CONNECTORS

A) CONNECTORS of PURPOSE

1. Sentence + so that + sentence (purpose).

in order that
for the purpose that

Ex: “She is learning computing so that she can find a better job”.
“You should study hard in order that you pass the exam”.
“I will take my umbrella so that I will not get wet”.

 After “so that”, or in the subordinate clause, we generally use some modals verbs. Use “can”, “may”,
“might”, “will be able to” when the main clause is in a present, present perfect or future tense. Use “could”,
“might”, “would” when the main clause is in a past tense. You cannot use “past simple” or “was/were able to”
there.

Ex: She is studying very hard this year so that she can pass the university exam.
I want to finish all the work today so that I will be free tomorrow.
They have bought a bigger house so that the children will be able to each get their own room.
I closed the door so that the noise in the next room wouldn't bother me so much.
She went to İzmir so that she could see her friends.

EXERCISE 1: Combine the ideas using so that, expressing purpose.

Ex: I turned on the TV because I wanted to listen to the news.  I turned on the TV so that I could
listen to the news.

1. We should book our rooms well in advance because I want to make sure we won't
have any difficulty when we get there.
2. We had our car checked before we left on vacation because we wanted to make sure
it wouldn't cause us any trouble on the way.
3. They're taking out a special insurance policy. They want their possessions to be
covered while they are overseas.
4. They took out a special insurance policy. They wanted their possessions to be
covered while they were overseas.
5. He disconnected his telephone because he didn't want to be disturbed during the
film.
6. The professor has taken a break from lecturing this term. She wants to do some
research for her book.

2. Sentence + in order (not) to + V1 (purpose).

so as (not) to
(not) to

Ex: “Children need to listen to their parents’ warnings in order not to make mistakes”.
“She lay on the sofa so as to rest for a while”.
“In order to get a high grade, you need make a remarkable effort.”

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 3. Sentence + for the purpose of + Ving (purpose).
Ex: She went to her husband’s office for the purpose of controlling him.
For the purpose of having fun, we tried playing backgammon.

EXERCISE 2. Restate each sentence, using “so that” or “in order that”.

Ex: We bought the tickets early in order to get good seats.

We bought the tickets early so that we could get good seats.

1. This manual should be read carefully in order for you to be able to operate the device correctly.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Please keep this number handy in order for us to help you if a problem arises.
___________________________________________________________________________
3. The meeting was held late in the day in order for students from the other campus to attend.
___________________________________________________________________________
4. I am going to use a computer in order to do the assignment more quickly.
___________________________________________________________________________
5. She is now attending a conversation club in order to practise speaking English.
___________________________________________________________________________
6. Last week Mary and Jane hired a baby-sitter. They wanted to be able to go to a dinner party.
___________________________________________________________________________

EXERCISE 3. Complete/Rewrite the following without changing the meaning. Use the clues given.

1. As they do not want to leave fingerprints, most thieves wear gloves. (in order to)
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Eat something. Otherwise you might feel hungry during the exam. (so as to)
___________________________________________________________________________
3. People do bungee jumping as a way of bringing some excitement into their lives. (so as to)
____________________________________________________________________________
4. I did not tell him the rest of the story. I did not want to cause any trouble. (in order to)
____________________________________________________________________________
5. Strict measures should be taken so that rare species are not overhunted. (in order to)
____________________________________________________________________________


CONNECTORS of CONTRAST

1. While/whereas + sentence , sentence.

Sentence , while/whereas + sentence.

Ex: While red is bright and lively, gray is a dull color.

Ayşe is hardworking, whereas her brothers are very lazy.
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 2. Sentence. On the other hand, sentence.
Sentence. Yet, sentence.
Sentence. In contrast, sentence.
Sentence. However, sentence.

Ex: African countries are poor. On the other hand, European countries are affluent.
Bilkent is a private university. In contrast, METU is a state university.
My mother is employed. Yet, my father does not have a permanent job.

