Chapter 4

AC-to-DC Converters

“Introduction to Modern Power Electronics”, 3rd Ed., John Wiley 2015

by
Andrzej M. Trzynadlowski

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 1

 Content

•4.1 Diode Rectifiers 115

•4.1.1 Three-Pulse Diode Rectifier 115
•4.1.2 Six-Pulse Diode Rectifier 117
•4.2 Phase-Controlled Rectifiers 130
•4.2.1 Phase-Controlled Six-Pulse Rectifier 130
•4.2.2 Dual Converters 143
•4.3 PWM Rectifiers 149
•4.3.1 Impact of Input Filter 149
•4.3.2 Principles of PWM 150
•4.3.3 Current-Type PWM Rectifier 158
•4.3.4 Voltage-Type PWM Rectifier 163
•4.3.5 Vienna Rectifier 175
•4.4 Device Selection for Rectifiers 178
•4.5 Common Applications of Rectifiers 180
Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 2
 Three-pulse diode rectifier

SUPPLY LINE
A
B
C
N
iA iB iC io

DA DB DC vo LOAD

Fig. 4.1

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 3

 Example current path and voltage distribution
in a three-pulse diode rectifier

A
B
C
N
iB io = iB

vBA DB vBC vo = vBN

Fig. 4.2

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 4

Waveforms of output voltage and current
in a three-pulse diode rectifier (R load)
Fig. 4.3

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 5

 Waveform of input current
in a three-pulse diode rectifier (R load)

Fig. 4.4

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 6

 Six-pulse diode rectifier

• Example current path and voltage distribution

in a six-pulse diode rectifier

A
B A
C B
iA iB iC C
iA io iB io
io
vA io

R
DA DB DC R
DA vAB vAC

vo L vo vAB
L

DA' DB' DC' v AB DB' v CB

E E

vB

Fig. 4.5 Fig. 4.6

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 7

 Phasor diagram of voltages
in a three-phase ac line,Im and the conduction area


^ ^
VCA VCB

^
VCN
^
-VBN
^
-VAN

^ ^
VBA VAB Re

^
VBN ^
VAN

^
-VCN

^ ^
VBC VAC

Fig. 4.7

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 8

 Waveforms of output voltage and current
in a six-pulse diode rectifier
in the continuous conduction mode (RLE load)

Fig. 4.8

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 9

 Twelve-pulse diode rectifier

• Output voltage of a general p-pulse

rectifier
SUPPLY LINE ^
VC
A
B ^
V ^
F VD
C
D ^
V
𝑝 𝜋
A
E
𝑉𝑜,𝑑𝑐(𝑢𝑛𝑐) = 𝑉𝑖,𝑝 sin 𝑝 = 2, 3, . .
𝜋 𝑝 F

^
VB ^
VE

𝑉𝑜,𝑑𝑐 − 𝐸 io
𝐼𝑜,𝑑𝑐 =
𝑅
vo LOAD

Fig. 4.9

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 10

 Continuous conduction mode

• Dc-current is always more than zero

• Forced component of current

• Natural component of current

• Current in continuos conduction mode is the sum of these two

• And finally

• Where
• Details of the derivation can be found from the textbook

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 11

Areas of conduction modes
of a six-pulse diode rectifier

Fig. 4.10

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 12

 Waveforms of output voltage and current
in a six-pulse diode rectifier in the discontinuous conduction
mode (RLE load)

• Discontinuous conduction takes place

when the load EMF, E exceeds the lowes
instantaneous value of output voltage
vo

Fig. 4.11

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 13

 Waveform of input current in a six-pulse diode
rectifier (assuming an ideal dc output current)

• The rms value

Fig. 4.12

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 14

 Spectrum of input current
in a six-pulse diode rectifier
• The fundamental component

• Harmonics are at n = k6± 1

• Harmonic content

• Total harmonic distortion

Fig. 4.13
• Power factor

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 15

 Input filter (harmonic trap)
for a three-phase rectifier

POWER RECTIFIER
SYSTEM

FILTER 1 FILTER 2
(5th harmonic) (7th harmonic)

FILTER 3
(11th & 13th harmonics)

Fig. 4.14

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 16

 Phase-controlled six-pulse rectifier

•Diodes are replaced by thyristors

A
B
C
iA iB iC

io

R
TA TB TC

vo L

TA' TB' TC'

E

Fig. 4.15

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 17

Waveforms of output voltage and current
in a phase-controlled six-pulse rectifier

Fig. 4.17

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 18

 Control characteristic
of a phase-controlled six-pulse rectifier
in the continuous conduction mode

Fig. 4.18

𝑉𝑜,𝑑𝑐(𝑐𝑛𝑡𝑟) = 𝑉𝑜,𝑑𝑐(𝑢𝑛𝑐) cos 𝛼𝑓

𝑉𝑜,𝑑𝑐 − 𝐸
𝐼𝑜,𝑑𝑐 =
𝑅

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 19

 Rectifier in the inverter mode

A B C
•Current polarity is not changing
but –voltage and power
•Requires a load EMF that delivers
the power
io

