, 2) 0 1 2 3 4
x
0 1 2 3 f y = −2(x + 1)3 + 1
Stationary point of inflection at
c 3y = x3 − 5 (−1, 1)
Stationary point of inflection at y
(0, − 35 )
y

1
(–1, 1)
x x
0 1 2 3 –1 0 1
–1
–1

1
g y = (x − 3)3 + 2
2
Stationary point of inflection at (3,2)
d y = 3 − x3
Stationary point of inflection at (0, 3)

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 y e y

4
2 (3, 2)
x
-5 0 5 10
2 -2
(3, 2)
x y
2 0 2 5
f
4
2
x
0
-5 -2 5
11.5 (-3, -2)
-4
-6

3 a y

1 4 a Let y = f −1 (x)
x Then
-5 -10 5
x = 2y3 + 3
-2 (1, -2)
-3 x−3
y3 =
2
r
b y 3 x − 3
y=
2
2
r
3 x − 3
x ∴ f −1 (x) =
-5 0 5 2
-2
Maximal domain = R
-4

c y b Let y = f −1 (x)
Then
1
2 x = 3y 3
(3, 1)
x x 1
-5 0 5 y3 =
-2 3
-4 x3
y=
y 27
d
x3
∴ f −1 (x) =
2 27
x
-5 0 5 Maximal domain = R
(-2, -2)
-4
-6 c Let y = f −1 (x)
Then

238

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 x = 2(y + 1)3 + 1 e Let y = f −1 (x)
x−1 Then
(y + 1)3 = x = −2(y − 1) 3 + 4
1
2
r
3 x − 1 x−4 1
y+1= (y − 1) 3 =
2 −2
r (x − 4)3
y=
3 x − 1
−1 y−1=−
2 8
r (x − 4)3
3 x − 1 y=1−
∴ f (x) =
−1
−1 8
2
(x − 4)3
Maximal domain = R ∴ f −1 (x) = 1 −
8
d Let y = f −1 (x) Maximal domain = R
Then
1 f Let y = f −1 (x)
x = 2(y + 3) 3 − 2
Then
1
1 x+2 x = −2(y + 2) 3 − 1
(y + 3) 3 =
2
x+1 1
(x + 2)3 (y + 2) 3 =
y+3= −2
8
(x + 1)3
(x + 2)3 y+2=−
y= −3 8
8
(x + 1)3
(x + 2)3 y = −2 −
∴ f −1 (x) = −3 8
8
(x + 1)3
Maximal domain = R ∴ f (x) = −2 −
−1
8
Maximal domain = R

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 Solutions to Exercise 6F
1 a y = x(x − 1)(x − 3)
Axis intercepts: (0, 0), (1, 0) and (3, 0)

b y = (x − 1)(x + 1)(x + 2) 2 a y = x3 − 9x = x(x − 3)(x + 3)

Axis intercepts: (−2, 0), (−1, 0), (1,0) Axis intercepts: (0,0), (−3, 0) and
and (0,6) (3, 0)

c y = (2x − 1)(x − 2)(x + 3) b y = x3 − 4x2 − 3x + 18

1 ∴ y = (x − 3)2 (x + 2)
Axis intercepts: (−3, 0), ( , 0), (2, 0)
2 Axis intercepts: (−2, 0), (3, 0) and
and (0, 6) (0, 18)

c y = −x3 + x2 + 3x − 3
d y = (x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3) ∴ y = (1 − x)(x 2
Axis intercepts: (1, 0), (2, 0), (3, 0) √ − 3) √
= (1 − x)(x − 3)(x + 3)
and (0, 6) Axis intercepts:

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 √ √
(1, 0), (− 3, 0), ( 3, 0) and f y
(0, −3)
6

x
-1 0 2 3
2

3 a y

x
0 1 2

-4
d y = 3x3 − 4x2 − 13x − 6
∴ y = (3x + 2)(x + 1)(x − 3)
2 y
Axis intercepts: (−1, 0), (− , 0), (3, 0) b
3
and (0,1)
0 x
4

c y

0 x
-1 3
-8

e y = 6x3 − 5x2 − 2x + 1
y = (x − 1)(3x − 1)(2x + 1) d y = x3 + x2 = x2 (x + 1)
1 1 Axis intercepts: (0,0) and (−1, 0)
Axis intercepts: (− , 0), ( , 0), (1, 0)
2 3
and (0, 1)

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 e y
y

x
0
-1 1 1 (1.02, 6.01)
2 –5 1.5
x
0 0.5
f y = x3 − 5x2 + 7x − 3
∴ y = (x − 1)2 (x − 3) (–3.02, –126.01)
Axis intercepts: (1, 0), (3, 0) and
(0, −3) b y = −4x3 + 19x − 15
5 3
Intercepts: (− , 0), (1, 0), ( , 0) and
2 2
(0, −15)
Max. : (1.26, 0.94)
Min. : (−1.26, −30.94)
y

(1.26, 0.94)
–2.5 1.5
x
y
4 a 0 1

(–1.26, –30.94)
0 x
-1 1 c y = −4x3 + 0.8x2 + 19.8x − 18
Intercepts: (−2.5, 0), (1.2,0), (1.5,0)
and (0, −18)
b y
Max. : (1.35, 0.35)
Min. : (−1.22, −33.70)
x y
0 4
-8

(1.35, 0.35)
–2.5 1.2 1.5
5 a y = −4x3 − 12x2 + 37x − 15 x
1 2 0
Intercepts: (−5, 0), ( , 0), ( , 0) and (0, –18)
2 3
(0, −15) (–1.22, –33.70)
Max. : (1.02, 6.01)
Min. : (−3.02, −126.01) d y = 2x3 + 11x2 + 15x
5
Intercepts: (−3, 0), (− , 0), and (0, 0)
2