 “On the contrary” vs. “On the other hand”

Sue: It's very cold today.
Jack: No, it isn't very cold today. On the contrary, it's quite warm today.

Sue: It's very cold today.

Jack: It's not very cold today. On the other hand, it is not warm either.

3. Sentence, but/yet + sentence.

Ex: Mary is short and plump, but her mother is tall and slender.
Fresh foods are tasty and nutritious, yet canned foods taste badly.

4. In contrast to/Unlike + noun(phrase), sentence.

Sentence + in contrast to/unlike + noun(phrase).

Ex: Mary is short and plump. In contrast to her, her mother is tall and slender.
My mother is white. Unlike her, my father is a black guy.

EXERCISE 4: Complete the sentences, using the opposite of the words In bold type.

1. Some fruits, such as peaches, apricots and apples, are abundant in Turkey, while
others, such as bananas, kiwis and pineapples, are ________________.
2. While the bread sold at the corner shop is sometimes a bit stale, the bread from the
baker's is always very ________________.
3. Whereas the owners of the building claim the fire started accidentally, the fire
inspector is certain that the furniture was set alight _________________.
4. Grey squirrels are common in England, whereas the larger red squirrel is ______________.
5. Whereas Ayşe is very sensitive to social problems, her brother seems rather ___________________.

EXERCISE 5: Rewrite the sentences with the same meaning, using the word(s) in parentheses.

1. Whereas some people live in extravagant affluence in some parts of the world, in
other parts, some starve to death. (however)

2. The accommodation at the hotel was awful, whereas the service was superb.
(in contrast to)
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 3. Some people have an optimistic view of life, while others are rather pessimistic.
(on the other hand)

4. Whereas sea fishing requires a boat, which is expensive even to rent, fishing from
the riverbank costs very little. (in contrast)

5. Scuba diving requires some very expensive equipment, but snorkeling, which is just
as enjoyable, requires only a snorkel and some flippers. (unlike)

EXERCISE 6: Complete the sentences with "on the other hand" or "on the contrary".

1. Many people argue that television does harm to the child's intellectual development.
______________, I believe it makes the child aware of a vast amount of knowledge which he can't be
taught through books or any other method.
2. Living in the centre of town would be extremely expensive. ________________, it would provide
easy access to my workplace as well as to leisure facilities.
3. I don't agree with her parents when they say she is slow. _________________, I find her quick-
witted and capable of picking up even the most complex ideas.
4. Many people consider that author to be exceptionally talented. I, _________________, think he
writes without perception or depth and shows no skill in crafting his plots.
5. Cars cause a great deal of damage to the environment. _________________, they bring freedom to
many people whose lives would be quite restricted without them.
6. The new factory will cause some pollution and look unsightly. __________________, it will provide
over one hundred jobs.

CONJUNTIONS of CONCESSION (unexpected result)

1. Although/Even though/Though + sentence, sentence.

Sentence + although/even though/though + sentence.

Ex: Although I don’t like studying English grammar, I try hard to learn it.
Even though I was ill, I went to work.
She still couldn't speak it properly though she had been learning English for over four years.

2. In spite of/Despite + Noun(phrase) , sentence.

Ex: Despite her inexperience/her being inexperienced, she got the job.
In spite of the wonderful look of the food we were offered at the party, it tasted awful.
Sue rejected the job with the accounting firm despite the big salary she was offered.

3. Despite the fact that + sentence , sentence.

In spite of the fact that

Ex: Despite her old age, she still takes long walks every day.
Despite the fact that she is old, she still takes long walks every day.

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 In spite of practicing every day, she is still bad at driving.
In spite of the fact that she practices every day, she is still bad at driving.

4. Sentence ; sentence , though.

Ex: I didn't like the film; I liked its background music, though.
I was very angry with my sister; I did not want to show my anger and upset her, though.

EXERCISE 7: Rewrite the sentences with the same meaning, using the word(s) in parentheses.

