IS : 2729 ( Part XXVIII ) - 1974

Roeffimod 1995
(( Reaffirmed 2006 ))

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS
PART XXVIII DETERMINATION OF DRY DENSITY
OF SOILS IN-PLACE, BY THE SAND
REPLACEMENT METHOD

( First Revision )
Sixth Reprint AUGUST 1998

UDC 624.131.431.5

0 CopVright 1974

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR WARG

NEW DELHI 110002

Gr 6 October 1974
 IS : 2720 ( Part XXVIII ) - 1974

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS
PART XXVIII DETERMINATION OF DRY DENSITY
OF SOILS IN-PLACE, BY THE SAND
REPLACEMENT METHOD

( First Revision )
Soil Engineering Sectional Committee, BDC 23

Chairman Re@esenting
PROF DINESHMOHAN Central Building Research Institute ( CSIR ),
Roorkee
Members
SHKI G. R. S. JAIN (Alternate to
Prof Dinesh Mohan )
PROP ALAM SINCH Universiky of Jodhpur, Jodhpur
DR A. BANER~EE Cementation Co Ltd, Bombay
SHRI S. &PTA (Alternate )
SHRI K. N. DADIT;A In personal capacity ( P-820 New Al&we, Cnlcutta 53)
SHRI A. G. DASTIDAR Hindustan Construction Co, Bombay
SHRI R. L. DEWAN Irrigation Research Institute, Khagaul. Patna
FziT:RD~~~~~~ Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi
Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
PROF S. K. GULHATI ( Alternate )
DIRECTOR Irrigation 8r Power Research Institute, Amritsar
&WI B. B. L. BHATNAGAR( Alternate )
I)IRECTOR(CS & MRS) Central U’ater & Power Commission, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR( CS & MRS )
(Alternate )
SHRI A. H. DIVANJI Rodio Foundation Engineering Ltd; and Hazarat &
Co, Bombay
SHRI A. N. JANGLE ( Alternate )
SJlRl v. G. HEGDE National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
SHRIJ. P. SHARMA( Alternate )
DR IQBAL ALI Engineering Research Laboratory, Hyderabad
SHRI K. R. SAXENA(Alternate )
JOINT DIRECTOR RESEARCH ( FE ), Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways )
RDSO
DEPUTY DIRECTOR RESEARCH,
SOIL MECHANICS, RDSO (dlternafe)

( Continued on page 2 )

@ Copyright 1974
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyrighr Act (XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.
;”

I
 M#UlbWS Rcprarmfing
SHRI 0. P. MALXOTRA Public Works Dcpartmcnt, Govcrnm cnt of Punjab
Smu J. S. MAYA Roada Wing ( Ministry of Shipping & T-port)
SRRI A. S. Banmor ( AZrsnrote
)
Sanr M. A. MEHTls Concrete Association of India, Bombay
Smu T. M. biRNON (Al&ma&)
Smu T. K. NATA~AJAN Central Road Research Institute ( CSIR ), New Delhi
RFdEARcst OFFmEa Building & Roada Rcacarch Laboratory, Public
Worka Department, Government of Punjab
MAJK.M.S.SAHAQ Engineer-in-Cbief’a Branch, Army Headquartem
ssrm P. PuYHmoAMANr ( AI&auti )
fbRRTARY ckntrd Board of Irrigation & Power, New D&i
I.br~wr~ SBCRETAIlY(Altemate)
DRSHAyQIERPRAKXjH University of Roorkee, Roorkee
Srmt H. D. Sa= Irrigation Researc h Institute, Roorkee
Sup~anrrw~~~o ENOINIXER (PLAN- Concrete & Soil Rmearcb Laboratory, Public Worka
NINO& Dsk?tGNtiCLE) Department, Government of Tamil Nadu
Exnmvn ENOINEER( INCHAROE
SOIL MEcnANlcn & RmEAacn
DIMnON ) ( &tt’?IU~ )
&mI~ g $W~Al=stAN Institution of Engineera ( India ), Calcutta
. . All India Instrument Manufacturers ik Deakn
Association, Bombay
Smu V. K. V~EV~ ( Alternate )
SHRI H. G. V- Publi0yv’ks Department, Gov emment of Uttar

Srmr D. C. Csixruavam ( Altemutc )