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 Max : (−2.76, 0.34) f y = 2x3 + 6x2 + 6
Min : (−0.91, −6.05) Intercepts: (−3.28, 0) and (0, 6)
y Max : (−2, 14)
Min : (0, 6)
y
(–2.76, 0.34)
(–2, 14)
x
0
6
(–0.91, –6.05) x
–3.28 0
e y = 2x3 + 6x2
Intercepts: (−3, 0) and (0, 0)
Max : (−2, 8)
Min : (0, 0) 6 f (x) = x3 − x2 − 5x − 3
y
= (x − 3)(x2 + 2x + 1)
(–2, 8) = (x − 3)(x + 1)2
f (x) cuts the axis at x = 3 and touches
the axis at the repeated root x = −1.
y

x
10

–3 0 5

-4 -2 2 4 x

-5

-10

243

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 Solutions to Exercise 6G
1 a (x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 3) ≤ 0
y

Arrange in order from left to right: -4 -2

2

2 4 x

(x + 2)(x − 1)(x − 3) ≤ 0 -2

-4

Upright cubic, so f (x) ≤ 0 for: -6

-8

{x : x ≤ −2} ∪ {x : 1 ≤ x ≤ 3} -10

e (x − 1)3 + 8 ≤ 0
10

Translation of y = x3 which is an
6

increasing function for all x.

2

-4 -2 2 4 x

∴ (x − 1)3 ≤ −8
-2

-4

∴ x − 1 ≤ −2, ∴ x ≤ −1
b (x + 1)(x + 2)(x − 4) ≥ 0 10
y

Arrange in order from left to right: 5

(x + 2)(x + 1)(x − 4) ≥ 0 -4 -2 2 4 x

Upright cubic so f (x) ≤ 0 for: -5

{x : x ≥ 4} ∪ {x : −2 ≤ x ≤ −1} -10

f x3 − 1 ≥ 0
5

-4 -2 2 4 x

-5

Translation of y = x3 which is an
-10

-15 increasing function for all x.

-20

-25
∴ x3 ≥ 1, ∴ x ≥ 1
y

10

c (x − 1)(x − 2)2 < 0 5

Upright cubic, so f (x) < 0 for -4 -2 2 4 x

{x : x < 1} -5

Repeated root at x = 2 means that the -10

graph is positive or zero for all other

g x2 (x − 4) > 0
x.
y
Repeated root at (0,0) so f (x) > 0
only for {x : x > 4}
3

y
1
10

-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x

5
-1

-2

-4 -2 2 4 x

-3

-5

d x(x + 2)(x − 3) > 0 -10

Arrange in order from left to right:

(x + 2)x(x − 3) > 0
Upright cubic, so f (x) > 0 for:
{x : x > 3} ∪ {x : −2 < x < 0}

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 h (x + 3)(x2 + 2x + 5) ≤ 0 c
The quadratic expression has no x3 + 4x ≤ 4x2
real roots so there is only one x-axis ⇔ x3 − 4x2 + 4x ≤ 0
intercept at x = −3.
The cubic is upright so f (x) ≤ 0 only ⇔ x(x2 − 4x + 4) ≤ 0
for {x : x ≤ −3} ⇔ x(x − 2)2 ≤ 0
y

10

⇔ x ∈ (−∞, 0] ∪ {2}
5

-4 -2 2 4 x
Since coefficient of x3
-5
is positive and ’double root’ when x = 2
-10

d x3 > 9x
2 a x3 > 4x ⇔ x3 − 9x > 0
⇔ x3 − 4x > 0 ⇔ x(x2 − 9) > 0
⇔ x(x2 − 4) > 0 ⇔ x(x − 3)(x + 3) > 0
⇔ x(x − 2)(x + 2) > 0 ⇔ x ∈ (3, ∞) ∪ (−3, 0)
⇔ x ∈ (2, ∞) ∪ (−2, 0) Since coefficient of x3 is positive
Since coefficient of x3 is positive
e x3 − 6x2 + x ≥ 6
b ⇔ x3 − 6x2 + x − 6 ≥ 0
x3 < 5x2
⇔ x2 (x − 6) + x − 6 ≥ 0
⇔ x3 − 5x2 < 0
⇔ (x − 6)(x2 + 1) ≥ 0
⇔ x (x − 5) < 0
2
⇔ x−6≥0
⇔ x ∈ (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, 5)
⇔ x ∈ [6, ∞)
3
Since coefficient of x
f 2x3 − 6x2 − 4x < −12
is positive and ’double root’ when x = 0
⇔ 2x3 − 6x2 − 4x + 12 < 0
⇔ 2x2 (x − 3) − 4(x − 3) < 0
⇔ (x − 3)(2x2 − 4) < 0
⇔ 2(x − 3)(x2 − 2) < 0
√ √
⇔ (x − 3)(x − 2)(x + 2) < 0
√ √
⇔ x ∈ (−∞, − 2) ∪ ( 2, 3)
Since coefficient of x3 is positive

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 Solutions to Exercise 6H
1 a y = a(x − 3)3 + 1 ∴ y = 2x(x − 2)2
When x = 4, y = 12 12 = a(4 − 3)2 + 1
∴ a = 11
4 Repeated root at x = −4, cuts at (0, 0)
b y = a(x − 2)(x + 3)(x − 1) ∴ y = ax(x + 4)2
When x = 3, y = 24 Using (−3, 6): −3a(−3 + 4)2 = 6
24 = a(3 − 2)(3 + 3)(3 − 1) ∴ −3a = 6
∴a=2
∴ a = −2
c y = ax3 + bx ∴ y = −2x(x + 4)2
When x = 1, y = 16
When x = 2, y = 40 5 y = a(x − 1)(x − 3)(x + 1)
16 = a + b . . . (1) When x = 0, y = −6
40 = 8a + 2b . . . (2) ∴ −6 = a(−1)(−3)(1)
∴ a = −2
Multiply (1) by 2 and subtract from (2)
y = −2(x − 1)(x − 3)(x + 1)
8 = 6a
4
∴a= 6 f (x) = (x2 + a)(x − 3)
3
f (6) = 216
44
∴b= ∴ 216 = (36 + a)(3)
3
∴ 72 = 36 + a
∴ a = 36
2 a Equation is of the form
y = −a(x + 2)3 .
x = 0, y = −1: 7 a y = a(x − h)3 + k
1 Stationary point of inflection at (3, 2),
−1 = −8a, so a =
8 so h = 3.
1
So y = − (x + 2) 3
Using (3, 2) : k = 2
8
Using (0, −25) :
b Equation is of the form a(−3)3 + 2 = −25
y = −a(x − 3)3 + 2
1 ∴ 27a = −27
x = 5, y = 0 : 0 = −8a + 2, so a =
4 ∴ a=1
1
∴ y = 2 − (x − 3) 3
∴ y = (x − 3) + 2
3
4
b y = ax3 + bx2
3 The graph has a repeated root at (2, 0) ∴ y = x2 (ax + b)
and cuts (0, 0), ∴ y = ax(x − 2)2
Using (3, 6) : 3a(3 − 2) = 6
∴ a=2