1. Although this material is cheap, I won't buy it because it doesn't look good enough.
(despite)
___________________________________________________________________
2. She failed to give up smoking though she attempted repeatedly. (in spite of)
___________________________________________________________________
3. In spite of some bad qualities she has, she is quite popular with her friends.
(even though)
____________________________________________________________________
4. Despite my offer to help him, he insisted on doing the job on his own. (although)
____________________________________________________________________
5. Although the road was rough, he kept on driving fast. (despite)
___________________________________________________________________
6. Though he performed unsuccessfully, the audience applauded him eagerly.
(in spite of)
____________________________________________________________________
7. I believe television has many beneficial advantages despite the claims that it
diminishes creativity. (though)
____________________________________________________________________
8. Although she has been warned twice before, she still keeps coming to work late.
(in spite of)
____________________________________________________________________
9. The villagers are expecting good crops this year despite the unfavorable weather
conditions continuing for some time. (although)
____________________________________________________________________
10. Although the library has an enormous number of books, Keith couldn't find the
book he needed. (despite)
____________________________________________________________________

EXERCISE 8: Choose the correct completion.

1. [Despite/Although) the drought and famine that Africans have been suffering from
for years, their population is still increasing.
2. In my opinion, she was the most attractive of all the contestants.
(Despite/Although) this, she wasn't chosen Miss World.
3. (Although/In spite of) her mother's attitude was a bit discouraging, she decided to
take the job anyway.

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 4. A good many people just continue smoking (though/despite) it's known to cause
cancer.
5. (Even though/In spite of) the fact that technology advances considerably rapidly in
Turkey, traditions seem to change very slowly.
6. (In spite of/Though) its many disadvantages, such as noise, pollution and housing
problems, many people are coming to Istanbul in the hope of better living
conditions.
7. Most of the students didn't understand the subject very well (despite/even though)
the teacher's clear explanations.
8. {Despite/Although) the teacher explained it quite clearly, only a few of the students
understood the subject well.
9. (In spite of/Even though) the many good suggestions his friends had given him
about how to improve his job, he stuck to his own guns and failed miserably.
10. (Despite/Although) the fact that his friends had given him several good suggestions,
he took no notice of them and followed his heart.
11. I think the accident was entirely his fault; I do feel sorry for him, (though, despite).
12. (Despite/Although) his real name was Aleksei Maksimovich Peshkov, the extreme
poverty and arduous labor of his early life led the Russian writer to choose the
name Gorki, meaning "bitter", as his professional name.
13. (Even though/Despite) the long journey to the nearest beach, Daniel goes water-
skiing every weekend.
14. (Even though/In spite of) there was a stiff breeze blowing across the beach, sitting
outside was still pleasurable.
15. Less money was raised at this year's school fund-raiser than at last year's; I don't
think we did badly considering the awful weather, (though/although).

5. However + adjective/adverb + sentence , sentence.

6. No matter + question word + sentence , sentence.

Ex: However late it is, you can call me for help.

No matter how late it is, you can call me for help.
However hard I tried, I couldn't succeed.
No matter how hard I tried, I couldn't succeed.

EXERCISE 9: Write sentences with the same meaning using the word(s) In parentheses.

1. However famous the actor is, the film's plot was rather poor. (no matter)
____________________________________________________________________
2. No matter how many hours we work, we never seem to get everything done.
(however)
___________________________________________________________________
3. However fast we run, we won't be able to catch the train. (no matter)
____________________________________________________________________
4. Although the case was very important, no one dealt with it seriously enough. (no
matter)
____________________________________________________________________
5. The sofa will seem ugly in this room wherever you place it. (no matter)
____________________________________________________________________

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 7. Sentence. Nevertheless , sentence.
Nonetheless
Even so

Ex: She studied hard. Nevertheless, she could not pass the exam.
I love you very much. Nonetheless, I cannot marry you.

EXERCISE 10: Rewrite the sentences with the same meaning, using the word(s) in parentheses.