Smu D. AJIT%~ Sm Director CIeral, BIS,( Ex-@& M&)
Director ( Civ Engg )
Stcr&tp
SIiltIG.ti
Deputy Director ( Civ Engg ), BIS

Soil Testing Procedures and Equipment Subcommittee, BDC 23 : 3

PROFhAM SINOH University of Jodhpur, Jodhpur

Members
SHRI. N. K. BERRY Beas Dams Project, Talwara Township
SHRI N. K. Am+ ( A~tenafe )
DR R. K. BHANDARI Central Road Research Institute ( CSIR), New Delhi
SHIU T. N. BHAROAWA Roads Wing ( Ministry of Shipping & Transport )
SHRI A. S. BI~HNOI( Alternate )
DR A. K. CW~TERJEE Publzraysks Department, Government of Uttar

DR-_-B. L. DHAWAN ( Alkmute)

SHRI K. L. IJEWAN Irrigation Research Institute, Kbagaul, Patna
DIRECTOR ( CS & MRS ) Central Water & Power Co mmission, New Delhi
ti[A~~;~cTOR ( CS & MRS)
c

2
 IS : 2720 i Part XXVIII ) - 1974

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS
PART XXVIII DETERMINATION OF DRY DENSITY
OF SOILS IN-PLACE, BY THE SAND
REPLACEMENT METHOD

( First Revision )

0. FOREWORD

0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part XXVIII ) ( First Revision ) was adopted
by the Indian Standards Institution on 21 February 1974, after the draft
finalized by the Soil Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved
by the Civil Engineering Division Council.

0.2 With a view to establish uniform procedures for the determination of

different characteristics of soils and also for facilitating comparative studies
of the results, the Indian Standards Institution is bringing out this Indian
Standard methods of test for soils ( IS : 2720) which will be published in
parts. This part [ IS ; 2720 (Part XXVIII ) ] deals with the determination
of dry density of soil, in-place, by the sand replacement method. The
in-place density of natural soil is needed for the determination of bearing
capacity of soils, for the purpose of stability analysis of natural slopes, for
the determination of pressures on underlying strata for calculation of settle-
ment, etc. In compacted soils the in-place density ‘is needed to check the
amount of compaction that the soil has undergone for comparison with
design data. The correct estimation of the in-place density of both
natural and compacted soils is therefore of imptrtance.

0.2.1 This standard was originally published in 1966. In this revision

the sieve size for defining fine-grained soils has been changed to 2 mm. An
appendix has been added for the determination of water content and dry
density of medium- and coarse-grained soils containing appreciable gravel
fraction.

0.3 This standard is divided into two sections. Section 1 prescribes the
method suitable for fine- and medium-grained soils using the small sand
pouring cylinder; Section 2 lays down the method which uses the large
sand pouring cylinder and is suitable for fine-, medium- and coarse-grained
soils containing stones which make the test of Section 1 difficult to
perform.

3
IS : 2720( Part XXVIII) - 1974

0.3.1 For the purpose of tests described in this standard soils shall be
grouped as shown below:

Fine-grained soils Soils containing not less than 90

percent passing a 2.0-mm IS
Sieve ( see IS : 460-1962* )
Medium-grained soils Soils containing not less than 90
percent passmg a ZO-mm IS
Sieve ( see IS : 460-1962* )
Coarse-grained soils Soils containing not less than 90
percent passing a 40-mm IS
Sieve ( see IS : 460-1962* )

0.4 The other standards so far published relating to the determination of

density of soil in-place are as follows:

IS : 2720 (Part XXIX )-1966 Methods of test for soils: Part XXIX
Determination of dry density of soils in-place by the core cutter
method
IS : 2720 ( Part XXX111 )-1971 Methods of test for soils: Part
XXX111 Determination of density in-place by the ring and
water replacement method
IS : 2720 ( Part XXXIV)- 1972 Methods of test for soils: Part
XXXIV Determination of density of soil in-place by the rubber-
baloon method

0.5 In the formulation of this standard due weightage has been given to
international co-ordination among the standards and practices prevailing
in different countries in addition to relating it to the practices in the field
in this country. This has been met by basing the standard on the follow-
ing publications:

BS 1377 : 1961 Methods of testing soils for civil engineering purposes.

British Standards Institution.