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 Using (1, 5) : a + b= 5 ∴ b=0
Using (−3, −1) : 9(−3a + b) = −1 ∴ y = ax3 + cx
∴ 3 a − b=
1 and 8a + 2c = 3 ∴ 4a + c = 1.5
9 Using (1, 0.75) : a + c = 0.75
a + b= 5
3a = 0.75
46
4a = ∴ a = 0.25
9
23 67 ∴ c = 0.5
∴ a = ;b = 1 1 1
18 18 ∴ y = x3 + x = x(x2 + 2)
1 4 2 4
y = (23x + 67x2 )
3
18
9 y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
c y = ax3
Use CAS calculator Solve function.
Using(1, 5) : a(1)3 = 5, ∴ a = 5
y = 5x3 a (0, 270)(1, 312)(2, 230)(3, 0)
y = −4x3 − 50x2 + 96x + 270
8 a Graph has axis intercepts at (0,0) and
b (−2, −406)(0, 26)(1, 50)(2, −22)
(±2, 0):
y = 4x3 − 60x2 + 80x + 26
y = ax(x − 2)(x + 2)
Using (1, 1) : c (−2, −32)(2, 8)(3, 23)(8, 428)
a(1 − 2)(1 + 2) = 1 y = x3 − 2x2 + 6x − 4
∴ −3a = 1
d (1, −1)(2, 10)(3, 45)(4, 116)
1
∴ a=− y = 2x3 − 3x
3
1
y = − x(x − 2)(x + 2) e (−3, −74)(−2, −23)(−1, −2)(1, −2)
3
1
OR y = − x3 + x
4 y = 2x3 − 3x2 − 2x + 1
3 3
f (−3, −47)(−2, −15)(1, −3)(2, −7)
b y = ax3 + bx2 + cx
y = x3 − 3x2 − 2x + 1
Using (2, 3): 8a + 4b + 2c = 3
Using (−2, −3): −8a + 4b − 2c = −3 g (−4, 25)(−3, 7)(−2, 1)(1, −5)
8b =0 y = −x3 − 3x2 − 2x + 1

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 Solutions to Exercise 6I
1 a y = (x + 2)4 − 1; vertex at (−2, −1) y
y

21
(2, 5)
x
15 0
x
–3 –1 0
(–2, –1)

e y = (x + 2)4 − 5; vertex at (−2, −5)

b y = (x − 1)4 − 1; vertex at (1, −1) y
y
1 11 1
–2 – 5 4 4
–2 + 5
x
0
2
x
0 (–2, –5)

(1, –1)
2 a y = 2x4 + 3; vertex at (0, 3)
c y = (x + 3)4 + 2; vertex at (−3, 2) y
y
3
83 x
0
(–3, 2)
x
0

b y = 2(x − 3)4 + 2; vertex at (3, 2)

d y = (x − 2)4 + 5; vertex at (2, 5)

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 y y

(–1, 1)
164
(3, 2) x x
0 0
(0, –1)

c y = x4 − 16; vertex at (0, −16)

3 a x4 − 27x = 0
y
∴ x(x3 − 27) = 0
∴ x(x − 3)(x2 + 3x + 9) = 0
x = 0, 3; quadratic has no real
solutions
x
–2 0 2
b (x2 − x − 2)(x2 − 2x − 15) = 0
∴ (x − 2)(x + 1)(x − 5)(x + 3) = 0
(0, –16)
x = −3, −1, 2, 5
d y = 16 − x4 ; vertex at (0, 16) c x4 + 8x = 0
y ∴ (x3 + 8) = 0
∴ x(x + 2)(x2 − 2x + 4) = 0
16 x = 0, −2; quadratic has no real
solutions
x
–2 0 2 d x4 − 6x3 = 0
∴ x3 (x − 6) = 0
x = 0, 6

e y = (3 − x)4 ; vertex at (3,0) e x4 − 9x2 = 0

∴ x2 (x2 − 9) = 0
y
∴ x2 (x − 3)(x + 3) = 0
x = 0, ±3
81
f 81 − x4 = 0
x ∴ x4 − 81 = 0
0 3
∴ (x2 − 9)(x2 + 9) = 0
∴ (x − 3)(x + 3)(x2 + 9) = 0
x = ±3; quadratic has no real
f y = −2(x + 1)4 + 1; vertex at (−1, 1) solutions

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 g x4 − 16x2 = 0 b y = (x2 − x − 20)(x2 − 2x − 24)
∴ x2 (x2 − 16) = 0 = (x − 5)(x + 4)(x + 4)(x − 6)
∴ x (x − 4)(x + 4) = 0
2
= (x − 5)(x + 4)2 (x − 6)
x = 0, ±4 x-intercepts: (−4, 0), (5, 0) and (6, 0)
TPs: (−4, 0), (0.72, 503.5) and
h x4 − 7x3 + 12x2 = 0
(5.53, −22.62)
∴ x2 (x2 − 7x + 12) = 0
y
∴ x2 (x − 3)(x − 4) = 0
x = 0, 3, 4 480 (0.72, 503.46)

i x4 − 9x3 + 20x2 = 0
∴ x2 (x2 − 9x + 20) = 0 x
–4 0 5 6
∴ x2 (x − 4)(x − 5) = 0
x = 0, 4, 5

j (x2 − 4)(x2 − 9) = 0
∴ (x − 2)(x + 2)(x − 3)(x + 3) = 0 c y = x4 + 27x
x = ±2, ±3 x intercepts: (0,0) and (−3, 0)
TP: (−1.89, −38.27)
k (x − 4)(x2 + 2x + 8) = 0 y
x = 4; quadratic has no real solutions

l (x + 4)(x2 + 2x − 8) = 0
∴ (x + 4)(x − 2)(x + 4) = 0
x
∴ (x + 4)2 (x − 2) = 0 –3 0
x = −4, 2
(–1.89, –38.27)
4 a y = x4 − 125x
∴ y = x(x3 − 125) d y = x4 − 4x3
x-intercepts: (0, 0) and (5, 0) x-intercepts: (0, 0) and (4, 0)
TP: (3.15, −295.24) TP: (3, −27)
y y