1. In spite of his being punished several times before, he keeps doing the same
naughty thing again and again (nevertheless)
________________________________________________________________________
2. Despite rehearsing for weeks, they were all extremely nervous on the opening night.
(nonetheless)
___________________________________________________________________
3. She has a responsible job with a high salary; even so, she feels discontented. (in
spite of)
___________________________________________________________________
4. He is intelligent and has a good sense of humor; all the same, he has very little
self-confidence. (despite)
___________________________________________________________________
5. He has a speech impediment; even so, he sings beautifully. (even though)
___________________________________________________________________

8. Sentence , but/yet….still…

Ex: It was cold, but she still went out for a walk.
She was very well-prepared for the exam, yet she still was very worried about failing it.

9. Sentence. Still , sentence.

Ex: My wife was pregnant. Still, she could not stop herself from drinking alcohol and smoking.

EXERCISE 11: Combine the ideas in the two sentences, using the given words. Pay attention to correct
punctuation.

1. They cultivated the land very well. They couldn't get good crops.

a) (though) ......................................................................................................................
b) (despite) ......................................................................................................................
c) (but...still) ....................................................................................................................
d) (however) ....................................................................................................................
e) (in spite of the fact that) ............................................................................................
f) (still)…..........................................................................................................................
g) (even so) .....................................................................................................................

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 2. He is talented. He has never assured a remarkable success.

a) (despite) ......................................................................................................................
b) (although) ...................................................................................................................
c) (nevertheless) .............................................................................................................
d) (in spite of) ..................................................................................................................
e) (though) .......................................................................................................................

CONJUNCTIONS of TIME

1. AFTER : We use “ after” to talk about something that happens at a later time than something else.
Ex:
After I finish this report, I will go out for lunch.
After I had finished the report, I went out for lunch.
NOTE: I’ll bring some fruit when I’ll come for lunch.
NOTE: We usually use a present tense verb to talk about the future.

2. BEFORE: We use “before” to talk about something that happens at an earlier time to something else.
Ex:
Before I go out for lunch, I will finish this report.
Before I went out for lunch, I had finished the report.
It’s best to think before you speak.

3. WHEN : We use “when” to say that two things happen at the same moment.
Ex:
When I got home, they were eating dinner.
When I got home, they ate dinner.
When I got home, they had eaten dinner.
When I get home, they will be eating dinner.
When I get home, they will eat dinner.
When I get home, they will have eaten dinner.
When I finish/have finished this report, I will go out for lunch.
.
4. WHILE, AS : We use” while” and “as” to talk about sth that happens when sth else is happening
Ex:
While/As I was walking up the street, I ran into an old friend.
While/As I was taking the cake out of the oven, I burnt myself.
While/As I cooked dinner, my son sat in the kitchen and watched me.
My friend looked after my plants while I was on holiday.
My friend will look after my plants while I am on holiday.
They were playing cards while I was working hard on my thesis.
As Laura turned around, she slipped and fell.

5. BY THE TIME: It means "before but no later than this time”

Ex:
By the time he comes back, we will have finished our work.
By the time he comes back, it will be too late.
By the time he came back, we had finished our work. By the time he came back, it was too late.

6. UNTIL, TILL: it is used to talk about sth that continues for some time before sth else happens
Ex:
She will wait for me until/till I finish/have finished my work.

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She waited for me until/till I finished/had finished my work.
I had never heard of that author until/till you told me about her.

7. SINCE: We often use the present perfect and since for a specific time to talk about something which has
continued up till now.
Ex:
I am very happy to see him. We haven't seen each other since we left school.
I was very happy to see him, because we hadn't seen each other since we left school.
8. AS SOON AS : We use as soon as to say that sth happens immediately after sth else.
Ex:
As soon as I saw him, I understood that something was wrong.
As soon as I finished/had finished my work, I went out.
As soon as I finish/have finished my work, I will go out.

9. AS LONG AS: We use “as long as” to say that sth depends on sth else.
Ex:
I won't forgive him as long as I live.
I never bought anything from that shop as long as I lived there.