INDIA. MINISTRY OF IRRIGATIONAND POWER. CBIP Publication PJo.

42. Standards for testing soils. 1963. Central Board of Irrigation
and Power, New Delhi.

0.6 In reporting the result of a test or analysis made in accordance with

this standard, if the final value, observed or calculated, is to be rounded
off, it shall be done in accordance with IS : 2-1960t.

*Specification for test sieves ( rerked ).

t~ula for rounding off numerical values ( rruisrd ).

4
 IS : 2729 ( Part XXVIII ) - 1974

SECTION I METHOD SUITABLE FOR FINE- AND MEDIUM-

GRAINED SOILS : SMALL POURING CYLINDER METHOD

1. SCOPE

1.1 This method covers the determination, in-place, of the dry density
( in g/cm3 or kg/m3 ) of natural or compacted fine- and medium-grained
soils for which a small sand-pouring cylinder is used. The method is
applicable to layers not exceeding 150 mm in thickness ( see Note ).

NOTE-With granular materials having little or no cohesion, particularly when they

are wet, there is a danger of errors in the measurement of dry density by thii method.
These errors are caused by the slumping of the sides of the excavated density hole and
always result in an over-estimation of the density.

2. APPARATUS

2.1 Small Sand-Pouring Cylinder - similar in essential details to that

shown in Fig. 1.

2.2 Tools for Excavating Holes -suitable tools, such as a scraper tool
similar to that shown in Fig. 2 to make a level surface; bent spoon, dibber
shown in Fig. 3.

2.3 Cylindrical Calibrating Container-with an internal diameter of

100 mm and an internal depth of 150 mm (see Note 1 under 4.2.2 ) of the
type illustrated in Fig. 4 fitted with a flange approximately 50 mm wide
and about 5 mm thick surrounding the open end. The volume of the
container should be given to an accuracy of 0.25 percent.

2.4 Balance - accurate to 1 g.

2.5 Plane Surface: Glass or Perspex Plate or Other Plane Surface -

about 450 mm square and 9 mm thick or larger.

2.6 Metal Containers -to collect excavated soil. A convenient size

is one about 150 mm diameter and 200 mm deep with a removable
cover.

2.7 Cylindrical Steel Core-Cutter - of steel, 127.4f 0.1 mm long

and 100 mm f 0.1 mm internal diameter with a wall thickness of 3 mm
bevelled at one end. One suitable type is illustrated in Fig. 5. The cutter
shall be kept adequately greased.

2.8 Metal Tray with Hole - 300 mm square and 40 mm deep with a
100 mm hole in the centre.
IS : 2720 ( Part XXVIII ) - 1974

*The handle be required for large pouring cylinder only.

Large (for fine-, mcdium-

and coarse-gained soils)\ ‘lo 1 175 1 350 1 160 ] -J$ / *15 1 ‘15 ! le5
NOTL 1 - Thjs design has been found fatisfactory, but alternative designs may de
ernJtlo$ provldcc! that the -~a rqmrements are fult’ikd.
- Essential duncnslons are underlined.
NOTE 3 - Tolerance on essential dimensions f 1 mm.
Ail dimcnnions in millimetrcS.
Fm. 1 SANDPOURPIOCYLINDERFORTHE DETERMINATION
OF DENSITY

6
 xs:2720(PRrtxxvm)-1974

WOODEN
HANDLE
\

NOTE-This design has been found satisfactory, but alternative de&e may be
employed.

All diicnaion3 in millimetru.

FICA 2 SCRAPER FOR LEVELLINO SURFACZ OF SOIL

NOTE- ‘IIds design has bccu found aatiskctory, but altcmative dcsigw may he
employed.

All dim&ona in millimetred.

FIG. 3 DBBER FOR DxoonmDENSITY

How

7
Is12720(PartxxvIII)-1974

1 r
7
FLANGE

Nom 1 -This design has bun found satisfactory, but alternative designs may be
employed, provided that thq essential requirements are fulfilled.
NOTEZ- Essential dimensions arc underlined.
_ND~ 3 -Tolerance on essential dimensions * 0.1 mm.
All dimensions in millimctrcs.
FIG. 4 CALIBRATINO CONTAINER FOR USE WITH SMALL POURIW
CYLINDER
8
 IS : 2720( Part XXVIIl ) - 1974

Luo 9-d
RAMMER

All dimensions in millimetrcs.