Vo,dc
L

Fig. 4.19

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 20

 Waveforms of output voltage and current
in a phase-controlled six-pulse rectifier
in the continuous conduction mode

•Current in continuous
conduction mode can be
derived as for diode bridge

Fig. 4.20

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 21

Area of feasible firing angles

Fig. 4.21

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 22

 Conduction mode areas
of a phase-controlled six-pulse rectifier

Fig. 4.22

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 23

 Waveforms of output voltage and current
in a phase-controlled six-pulse rectifier
in the discontinuous conduction mode: (a) rectifier
operation (𝛼𝑓 = 45𝑜 ), (b) inverter operation (𝛼𝑓 = 135𝑜 )

Fig. 4.23

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 24

 Waveform of input current
in a phase-controlled six-pulse rectifier
(ideal dc output current assumed)

• Current conduction is delayed the

amount of the control angle
• This causes reactive power taken from
the supply system
• Calculating from the ratio of active and
apparent power => Power Factor is

• It was shown previously that PF of

diode bridge is 3/π and therefore there
is an additional phase shift which is
equal to to cosinus of control angle.

Fig. 4.24

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 25

 Effect of line inductance

• In practice the supplying ac systems contains inductance, transformers, wiring, sometimes

additional commutation inductance to limit di/dt of thyristors
• Current cannot change instantaneously fast,

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 26

 Effect of line inductance

•In practice the supplying ac

systems contains inductance, vAB v AC vBC vBA vCA vCB
transformers, wiring,
sometimes additional Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs E
commutation inductance to
limit di/dt of thyristors vo L
Ls Ls Ls Ls Ls Ls
•Current cannot change
instantaneously fast R

T1 T2
i1 i2
io

Fig. 4.25 Equivalent circuit of a phase-controlled six-

pulse rectifier supplied from a practical dc voltage
source

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 27

Waveforms of voltage and current in a phase-controlled six-pulse
rectifier during commutation

•During commutation two thyristors in

the positive side conduct
•Current is changing in the line
inductances and therefore output dc-
voltage is not any of the line-to-line
voltages but an average of two

Fig. 4.26

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 28

 Commutation angle m

• Current during commutation can be integrated from

• Current i1 increases from zero to Io,dc during commutation interval m and therefore

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 29

 Voltage drop due to commutation

• Commutation causes a reduction in the obtained dc-voltage

• Reduction can be calculated from

• This reduction is similar to resistive voltage drops and therefore all similar components can be
added

• The dc output voltage is then

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 30

Waveforms of output voltage and current in a phase-
controlled six-pulse rectifier supplied from a source with
inductance: (a) rectifier mode, (b) inverter mode

Fig. 4.27
Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 31
 Notched waveform of input voltage
in a phase-controlled six-pulse rectifier
supplied from a source with inductance

Fig. 4.28

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 32

 Plane of operation, operating area,
and operating quadrants of a rectifier

Vo,dc
INVERTER RECTIFIER
POSITIVE VOLTAGE POSITIVE VOLTAGE

II I

I o,dc

III IV

RECTIFIER INVERTER
NEGATIVE VOLTAGE NEGATIVE VOLTAGE

Fig. 4.29

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 33

Controlled rectifier with a cross-switch

A B C

i'o
io

v'o
vo

Fig. 4.30

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 34

Antiparallel connection of two controlled rectifiers

A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2

io1

io

vo1 vo vo2

io2

Fig. 4.31

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 35

 Six-pulse circulating current-free dual converter

A
B
C
iA iB iC
io

TA1 TA2' TB1 TB2' TC1 TC2'

R

vo L
TA1' TA2 TB1' TB2 TC1' TC2
E

Fig. 4.32

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 36

 Six-pulse circulating current-conducting dual
converter supplied from two separate ac sources

A B C

i o+ icr i o + icr i cr i cr
i o+ icr i cr
L1 L2
T A1
R T A2 '
io
v o1 vo vo2
L
T B1 ' T C2

E
RCT1 RCT2

Fig. 4.33

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 37

Waveforms of output voltages of constituent rectifiers
in a circulating current-conducting dual converter

Fig. 4.34

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 38

 Waveforms of differential output voltage
and circulating in a circulating current-conducting dual converter: 𝜶𝒇𝟏 + 𝜶𝒇𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝒐

Fig. 4.35

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 39

Waveforms of differential output voltage and circulating current in a circulating current-
conducting dual converter: 𝜶𝒇𝟏 + 𝜶𝒇𝟐 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗𝒐

Fig. 4.36

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 40

 Six-pulse circulating current-conducting dual
converter supplied from a single ac source

A B C

icr2
i o + icr1 i o + icr2 i cr1
i o+ i cr1 i cr1
L1 L2
T A1
R T A2 '
io
vo1 vo L vo2
T B1 ' T C2
E
i o+ i cr2 L3 L4 icr2
RCT1 RCT2