10. ONCE: it is often used to indicate a condition that must first be met before something else can happen.
Ex:
Once you've passed the exams, you'll be given a diploma.
She's going to find a new job once her boss writes a recommendation.

11. WHENEVER, EVERY TIME: means “at any time that or every time that”
Ex:
I greet him whenever/every time I see him.
I greeted (used to greet) him whenever/every time I saw him.

12. THE FIRST TIME, THE SECOND TIME, THE NEXT TIME, THE LAST TIME, ETC.
Ex:
The first time I went to Ankara, I stayed at a three-star hotel.
The next time I go there, I won't stay at the same hotel.
The last time I went there, I visited many friends.
The last time I saw him, he was working for a computing firm.

13. AFTERWARDS: It means “at a later time”

Ex:
She came. Afterwards, we went out.
She came. We went out afterwards.

EXERCISE 12: Circle the correct word.

1. I’ll call my mother until / as soon as I get the news about my father.
2. The plane hasn’t landed yet so I’ll wait until / when it arrives.
3. My sister’s going to buy a new computer when / unless she has enough money.
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4. If / Until she fails her driving test, she’ll take it again next month.
5. They’ll go for a walk as soon as / unless the weather gets better.
6. He won’t play football until / as soon as he feels better.
7. When / Unless we move to Cunda, I’ll have a room with a sea view.

EXERCISE 13. Fill in the blanks with “by the time / just as / as long as / until / as soon as / since”.

1. My boss’s coming office at 8.30. I’ll talk to him about my salary ___________ he arrives.
2. ____________school is over next June, I will have saved up enough money to buy a bike.
3. I can buy that car ___________ I save my pocket money.
4. It’s an exciting game. I’ll call my girlfriend __________it finishes.
5. I haven’t listened to any French songs ___________ I returned to Turkey.
6. Can you look after my parrot ___________I get back from a business trip?
7. Because my father is on the way home, I’ll have to wait _________he gets home because he doesn’t have a
spare key.
8. ___________ I got on the bus, a friend of mine got off, so we didn’t have time to say hello.

CONJUNCTIONS of REASON

1. Because + sentence(reason) , sentence(result) .

Ex: Because she was ill, she couldn't go to school.

I was late for work yesterday because the traffic was heavy.

2. Since + sentence(reason) , sentence(result).

Ex: Since employment is limited in rural areas, many people are moving to big cities.
She is on a strict diet since she wants to lose weight quickly.

3. As + sentence(reason) , sentence(result).

Ex: As mankind has overhunted, many species of animals have nearly become extinct.
I had to spend all my weekend in my office as no one helped me finish the project.

4. Sentence(result) , for + sentence(reason).

Ex: We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families.

5. As a result of + noun(reason) , sentence(result).

Ex: As a result of her being busy, she couldn't help me.

People living in Istanbul are worried as a result of the warnings of the experts about a possible earthquake.

6. Due to + noun(reason) , sentence(result).

Ex: Due to the limited employment in rural areas, many people are moving to big cities.
I have not been able to attend the classes for a very long time due to my illness.

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 7. On account of + noun(reason) , sentence(result).

Ex: On account of the construction work on the highway going on for some time now, we have been taking
another road to work.
All the school management was in panic on account of the arrival of the inspector to the school.

8. Because of + noun(reason) , sentence(result).

Ex: Because of her illness, she couldn't go to school.

I was late for work yesterday because of the heavy traffic.

9. Owing to + noun(reason) , sentence(result).

Ex: As prices are rising dramatically, it's difficult to make ends meet.
Owing to dramatically rising prices, it's difficult to make ends meet.
We could not cook any cookies with to serve with the tea owing to the lack of necessary
ingredients at home.

10. Due to the fact that

Because of the fact that + sentence (reason) , sentence(result).
Owing to the fact that

Ex: Due to the fact that she neglected the children, they became disobedient.
She failed the exam owing to the fact that she didn't study regularly,

11. My backache is a result of my improper way of sitting while studying.

is a consequence of
results from
is due to


CONJUNCTIONS of RESULT

1. Sentence(reason) . As a result , sentence(result).

Ex: She didn’t study. As a result, she couldn't succeed in the exam.
She was totally hopeless about passing the exam. As a result, she preferred not to take it.