NOTE 1 - Thue designs have

been found satisfactory, but
alternative designs may be
employed, provided that the
CUTTER essential requirements are
fulfilled.
NOTE 2 - Essential dimen-
sions are underlined.
NOTE 3 -Tolerance on es-
sential dimensions f 0.1 mm.

Fra. 5 CORE-CUTTER APPARATUSFOR SOIL DENSITYDETERMINATION

9
IJ t 2720 ( Part XXVIII ) - 1374

3. MATERIAL ( SAND )

3.1 Clean, uniformly graded natural sand passing the l’OO-mm IS Sieve
and retained on the 600-micron IS Sieve shall be used. It shall be free
from organic matter, and shall have been oven dried and stored for a
suitable period to allow its water content to reach equilibrium with atmos-
pheric humidity ( see Note ).
NOTE - Generally a storage period, after oven drying, of about 7 days is sufficient
for the water content of the sand to reach equilibrium with the atmospheric humidity.
The sand should not be stored in air-tight containers and should be thoroughly mixed
before use. If sand is salvaged from holes in compacted soils after carrying out the test,
it is advisable to sieve, dry and store this sand again before it is used in further sand
replacement tests.

4. PROCEDURE

4.1 Calibration of Apparatus

4.1.1 The method given in 4.1.1.1 to 4.1.1.4 shall be followed for the
determination of the weight of sand in the cone of the pouring cylinder.
4.1.1.1 The pouring cylinder shall be filled so that the level of the
sand in the cylinder is within about 10 mm of the top. Its total initial
weight ( W, ) shall be found and shall be maintained constant throughout
the tests for which the calibration is used. A volume of sand equivalent
to that of the excavated hole in the soil ( or equal to that of the calibrat-
ing container ) ( fee Note 1 under 4.2.2 ) shall be allowed to run out of
the cylinder under gravity. The shutter on the pouring cylinder shall
then be closed and the cylinder placed on a plane surface, such as a glass
plate.
4.1.1.2 The shutter on the pouring cylinder shall be opened and sand
allowed to run out. When no further movement of sand takes place in the
cylinder the shutter shall be closed and the cylinder removed carefully.
4.1.1.3 The sand that has filled the cone of the pouring cylinder (that
is,’ the sand that is left on the plane surface ) shall be collected and weighed
to the nearest gram.
4.1 .1.4 These measurements shall be repeated at least three times and
the mean weight ( W, ) taken.

4.1.2 The method described in 4.1.2.1 to 4.1.2.3 shall be followed for

the determination of the bulk density of the sand ( y, ).
4.1.2.1 The internal volume ( V) in ml of the calibrating container
shall be determined from the weight of water contained in the container
when filled to the brim ( see Note 1 under 4.2.2 ). The volume may also
be calculated from the measured internal demensions of the container.

10
 IS : 2720 ( Part XXVIII ) - 1974

4.1.2.2 The pouring cylinder shall be placed.concentrically on the top

of the calibrating container after being filled to the constant weight ( W, )
as in 4.1.1.1. The shutter on the pouring cylinder shall be closed during
this operation. The shutter shall be opened and sand allowed to run out.
When no further movement of sand takes place in the cylinder the shutter
shall be closed. The pouring cylinder shall be removed and weighed to
the nearest gram.

4.1.2.3 These measurements shall be repeated at least three times and

the mean weight ( W, ) taken ( see Note ).

NOTE- Since variations in atmospheric humidity affect the water content of the sand,
and hence its bulk density, the calibration should be made ( or at least checked ) during
each day’s work. To overcome the effec:s of slight variations in grading and particle
shape between batches of sand, each batch should be sampled and calibrated.

4.2 Measurement of Soil Density - The following method shall be

followed for the measurement of soil density.

4.2.1 A flat area, approximately 450 mm square, of the soil to be tested

shall be exposed and trimmed down to a level surface preferably with the
aid of the scraper tool.

4.2.2 The metal tray with a central hole shall be laid on the prepared
surface of the soil with the hole over the portion of the soil to be tested.
The hole in the soil shall then be excavated using the hole in the tray as a
pattern, to the depth of the layer to be tested up to a maximum of 150 mm
( see Note 1 ). The excavated soil shall be carefully collected, leaving no
loose material in the hole and weighed to the nearest gram ( W,,, ). The
metal tray shall be removed before the pouring cylinder is placed in position
over the excavated hole.