4
x x
0 5 0
(3.15, –295.24)
(3, –27)

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 e y = x4 − 25x2 y
= x (x − 25)
2 2

= x2 (x − 5)(x + 5)
x-intercepts: (0, 0)(−5, 0) and (5, 0)
–9 9
TPs: (0, 0), (−3.54, −156.25) and x
0
(3.54, −156.25)
y
(–6.36, –1640.25) (6.36, –1640.25)

h y = x4 − 7x3 + 12x2
= x2 (x2 − 7x + 12)
x
0 5 = x2 (x − 3)(x − 4)
x-intercepts: (0, 0), (3, 0) and (4, 0)
(–3.54, –156.25) (3.54, –156.25) TPs: (0, 0), (1.68, 8.64) and
(3.57, −3.12)
f y = 16 − x4 y
= (4 − x2 )(4 + x2 )
= (2 − x)(2 + x)(4 + x2 )
(1.68, 8.64)
x-intercepts: (−2, 0) and (2, 0)
4
TP: (0, 16) x
0 3
y (3.57, –3.12)
16

i y = x4 − 9x3 + 20x2
–2 x
0 2 = x2 (x2 − 9x + 20)
= x2 (x − 4)(x − 5)
x-intercepts: (0, 0), (4, 0) and (5, 0)
TPs: (0, 0), (2.20, 24.39) and
g y = x4 − 81x2 (4.55, −5.12)
= x2 (x2 − 81) y
= x2 (x − 9)(x + 9)
x-intercepts: (0, 0), (−9, 0) and (9, 0) (2.20, 24.39)
TPs: (0,0), (−6.36, −1640.25) and
5
(6.36, −1640.25) x
0 4
(4.55, –5.12)

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 j y = (x2 − 16)(x2 − 25) y
= (x − 4)(x + 4)(x − 5)(x + 5)
x-intercepts: (−5, 0), (−4, 0), (4, 0)
and (5, 0) (–5.61, 23.74)
TPs: (0, 400), (−4.53, −20.25) and –7 –4 x
(4.53, −20.25) 0 5
y
(1.61, –163.71)

5 a f (x) = 5x2 − 3x2

x
–5 –4 0 4 5 ∴ f (−x) = 5(−x)2 − 3(−x)2
(–4.53, –20.25) (4.53, –20.25)
= 5x2 − 3x2
= f (x)
k y = (x − 2)(x + 2x + 10) x-intercept:
2
∴ f (x) is even.
(2, 0)
Quadratic has no real solutions. b f (x) = 7x11 − x3 + 2x
No Turning points, as shown by ∴ f (−x) = 7(−x)11 − (−x)3 + 2(−x)
reference to a CAS graph.
= −7x11 + x3 − 2x
y
= − f (x)
∴ f (x) is odd.

x c f (x) = x4 − 3x2 + 2
0 2
∴ f (−x) = (−x)4 − 3(−x)2 + 2
–20 = x4 − 3x2 + 2
= f (x)
l y = (x + 4)(x + 2x − 35)
2
∴ f (x) is even.
= (x + 4)(x + 7)(x − 5)
x-intercepts: (−7, 0), (−4, 0) and (5, 0) d f (x) = x5 − 4x3
TPs: (−5.61, 23.74) and ∴ f (−x) = (−x)5 − 4(−x)3
(1.61, −163.71)
= −x5 + 4x3
= − f (x)
∴ f (x) is odd.

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 6 a y c f (x) ≤ g(x)
y= 2x2 10
⇔ x4 ≤ 9x2
5 ⇔ x2 (x2 − 9) ≤ 0

0
x ⇔ x2 (x − 3)(x + 3) ≤ 0
-2 -1 1 2
-5 ⇔ x ∈ [−3, 3]
y = x3
-10
8 a y
b f (x) = g(x) 15
x = 2x
3 2
10
5 (2, 8)
x3 − 2x2 = 0
x
x2 (x − 2) = 0 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
(-2, -8) -5
x = 0 or x = 2
-10

c f (x) ≤ g(x)
b
⇔ x3 ≤ 2x2 f (x) = g(x)
2
⇔ x (x − 2) ≤ 0 x3 = 4x
⇔ x ∈ (−∞, 2] x3 − 4x = 0
x(x2 − 4) = 0
7 a y
x(x − 2)(x + 2) = 0
100
(-3, 81) 80 (3, 81) x = −2 or x = 2 or x = 0
60
40 c f (x) ≤ g(x)
20 f (x) = x4 ⇔ x3 ≤ 4x
x
-4 -2 0 2 4 ⇔ x(x2 − 4) ≤ 0
-20
⇔ x ∈ (−∞, −2] ∪ [0, 2]
b f (x) = g(x)
x4 = 9x2
x4 − 9x2 = 0
x2 (x2 − 9) = 0
x2 (x − 3)(x + 3) = 0
x = −3 or x = 3 or x = 0