2. Sentence(reason) , so + sentence(result).

Ex: It's raining heavily, so we can't go out.

It was raining, so they decided not to go and play tennis.

3. Sentence(reason) . Thus , sentence(result).

Ex: We don’t own the building. Thus, It would be impossible for us to make any major changes to it.

4. Sentence(reason) . Therefore , sentence(result).

Ex: She didn't feel well. Therefore, she left the office early.

5. Sentence(reason) . Consequently, sentence(result).

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Ex: He came late. Consequently, we missed the bus.

EXERCISE 14: Choose the correct completion.

1. (Because/Because of) his many hours of practice every day, he is now quite good at
skiing.
2. (Because/Because of) he practised regularly every day, he became quite good at
skiing.
3. She started to play the piano at a very early age, (so/for) she is an accomplished
pianist now.
4. (Due to/Due to the fact that) the huge crowd waiting to see the President, the police
took very strict security measures in the square.
5. The country suffered a serious economic crisis a few months ago; (therefore/for),
there has been considerable unemployment ever since.
6. Unemployment is getting bigger (therefore/because) the economic crisis that
started a few months ago is still going on.
7. Many creative thinkers and scientists throughout history were put on trial
(because/because of) their ideas, (therefore/for) they were courageous enough to
express them in public.
8. (Owing to /As) the weather has been favorable since the beginning of the season, the
villagers are expecting good crops.
9. She rejected the job, not (because/for) the pay was low, but (because/since) the
working hours were very long.
10. The company is now on the verge of going bankrupt (as a consequence
of/consequently) having tried to expand too quickly.
11. All the residents of our street rushed to their windows or balconies last night to see
what was happening, (as a result/for) there was a tremendous noise just in the
middle of the night.

EXERCISE 15: Rewrite the sentences with the given conjunctions.

1. She was busy. As a result, she couldn't help me.

(As a result of) _________________________________________________________________
2. Whales face extinction for man hunts them in large numbers.
(Because of) __________________________________________________________________
3. Because it's raining heavily, we can't go out.
(Therefore) ___________________________________________________________________
4. Due to her negligence of the children, they became disobedient.
(Due to the fact that) ___________________________________________________________
5. Owing to dramatically rising prices, it's difficult to make ends meet.
(As) _________________________________________________________________________

6. …so + adj/adv + that …

Ex: Cause: It was too windy. Effect: We couldn't go sailing.

It was so windy that we couldn't go sailing.

7. …such (a/an + adjective) + noun + that …

Ex: Cause: It was a wonderful film. Effect: I watched it again.

It was such a wonderful film that I watched it again.

Man hunts whales in such large numbers that they face extinction.

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 8. My improper way of sitting while studying causes very serious backache.
results in
is responsible for
is the reason for
leads to

EXERCISE 16: Using the given words, combine the following Ideas.

1. There were strong currents in the river. I decided not to swim.

a) (since)____________________________________________________________________________
b) (therefore)_________________________________________________________________________
c) (so...that)__________________________________________________________________________
d) (such...that)________________________________________________________________________
e) (for)______________________________________________________________________________
f) (due to)___________________________________________________________________________
g) (so)_______________________________________________________________________________
h) (consequently) ______________________________________________________________________
i) (owing to the fact that)_______________________________________________________________

2. He drove too fast. He had an accident.

a) (so ... that)_________________________________________________________________________

b) (result in)__________________________________________________________________________
c) (result from)________________________________________________________________________
d) (as a result of)_______________________________________________________________________
e) (therefore)__________________________________________________________________________
f) (on account of)______________________________________________________________________
g) (the reason for)______________________________________________________________________
h) (because)__________________________________________________________________________
i) (as)________________________________________________________________________________

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