The following alternative method shall be used for fine-grained cohe-

sionless soils:

The steel core cutter shall be pressed evenly and carefully into the
soil until its top edge is flush with the levelled surface. Soil to a depth of
ICO mm (see Note 1 ) within the core cutter shall then be excavated by
means of suitable tools. The excavated soil shall be carefully collected
and weighed to the nearest gram ( W, ). The core cutter shall remain
in position during the remainder of the testing procedure.
NOTE 1 - If for any reason it is necessary to excavate the holes to depths other than
150 mm, the calibrating container should be replaced by one, the depth of which is the
same as the hole excavated or its effective depth should be reduced to that of the hole
excavated.
NOTE2 -Care shall be taken in excavating the hole to see that the hole is not
enlarged by levering the dibber against the side of the hole, as this will result in lower
densities being recorded.

11
IS : 2720 ( Part XXVIII ) - 1974

4.2.5 The water content ( W) of the excavated soil shall be determined

by themethod specified in IS: 2720 ( Part II )-1973*. Alternatively the
whole of the excavated soil may be dried and weighed ( Wd ).
4.2:4 The pouring cylinder filled to the constant weight ( W, ) as
in 4.1.1 shall be so placed that the base of the cylinder covers the hole
concentrically. The shutter on the pouring cylinder shall be closed during this
operation. The shutter shall then be opened and sand allowed to run out
into the hole. The pouring cylinder and the surrounding area shall not be
vibrated during this period. When no further movement of sand takes
place the shutter shall be closed. The cylinder shall be removed and
weighed to the nearest gram ( W, ) ( see Note ) .
NOTE- It is necessary to make a number of repeated determination3 ( at least three )
and to average the results, since the dry density of the soil varies appreciably from p>int
to point. The number of determinations should b: such that an additional on: wxld
make no significant difference to the average.

5. CALCULA’l’lONS

5.1 The weight of sand ( W, ) in g, required to fill the calibrating container

shall be calculated from the following formula:
w, = w, - w, - w,

where
w, = weight of pouring cylinder and sand before pouring into
calibrating container in g,
W 8= mean weight of cylinder with residual sand after pouring
into calibrating container and cone in g, and
W, = mean weight of sand in cone in g.

5.2 The bulk density of the sand ( y, ) in kg/m3 shall be calculated from
the formula:

YS = F x 1000

where
V = volume of calibrating container in ml.

5.3 The weight of sand ( W, ) in g, required to fill the excavated hole shall
be calculated from the following formula:
w, - w, - w, - w,
*Methodsof tut for soils: Part II Determinationof water content ( recond r&ion ).

12
 IS 2 2720 ( Part XXVIII ) - 1974

where
W, = weight of cylinder and sand before pouring into hole
in g,
W. = weight of cylinder and sand after pouring into hole
and cone in g, and
W, = mean weight of sand in cone in g.

5.4 The bulk density Yb, that is, the weight of the wet soil per cubic mctre
shall be calculated from the following formula:

where
W,,, = weight of soil excavated in g,
wb = weight of sand required to fill the hole in g, and
Y* = bulk density of sand in kg/ma.
5.5 The dry density ya, that is, the weight of the dry soil shall be calculat-
ed from the following formula:
1OOYD
Yd = -100 + w kg/ma
or

Yd = $ x y, kg/ma

where
w = water content of the soil in percent,
W, = weight of dry soil from the hole in g, and
W, = weight of sand required to fill the hole in g.

6. REPORTING OF RESULTS
6.1 The following values shall be reported:
a) Dry density of soil in kg/m3 to the nearest whole number. The
dry density may also be calculated and reported in g/ems correct
to the second place of decimal.
b) Water content of the soil in percent reported to two significant
figures.
6.2 The method used for obtaining the test results shall be stated as the
small pouring cylinder method. The use of steel core cutter, if made, shall
also be mentioned.
6.3 The results of the test shall be recorded suitably. A recommended
pro forma for the record of the test results is given in Appendix A.