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 Solutions to Exercise 6J
1 c
V (cm3)
100
80
60
40
20

a 20 − 2x 0 1 2 3 4 5 x (cm)

b V = x(20 − 2x)2 d When x = 1,

V = (12 − 2(1))(10 − 2(1))(1)
c When x = 5,
V = 5(20 − 2 × 5)2 = 500 cm3 = 10 × 8
= 80
d x(20 − 2x)2 = 500
4x(100 − 20x + x2 ) = 500 e On the CAS calculator, sketch the
graphs of Y1 = 4X(6 − X)(5 − X) and
100x − 20x2 + x3 = 125 Y2 = 50.
x3 − 20x2 + 100x − 125 = 0 The points of intersection are
We know that x − 5 is a factor (0.50634849, 50) and (3.5608171,
Hence 50).
(x − 5)(x2 − 15x + 25) = 0 Therefore V = 50 when x = 0.51 or
15
!2
15
!2 x = 3.56, correct to 2 decimal places.
(x − 5)(x − 15x +
2
− + 25) = 0
2 2
!2 f With f 1 = 4x × (6 − x)(5 − x)
15 125 to yield (1.810745, 96.770576).
(x − 5) x − − =0
2 4 Therefore the maximum volume is
√ √
15 5 5 15 5 5 96.77 cm3 and occurs when x = 1.81,
(x − 5)(x − − )(x − + )=0 correct to 2 decimal places.
2 2 2 2
The required
√ other value is Alternatively, use the CAS calculator
15 − 5 5 to give the√maximum when
x=
2 11 − 31
x= ≈ 1.81; then
3
2 a l = 12 − 2x w = 10 − 2x maximum volume is 96.77 cm3 .

b V = length × width × height

3 a Surface area x2 + 4xh
= (12 − 2x)(10 − 2x)x
= 4x(6 − x)(5 − x) b x2 + 4xh = 75
75 − x2
∴h=
4x

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 x(75 − x2 ) 600x2 (3 − x) = 1200
c V = x2 h =
4
x2 (3 − x) = 2
71
d i When x = 2, V = 3x2 − x3 = 2
2
x3 − 3x2 + 2 = 0
125
ii When x = 5, V = (x − 1)(x2 − 2x − 2) = 0
2
iii When x = 8, V = 22 (x − 1)(x2 − 2x + 1 − 3) = 0
(x − 1)((x − 1)2 − 3) = 0
e It is given that x = 4 is a solution of √ √
the equation: (x − 1)((x − 1 − 3)(x − 1 + 3) = 0
√
x(75 − x2 ) Required solutions x = 1 + 3 and
= 59
4 x=1
Rearranging we have:
x(75 − x2 ) = 236
5 a Using Pythagoras’ theorem,
x3 − 75x + 236 = 0
x2 + h2 = 82
(x − 4)(x + 4x − 59) = 0
2
√
x = 64 − h2
(x − 4)(x2 + 4x + 4 − 63) = 0
(x − 4)((x + 2)2 − 63) = 0 1
b V = πx2 h
√ √ 3
(x − 4)(x + 2 − 3 7)(x + 2 + 3 7) = 0 1
√ = π(64 − h2 )h
The required solution is x = 3 7 − 2 3
c
4 The base is a right-angled triangle
(5x, 12x, 13x) V (m3)
200

a The sum of all the lengths of the 150

prisms edges is180 cm 100
∴ 2(5x + 12x + 13x) + 3h = 180 50

∴ 60x + 3h = 180 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 h (m)

180 − 60x
∴h= = 60 − 20x
3
d Domain = {h : 0 < h < 8}
b The area of the base is 30x2 .
1
∴ V = 30x2 (60 − 20x) = 600x2 (3 − x) e When h = 4, V = π(64 − 42 )(4)
3
c When x = 3, V = 0 = 64π

d f On the CAS calculator, sketch the

graphs of f 1 = 1/3π(64 − x2 ) × x
and f 2 = 150. The points of inter-
section are (2.4750081, 150) and

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 (6.4700086, 0.150). d
Therefore V = 150 when h = 2.48 or V (cm3 )
h = 6.47, correct to 2 decimal places. 150 000

g With f 1 = 1/3π(64 − x∧ 2) × x, 100 000

to yield (4.6187997, 206.37006).
50 000
Therefore the maximum volume is
206.37 m3 and occurs when h = 4.62,
0
correct to 2 decimal places. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 x (cm)

Alternatively, use
e On the CAS calculator, sketch the
fMax(1/3π(64 − x∧ 2) × x, x, 0, 8)
graphs of f 1 = x∧ 2(160 − 2x)
to give√the maximum when
and f 2 = 50 000. The points of
8 3
h= ≈ 4.62; then maximum intersection are (20.497586, 50000)
3
volume is 206.37m. and (75.629199, 50 000).
Therefore V = 50 000 when
x = 20.50 or x = 75.63, correct to 2
6 a x + x + h = 160
decimal places.
2x + h = 160
f With f 1 = x∧ 2(160 − 2x),
h = 160 − 2x
to yield (53.333336, 151703.7).
b Therefore the maximum volume is
V = x×x×h 151 704 cm3 (to the nearest cm3 ).
Alternatively, use
= x2 (160 − 2x)
fMax(x∧ 2(160 − 2x), x, 0, 80)
When V = 0, x = 0
2
to =
or 160 − 2x 0 the maximum when
give
x=0 160 1
∴ or h == 2x ≈ 53 ; then maximum
160
3 3
∴ x = 80 is 151703.7 cm3 .
volume

c ∴ Domain V = {x : 0 < x < 80}

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 Solutions to Exercise 6K
See The TI Calculator Appendix for how to complete with a spreadsheet application on the
calculator.

1 a The formula for the spreadsheet for solving x3 − x − 1 = 0 in the interval [1, 2] is
shown.

The first 10 steps are shown here.

Answer: 1.32
We go through the first few steps for this question We now return to the function
f (x) = x3 − x − 1 and finding the solution of the equation x3 − x − 1 = 0.

Step 1 We start with the interval [1, 2], since we know the solution lies in this interval.
f (1) = −1 < 0 and f (2) = 5 > 0.
1+2
= 1.5.
2
Since f (1.5) = 0.875 > 0, we now know the solution is between 1 and 1.5.

Step 2 Choose 1.5 as the new left endpoint. Therefore the second interval is [1, 1.5].
1 + 1.5
= 1.25 and f (1.25) = −0.296875 > 0.
2

Step 3 Choose 1.25 as the new left endpoint. Thus the third interval is [1.25, 1.5].
1.25 + 1.5)
Now = 1.375 and f (1.375) = 0.224069 < 0.
2

Step 4 Choose 1.375 as the new left endpoint. Thus the fourth interval is [1.25, 1.375].

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 At this point we know that the solution is in the interval [1.25, 1.375].