13
IS : 2720 ( Part XXVIII ) - 1974

SECTION 2 METHOD SUITABLE FOR FINE-, MEDIUM-

AND COARSE-GRAINED SOILS: LARGE
POURING CYLINDER METHOD

7. SCOPE

7.1 This method covers the determination, in-place, of the dry density
( in g/cm3 or kg/m3 ) of natural or compacted soil containing stones which
make the test of Section 1 difficult to perform. This is an alternative
method of test to Section 1 for fine- and medium-grained soils and should
be used instead of that test for layers exceeding 150 mm but not exceeding
250 mm in thickness ( see Note under 1.1 ).

8. APPARATUS

8.1 Large Sand-Pouring Cylinder -similar in the essential details to

that shown in Fig. 1.

8.2 Tools for Excavating Holes- suitable tools, such as bent spoon,
dibber (see Fig. 3), large screw driver, pointed steel rod about 300 mm long
and 5 to 10 mm dia with a wooden handle.

8.3 Cylindrical Calibrating Container - with internal diameter of

200 mm and an internal depth of 250 mm ( see Note 1 under 4.2.2 ) of
the type illustrated in Fig. 6 fitted with a Range 75 mm wide and about
5 mm thick surrounding the open end. The volume of the container
should be given to an accuracy of 0.15 percent.

8.4 Balance-accurate to 1 g.

8.5 Plane Surface - a glass plate or other plane surface about 600 mm
square and 10 mm thick or larger.

8.6 Metal Containers-to collect the excavated soil and to take the
supply of sand to fill the pouring cylinder. This may be provided with
a suitable cover.

8.7 Metal Tray with Central Hole -a metal tray 450 mm square
and 50 mm deep with a 200 mm dia hole in the centre.

9. MATERIAL (SAND)

9.1 Clean, uniformly graded natural sand passing the l*OO-mm IS Sieve and
retained on the 600-micron IS Sieve shall be used. It shall be free from
organic matter, and shall have been oven dried and stored for a suitable
period to allow its water content to reach equilibrium with atmospheric
humidity ( ice Note under 3.1 ).

14
 IS:272G(Pati XXVIII)-1974

F
350 9

1
200 @
rFLAT SURFACE

Ncrral -This design has been found satisfactory, but alternative designs may. be
employed, provided that the essential requirements arc fulfilled.
NOTE 2 - Essential dimensions are underlined.
NATE 3 -Tolerance on essential dimensions f0.I mm.

All dimensions in milliietres.

FIG. 6 CALIBRATINGCONTAINERFOR USE WITH LARGE POURING

CYLINDERAND IN THE HAND SCOOP METHOD

10. PROCEDURE

10.1 Calibration ofApparatms

10.1.1The method described in 10.1.1.1 to 10.1.1.4 shall be followed for
the determination of the weight of sand in the cone of the pouring cylinder.
10.1.1.1 The pouring cylinder shall be filled with a given initial
weight of sand ( WI ) . This weight shall be maintained constant through-
out the tests for which the calibration is used ( see Note ). A volume of
sand equivalent to that of the excavated hole in the soil ( or equal to that

15
I§ : 2720 ( Part XXVIXI ) - 1974

of the calibrating container ) shall be allowed to run out of the pouring

cylinder under gravity. The shutter on the pouring cylinder shall then be
closed and the cylinder placed on the plane surface.
NOTE -The total weight of the pouring cylinder and sand is large., so that the
method of filling and weighing is to weigh the sand in two or three contamers and tip it
into the pouring cylinder before using. Care shall be taken to see that the same
constant initial weight as is used in calibrating the apparatus is used for each density
measurement. Sufficient sand should be used to leave about 4 to 5 kg of sand in the
pouring cylinder after the test is completed.

10.1.1.2 The shutter on the pouring cylinder shall be opened and

sand allowed to run out. When no further movement of sand takes place in
the cylinder the shutter shall be closed and the cylinder removed carefully.
10.1.1.3 The sand that has filled the cone of the pouring cylinder
shall be collected and weighed to the nearest 0.1 percent of its total weight.
10.1.1.4 These measurements shall be repeated at least three times
and mean weight ( W, ) taken.
10.1.2 The method ‘described in 10.1.2.1 to 10.1.2.3 shall be followed
for the determination of the bulk density of the sand ( y, ).
10.1.2.1 The internal volume ( V) in ml of the calibrating container
shall be determined by the weight of water contained in the container
when filled to the brim ( see Note under 10.2.2 ).
10.1.2.2 The calibrating container should stand on a large tray
during the procedure to collect the sand overflowing from the cone wheti the
cylinder is removed. The pouring cylinder shall be placed concentrically
?n the top of the calibrating container and filled with the constant weight
of sand ( W, ) as in 10.1.1.1. The shutter on the pouring cylinder shall be
closed during this operation. The shutter shall be opened and the sand
allowed to run out. When no further movement of the sand takes place
in the cylinder the shutter shall be closed. The pouring cylinder shall be
removed and the sand remaining in it weighed to the nearest O-1 percent
of its initial weight.
10.1.2.3 These measurements shall be repeated at least three times,
and the mean weight ( W, ) taken ( see Note under 4.1.2.3 ).

10.2 The method given in 10.2.1 to 10.2.4 shall be followed for the
measurement of soil density.
10.2.1. A flat area, approximately 60 cm’, at the place at which the soil
is to be tested shall be exposed and trimmed down to a level surface.
10.2.2 The metal tray with a central hole shall be laid on the prepared
surface of the soil with the hole over the portion of the soil to be tested.
The hole in the soil shall then be excavated using the hole in the tray as a
pattern, to the depth of the layer to be tested up to a maximum of 250 -

16
 IS : 2720( Part XXVIII ) - 1974

( seeNote ). The excavated soil shall be carefully collected, leaving no

loose material in the hole, and weighed to the nearest gram ( W, ). The
metal tray shall be removed before the pouring cylinder is placed in
position over the excavated hole.
NOTE - If for any reason it is necessary to excavate holes to depths other than 250 mm
the calibrating container should be replaced by one, the depth of which is the same as
the hole excavated or its effective depth reduced to that of the hole excavated.

10.2.3 A representative sample of the excavated soil shall be placed in an

air-tight container and its water content ( w ) determined by the method
specified in IS : 2720 ( Part II )-1973*.
10.2.4 The pouring cylinder filled with the constant weight of sand
( W, ) as in 10.1.1.1, shall be placed so that the base of the cylinder covers
the hole concentrically. The shutter on the pouring cylinder shall be
closed during this operation. The shutter shall then be opened and sand
allowed to run out. When no further movement of the sand takes place
the shutter shall be closed. The cylinder shall be removed and the sand
remaining in it weighed to the nearest 0.1 percent of its initial weight
( W, ) ( set Note under 4.2.4 ).

11. CALCULATIONS

11.1 The calculations shall be done as laid down in 5.

11.2 For medium- and coarse-grained soils containing appreciable gravel

fraction ( plus 4.75-mm IS Sieve ) the water content and dry density shall
be determined as given in Appendix B.

12. REPORTING OF RESULTS

12.1 The results shall be reported as specified in 6 except that the method
used for obtaining the test results shall be stated as large pouring cylinder
method.

12.2 The results of the test shall be recorded suitably. A recommended

pro firma for the record of test results is given in Appendix A.

*Methods of tat for soils: Part II Determination of water content ( ~econdfev&rc ).

17
IS : 2720 ( Part XXVIII ) - 1974

APPENDIX A
( Clauses 6.3 and 12.2 )
DETERMINATION OF DRY DENSITY OF SOIL, IN-PLACE,
BY SAND REPLACEMENT

( SmaU Pouring Cylinder/Large Pouring Cylinder )

A-l. The test results for the two methods,namely, small pouring cylinder
and large pouring Gylinder may be tabulated as given below using the
appropriate symbols and words in each case:

Project: Tested by:

Location:. Date:

State whether steel core cutter was used.