Answer: 1.164

c There are two solutions in the interval [1, 2]. Care must be taken. First apply the
bisection method in [1, 1.3] and then in [1.3, 2]

Answers: 1.124 and 1.451

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 d

Answer: 2.151

Answer −1.75

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 Solutions to Technology-free questions
1 a y = (x − 1)3 − 2 Stationary point of inflection at (0, 0)
Stationary point of inflection at Axis intercept at (0, 0)
(1, −2) √3 y
x-intercept at (1 + 2, 0)
y-intercept at (0, −3)
y
3
√2 + 1 x
0 (1, –3)
0
x
(0, –3) (1, –2) e y = −3x3 + 1
Stationary pointrof inflection at (0, 1)
3 1

b y = (2x − 1)3 + 1 x-intercept at ( , 0)

3
1 y-intercept at (0, 1)
Stationary point of inflection at ( , 1)
2 y
Axis intercept at (0, 0)
y (–1, 4)
(0, 1)
x
0
31
1 √3
2
, 1
x f y = −3(x − 2)3 + 1
0 Stationary point of rinflection at (2,1)
3 1
c y = 3(x − 1)3 − 1 x-intercept at (2 + , 0)
Stationary point of inflection at 3
y-intercept at (0, 25)
(1, −1) r y
3 1
x-intercept at (1 + , 0)
3
y-intercept at (0, −4)
y (2, 1)
3 1
√ –3 +1
x
0 3
1
+2
x √3
0 (1, –1) g y = 4(x + 2)3 − 3
(0, –4)
Stationary point of inflection at
(−2, −3)
d y = −3x3

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 r
3 y
x-intercept at (−2 + , 0)
3

4
y-intercept at (0, 29) 2
y 1
, 1
2 x
0

(0, 29) 3 3
–2
4
x
(–2, –3) 0 c y = (x − 1)4 − 1
Turning point at (1, −1)
y-intercept at (0, 0),
h y = 1 − 3(x + 2)3 x-intercept at (0, 0) and (2, 0)
Stationary point of inflection at y
(−2, 1) r
3 1
x-intercept at (−2 + , 0)
3
y-intercept at (0, −23) 2 x
0
y
(1, –1)

(–2, 1) 0 d y = −2x4
x Turning point and axis intercept at
1 (0, 0)
(0, –23) √3 – 2
3
y

2 a y = (x − 1)4
Turning point at (1, 0) x
0
y-intercept at (0,1), x-intercept at
(1,0)
y
e y = −3x4 + 1
1 Turning point at (0,
r1)
x 4 1
0 1 x-intercepts at (± , 0)
3
y-intercept at (0, 1)

b y = (2x − 1)4 + 1
1
Turning point at ( , 1)
2
y-intercept at (0,2), no x-intercept

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 y y

1 (–2, 1) 1
–1 1 1 4
−3 4 34 –2 + 2
x x
0 1 0
1 4 –3 1
–2 – 2

f y = −(x − 2)4 + 1
Turning point at (2, 1) 3 a 2x3 + 3x2 = 11x + 6
y-intercept at (0, −15) 2x3 + 3x2 − 11x − 6 = 0
x-intercept (1, 0) and (3, 0)
(2x + 1)(x2 + x − 6) = 0
y
(2x + 1)(x + 3)(x − 2) = 0
(2, 1) 1
x = − or x = −3 or x = 2
1 3 2
x
0
b x2 (5 − 2x) = 4
–15
5x2 − 2x3 − 4 = 0
2x3 − 5x2 + 4 = 0
g y = 2(x + 1) − 3 4

Turning point at (−1, −3) (x − 2)(2x2 − x − 2) = 0

r
4 3 x = 2 or 2x2 − x − 2 = 0
 
x-intercepts at −1 ± ,0
2 √
y-intercept at (0, 1) 1 ± 17
x = 2 or x =
y 4

c x3 − 7x2 + 4x + 12 = 0
1 1
3 4 (x − 6)(x2 − x − 2) = 0
3 4 –1
– 2
–1 0 2
x (x − 6)(x − 2)(x + 1) = 0
–1
x = 6 or x = 2 or x = −1
(–1, –3)

h y = 1 − 2(x + 2)4 4 a P(x) = 6x3 + 5x2 − 17x − 6

Turning point at (−2, r
1) P(−2) = 6(−8) + 5(4) − 17(−2) − 6 = 0
1 So x+ 2 is a factor
  9of P(x). 3 
, 0)
4
x-intercepts at (−2 ± 3  27
2 P =6 +5 − 17 −6 = 0
y-intercept at (0, −31) 2 8 4 2
So 2x − 3 is a factor of P(x).
∴ P(x) = (x + 2)(2x − 3)(ax + b)
= (ax + b)(2x2 + x − 6)
Matching coefficients with P(x):

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 2a = 6, ∴ a = 3 x2 + (1 − k)x + (k + 1)
−6b = −6, ∴ b = 1

b x − 1 x3 − kx2 + 2kx − k − 1
So the other factor is 3x + 1. x3 − x2
(1 − k)x2 + 2kx
b P(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 11x + 6 = 0
(1 − k)x2 − (1 − k)x
P(−2) = 0, so (x + 2) is a factor.
P(3) = 0, so (x − 3) is a factor. (k + 1)x − (k + 1)
P(x) = (ax + b)(x + 2)(x − 3) (k + 1)x − (k + 1)
0
= (ax + b)(x2 − x − 6)
f (x) = (x − 1)(x + (1 − k)x + k + 1)
2
Matching coefficients with P(x):
a=2
−6b = 6, ∴ b = −1 6 P(x) = x3 + ax2 − 10x + b
∴ P(x) = (2x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 3) P(x) is divisible by Q(x) = x2 + x − 12
1
x = −2, , 3 Q(x) = (x − 3)(x + 4), so
2 P(3) = P(−4) = 0
c x3 + x2 − 11x − 3 = 8 P(3) = 27 + 9a − 30 + b = 0
∴ P(x) = x3 + x2 − 11x − 11 = 0 ∴ 9a + b = 3
P(−1) = 0, so (x + 1) is a factor. P(−4) = −64 + 16a + 40 + b = 0
∴ P(x) = x2 (x + 1) − 11(x + 1) = 0 ∴ 16a + b = 24
∴ 7a = 21
= (x + 1)(x2 − 11) = 0
√
x = −1, ± 11 ∴ a = 3; b = −24