Calibration

1. Mean weight of sand in cone ( of pouring

cylinder ) ( W, ), in g

2. Volume of calibrating container ( V ), in ml

3. Weight of sand ( + cylinder ) before

pouring ( WI ), in g

4. Mean weight of sand ( + cylinder ) after

pouring ( W, ), in g

5. Weight of sand to fill calibrating container

( w, = WI - W, -- W, ), in g

6. Bulk density of sand y, =$ x 1000 kg/m3

18
 IS : 2720 ( Part XXVIII ) - 1974

Measurement of Soil Density

1. Determination No.

2. Weight of wet soil from hole ( W, ), in g

3. Weight of sand ( + cylinder ) before pouring

( W, ), in g
_ 4. Weight of sand ( + cylinder ) after pouring
( W4 1, in g

5. Weight of sand in hole ( W, = WI- W,- W, ),

in g

6. Bulk density ya =2 x yr kg/m’

b

7. Water content container No.

8. Weight of soil for water content determi-

nation, in g

9. Weight of oven dried soil, in g

10. Water content ( w ), percent

11. Dry density yd = sw kg/m’

APPENDIX B
( Ckruse 11.2 )
DETERMINATION OF WATER CONTENT AND DRY DENSITY
OF MEDIUM- AND COARSE-GRAINED SOILS CONTAINING
APPRECIABLE GRAVEL FRACTION ( PLUS +75-mm IS SIEVE )

B-l. IN-PLACE BULK DENSITY

B-l.1 The in-place bulk density ( yb ) of the soil shall be determined as
described in Section 2.

B-2. PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF VOLUME AND

WATER CONTENT
B-2.1 After obtaining the wet weight ( W, ) of the total material removed
from the hole, the soil shall be separated into plus 4.75-mm fraction

19
IS : 2720 ( Part XXVIII ) - 1974

( gravel) and minus 4.75 mm fraction by the 4*75-mm IS Sieve. T?_is

should be done rapidly to avoid loss of water.
NOTE - If this test is for construction control, the fraction passing the 4’75mm IS
Sieve should be placed in an air-tight container for further tests.
B-2.2 The fraction retained on the 4*75-mm IS Sieve ( gravel ) shall be
washed on the sieve using a minimum of water, blotted dry with a towel to
a wet surface-dry condition and weighed ( W, ).
b2.3 The volume of the gravel ( V, ) in a wet surface-dry condition, shall
then be determined by displacement of water from a siphon-container from
which the over-flow can be measured, or by weighing in air and in water.
The specific gravity ( G, ) of the gravel particles should then be computed.
NOTE- For construction control, the volume of gravel need not be measured every
time a test is made. After several tests have shown that the specific gravity of the
gravel from a particular source is virtually constant, the specific gravity may be assumed
and the volume computed.
B-2.4 The wet gravel ( W’, ) shall be placed in an oven and the oven-dry
weight and water content ( w, ) shall be determined.
B-2.5 The water content ( w, ) in percent of the soil fraction passing the
4.75-mm IS Sieve shall also be determined by oven-drying a representative
sample.
B-3. CALCULATIONS
B-3.1 Further calculations should be carried out as follows:
W,
a) In-place bulk density ya
= Volume of hole
b) Wet weight of minus 4*75-mm soil = W, - W,
c) V&ne of minus 4*75-mm soil = Volume of hole - Y,

d) Wet density of minus4*75-mm soil = s

(a)
e) Dry weight of minus 4*75-mm soil = -p
1 + w,/lOO
(c)
f) Dry density of minus 4*75-mm soil =
1 + WJIOO
g) Dry weight of total material
( soil + gravel ) = W’, f (dj
h) Water content ( wT) of total
material, percent = _!%_cf, x 100
(f)
j) Percentage of gravel in the
material on a dry weight basis =w)I x 100
(f)

k) Dry density of the total material = ”

1 + rur-/lOO

20
 IS t 2720 ( Part XXVIlI ) - 1974

*i Continued from page 2 )

iW.hnbcrs Rgresrnting
SHRIH. K. &HA Geologists’ Syndicate Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
&iRr N. N. &XA’ITACHARAYA
(Alternate )
SHRI S. K. GULHATI Indian Institute of Technology. New Delhi
SHRI G. R. S. JAM Central Building Research Institute ( CSIR ), Roorkee
SHIU Atwu Smon ( Alternate)
SEW 0. P. MALHOTRA Buildinns & Roads Research Laboratory. Chandinarh
DR I. S. UPPAL (Alternate 1
DRV.V.S.~O -‘mm ’ United Technical Consultants Pvt Ltd, New Delhi
SHR~ K. K. GUPTA ( Altemuta)
MAJ K. M. S. SNWI Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters
SHRJ H. C. V~R~A Associated Instrument Manufacturers ( India ) Pvt
Ltd. New Delhi
SHRI M. N. BALIOA ( Alternate)

21
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