 1 = 3x3 + 2x − 19x + 6
3 2
d i P(x)
2 19 7 Arrange in left-to-right order first.
P = + − +6=0
3 27 9 3
so (3x − 1) is a factor. a y = (x + 4)(x + 2)(3 − x)
Inverted cubic.
ii P(2) = 24 + 8 − 38 + 6 = 0 Axis intercepts: (−4, 0), (−2, 0), (3, 0)
so (x − 2) is a factor. and (0,24)
P(x) = (ax + b)(x − 2)(3x − 1) Sign: + − + −
= (ax + b)(3x2 − 7x + 2)
Matching coefficients:
a = 1, b = 3
∴ P(x) = (x + 3)(x − 2)(3x − 1)

5 a f (x) = x3 − kx2 + 2kx − k − 1

b y = (x + 3)(x − 2)(x − 4)
∴ f (1) = 1 − k + 2k − k − 1 = 0
Upright cubic.
By the Factor Theorem, f (x) is
Axis intercepts: (−3, 0), (2, 0), (4, 0)
divisible by x − 1.
and (0, 24)
Sign: + − + −

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 (x + 6) = P(−6) = −41

b P(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 + 2x + 4.

Remainder after division by
(x − 2) = P(2) = 12

c y = 6x3 + 13x2 − 4 c P(x) = 3x3 + 2x + 4.

Upright cubic. Remainder after division by
1 43
y(−2) = −48 + 52 − 4 = 0 (3x − 1) = P( ) =
So (x + 2) is a factor. 3 9
∴ y = (x + 2)(6x2 + x − 2)
9 y = a(x + 2)(x − 1)(x − 5) accounts for
= (x + 2)(3x + 2)(2x − 1)
the x intercepts.
Axis intercepts:
2 1 At x = 0, y = a(2)(−1)(−5) = −4
(−2, 0), (− , 0), ( , 0) and (0, −4) 2
3 2 ∴ a=−
Sign: + − + − 5
2
y = − (x + 2)(x − 1)(x − 5)
5

10 Cubic passes through the origin and

touches the x-axis at (−4, 0)
∴ y = ax(x + 4)2
Using (5, 10):
2
d y = x3 + x2 − 24x + 36 5a(5 + 4)2 = 10, ∴ a =
81
Upright cubic. ∴ y = 81
2
x(x + 4)2
y(2) = 8 + 4 − 48 + 36 = 0
So (x − 2) is a factor.
∴ y = (x − 2)(x2 + 3x − 18) 11 a f (x) = 2x3 + ax2 − bx + 3
f (1) = 2 + a − b + 3 = 0
= (x + 6)(x − 2)(x − 3)
Axis intercepts: (−6, 0), (2, 0), (3, 0) ∴ b − a = 5 . . . (1)
and (0, 36) f (2) = 16 + 4a − 2b + 3 = 15
Sign: + − + − ∴ 4a − 2b = −4
∴ b − 2a = 2 . . . (2)
(1) − (2) gives a = 3, b = 8

b f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 − 8x + 3

= (x − 1)(2x2 + 5x − 3)
= (x − 1)(2x − 1)(x + 3)

8 a P(x) = x3 + 4x2 − 5x + 1.
Remainder after division by

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 12 a (x − 3)2 (x + 4) ≤ 0 y = 2x3
⇔ x + 4 ≤ 0 or x = 3 Translation 1 unit in positive x and 3
units in positive y:
⇔ x ≤ −4 or x = 3 y = 2(x − 1)3 + 3
b − (x + 3)(x + 4)(x − 2) ≥ 0 b Reflection in x-axis:
⇔ (x + 3)(x + 4)(x − 2) ≤ 0 y = −x3
⇔ x ∈ (−∞, −4]) ∪ [−3, 2] Translation 1 unit in negative x and 2
units in positive y:
c x3 − 4x2 + x + 6 < 0 y = −(x + 1)3 + 2
⇔ (x + 1)(x2 − 5x + 6) < 0 1
c Dilation by a factor of from y-axis:
⇔ (x + 1)(x − 3)(x − 2) < 0 2
y = (2x)3
⇔ x ∈ (−∞, −1) ∪ (2, 3) Translation 12 unit in negative x and 2
units in negative y:
1
13 f (x) = x3 y = (2(x + ))3 − 2
2
= (2x + 1)3 − 2
a Dilation by a factor of 2 from x-axis:

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 Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 B P(x) = x3 + 3x2 + x − 3 6 C P(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx − 9
∴ P(−2) = (−2)3 + 3(−2)2 + (−2) − 3 P(x) = 0 has zeros at x = 1 and
= −1 x = −3.
∴ P(1) = 1 + a + b − 9 = 0
2 D P(x) = (x − a) (x − b)(x − c),
2 ∴ a + b = 8 . . . (1)
a>b>c P(−3) = −27 + 9a − 3b − 9 = 0
Graph of y = P(x) is an upright ∴ 9a − 3b = 36
quartic with a repeated root at x = a, ∴ 3a − b = 12 . . . (2)
so P(x) < 0 only between c and b. (1) + (2) gives:
4a = 20
3 A y = x3 ∴ a = 5; b = 3
 x 3
Dilation × 2 from y-axis: y =
 2x 3 7 B P(x) = ax3 + 2x2 + 5 is divisible by
reflection in the y-axis: y = − x+1
2 ∴ P(−1) = −a + 2 + 5 = 0
translation of 4 units in negative
direction of y-axis: ∴a=7
 x 3 3
x
y= − −4=− −4 8 B P(x) = x3 + 2x2 − 5x + d
2 8 P(x)
has a remainder of 10
4 D y = x3 + 5x − 10 x−2
y
∴ P(2) = 10
P(2) = 8 + 8 − 10 + d = 10
10

-2 -1 1 2 3 x
∴ d=4
-5

-10 9 D The diagram shows an inverted

y = 0 lies between 1 and 2 cubic with a repeated root at x = b
and a single root at x = a.
5 A P(x) = x4 + ax2 − 4 r
∴ y = −(x − a)(x − b)2
a2
P(x) = 0 if x = −a ± +4
√4 10 B The graph of y = − f (x) is a
If P(x) = 0 when x = ± 2, then
reflection in the x-axis. The graph
a=0
of y = 1 − f (x) is then a translation
up by 1 unit. Only the graph in B
satisfies these two features.

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 Solutions to extended-response questions
1 a V = πr2 h
r+h=6
∴ V = πr2 (6 − r)

b 0≤r≤6

c V(3) = 27π

d πr2 (6 − r) = 27π
6r2 − r3 − 27 = 0
r3 − 6r2 + 27 = 0
(r − 3)(r2 − 3r − 9) = 0
√
3±3 5
⇔ r = 3 or r =
2
In the context of the question
√
3+3 5
r = 3 or r =
2
e Maximum ≈ 100.53

2 a At t = 900, all the energy is used up.

The point with coordinates (900, 0) is the vertex of the parabola.
Equation of the parabola is v = a(t − 900)2 + 0
= a(t − 900)2
When t = 0, v = 25
∴ 25 = a(0 − 900)2
25
∴ a=
810 000
1
=
32 400
1
∴ v= (t − 900)2
32 400
1
b s = vt and v= (t − 900)2
32 400
t
∴ s= (t − 900)2
32 400
(Remember, t is the time in which all energy is used up; v is constant for a given t.)

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 c s (m ) (300, 3333.3)

3000

2000

1000

0 t (s)
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

1
d The maximum distance the t axis can travel is 3 km, so a proposal to place power
3
sources at 3.5 km intervals is not feasible.

e If the power sources are at 2 km intervals, vmax and v min are given for values of t at
which s = 2000. From the graph, when s = 2000, t1 ≈ 105 and t2 ≈ 560.
2000
When t1 = 105, vmax ≈
105
≈ 19
2000
When t2 = 560, vmin =
560
≈ 3.6
Hence, the maximum and minimum speeds recommended for drivers are
approximately 19 m/s and 3.6 m/s respectively.

3 a The ‘flat spot’ is the point of inflexion ∴ (h, k) = (5, 10)

Hence R − 10 = a(x − 5)3

b At (0, 0), 0 − 10 = a(0 − 5)3

∴ −10 = −125a
10 2
∴ a= =
125 25
2
∴ R − 10 = (x − 5)3
25

c If (h, k) = (7, 12), then R − 12 = a(x − 7)3

At (0, 0), 0 − 12 = a(0 − 7)3
12
∴ −12 = −343a ∴a=
343
12
∴ R − 12 = (x − 7)3
343

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 4 a Area of net = length × width
w
w
= (l + w + l + w) × +h+
2 2
= 2(l + w)(w + h)
= 2(35 + 20)(20 + 23)
= 2 × 55 × 43
= 4730
The area of the net is 4730 cm2 .

b Let V = volume of the box ∴ V = h × l × w (1)

Now 2(l + w)(w + h) = 4730 and h = l (2)
∴ 2(l + w)(l + w) = 4730
∴ (l + w)2 = 2365
√
∴ l + w = 2365 (as l > 0, w > 0)
√
∴ w = 2365 − l (3)
Substitute (2) and (3) in (1) √
V = l × l × ( 2365 − l)
√
∴ V = l2 ( 2365 − l)

c V (cm3 )
16 000

14 000
12 000
10 000

8000

6000
4000

2000

0 10 20 30 40 50 l (cm)

√
d i On the CAS calculator, sketch f 1 = x∧ 2( (2365) − x) and f 2 = 14 000. Points
of intersection are (23.694127, 14 000) and (39.787591, 14 000). Therefore the
volume is 14 000 cm3 when l = 23.69 or l = 39.79.

ii Repeat d i using f 2 = 10 000. The points of intersection are (18.096981, 10 000)

and (43.296841, 10 000). Therefore the volume is 1 litre when l = 43.3 or
l = 18.1, correct to 1 decimal place..

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 √
e With f 1 = x∧ 2( (2365) − x),
TI: Press Menu → 6:Analyze Graph → 3:Maximum
to yield (32.420846, 17038.955). The maximum volume is 17039 cm3 (to the
nearest cm3 ) and occurs when l ≈ 32.42.

5 a TI: Press Menu → 1: Actions → 1: Define then type f (x) = a × x3 + b × x2 + c × x + d

followed by ENTER.
Now type the following then press ENTER
solve ( f (0) = 15.8 and f (10) = 14.5 and f (15) = 15.6 and f (20) = 15, {a, b, c, d})
solve({ f (0) = 15.8, f (10) = 14.5, f (15) = 15.6, f (20) = 15}, {a, b, c, d})The

screen gives a = −0.00287, b = 0.095, c = −0.793 and d = 15.80.

b i With f 1 − 0.00287x∧ 3 + 0.095x∧ 2 − 0.793x + 15.8
TI: Press Menu → 6:Analyze Graph → 2:Minimum
to get (5.59, 13.83) as the coordinates of the point closest to the ground.

ii TI: In a Calculator page type f 1(0) followed by ENTER

CP: Tap Analysis → G-Solve → y-Cal and input 0 for the x-value to get
(0, 15.8) as the point furthest from the ground.

6 a The length of the box (in cm) = 96 − 4x = 4(24 − x).

The width of the box (in cm) = 48 − 2x = 2(24 − x).
The height of the box (in cm) = x.
Therefore V = 4(24 − x) × 2(24 − x) × x = 8x(24 − x)2

i The domain of V is {x : 0 < x < 24}.

ii With f 1 = 8x × (24 − x)∧ 2,

TI: Press Menu → 6:Analyze Graph → 3:Maximum

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 CP: Tap Analysis → G-Solve → Max to yield (8.000002, 16 384).
The maximum volume is 16384 cm3 (to the nearest cm3 ) and occurs when
x ≈ 8.00.

c The volume of the box, when x = 10, is V = 8 × 10(24 − 10)2 = 15 680 cm3

d The volume is a maximum when x = 5. When x = 5, V = 14 440.

e The volume is a minimum when x = 15. When x = 15, V = 9720.

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