Fig. 4.37

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 41

PWM RECTIFIERS

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 42

Single-phase PWM rectifier with an LC input filter

i i,1

Lf

i i,h
Cf ii

vo
PWM RECTIFIER

Fig. 4.38

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 43

 Switching pattern
of a hypothetical four-state PWM converter

x1

t ( m s)
STATE: 0 2 3 2 0

x2

t ( m s)
0 50 90 110 150 200

Fig. 4.39

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 44

 Stator of a three-phase electric ac machine
q

iA A'
C
iC iB
B
d
B'
iB iC
C'
A iA

Fig. 4.40

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 45

Generation of a space vector of the stator MMFs in a
three-phase electric ac machine: (a) phasor diagram
of stator currents, (b) vectors of MMFs

jq

Im A'
C

^
IA C
^ B
B
IC A

Re d
B'

^ C'
IB
A

(a) (b)

Fig. 4.41

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 46

Space vector of stator MMFs and its components

jq
s
j qs

 ss
d
ds

Fig. 4.42

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 47

 Space vector
The space vector ℱ𝑠 is given by

o o
ℱ𝑠 = ℱ𝑎𝑠 + ℱ𝑏𝑠 𝑒 𝑗120 + ℱ𝑏𝑠 𝑒 𝑗240

An MMF is a product of number of turns in a coil and current in the coil. Therefore, dividing an MMF
space vector by the turn number gives a current space vector, 𝑖:

1 1
1 − − 𝑖𝐴
𝑖𝑑 2 2
𝑖= 𝑖 = 𝑖𝐵 .
𝑞 3 3
0 − 𝑖𝐶
2 2

The concept of current space vectors can be extended on voltages, e.g.,

1 1 𝑣𝐴𝑁
𝑣𝑑 1 − −
2 2
𝑣= 𝑣 = 𝑣𝐵𝑁
𝑞 3 3
0 − 𝑣𝐶𝑁
2 2

Note 1: More often in litterature space vector is scaled with 2/3 so that its length is equal to the
peak value, i.e. in Power Electronics course

Note 2: Very often the real and imaginary parts are represented with a and b and not with d
and q

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 48

Synthesis of a rotating space vector 𝑖∗
from stationary vectors 𝐼𝑋 and 𝐼𝑌

jq
IY

i*
ax

I*
I*m

Y
dY I
a IX
I

d
dX IX

Fig. 4.43

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 49

As seen in Figure 4.43, the reference vector can be represented as

𝑖∗ = 𝑑𝑋 𝐼𝑋 + 𝑑𝑌 𝐼𝑌

where 𝑑𝑋 and 𝑑𝑌 are duty ratios of state X and state Y, respectively, that is, relative durations of these
states with respect to the length, 𝑇𝑠𝑤 , of the switching interval. To fill up the switching interval,

𝑑𝑋 + 𝑑𝑌 + 𝑑𝑍 = 1.

Equations for calculation of 𝑑𝑋 , 𝑑𝑌 , and 𝑑𝑍 are derived from complex-number equations describing the
vector diagram in Figure 4.43. In particular,
𝑑𝑋 = 𝑚 sin 60o − 𝛼
𝑑𝑌 = 𝑚 sin 𝛼
𝑑𝑍 = 1 − 𝑑𝑋 − 𝑑𝑌

where m denotes the so-called modulation index defined as

𝐼∗
𝑚≡ ∗
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥
Symbol 𝐼 ∗ denotes the magnitude of the reference vector 𝑖∗ and 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥
∗
is the maximum available value of this
magnitude.

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 50

 Coordinate transformation

Consider a voltage space vector 𝑣 expressed in the stationary dq reference frame as

𝑣 = 𝑣𝑑 + 𝑗𝑣𝑞 .

The same vector in a reference frame DQ, rotating with the speed of ω is given by

𝑣 𝑒 = 𝑣𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝑣𝐷 + 𝑗𝑣𝑄

and the relation between dq and DQ components is

𝑣𝐷 cos(𝜔𝑡) sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑣𝑑
= .
𝑣𝑄 − sin(𝜔𝑡) cos(𝜔𝑡) 𝑣𝑞
As
𝑣 = 𝑣 𝑒 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
then

𝑣𝑑 cos(𝜔𝑡) −sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑣𝐷
𝑣𝑞 = .
sin(𝜔𝑡) cos(𝜔𝑡) 𝑣𝑄

The described concept of rotating reference frame is illustrated in Figure 4.44.

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 51

 Voltage space vector
in the stationary and rotating reference frames


jq
jQ v
jvq

D
jv Q vD

t
d
vd

Fig. 4.44

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 52

 Current-type PWM rectifier

• Large smoothing inductance on the

dc-side
• Dc-current is not changing polarity,
dc-voltage can SA SB SC
Io
• Very similar to line-commutated six- vAN
iA
pulse thyristor bridge, except turn-
ia
on, turn-off devices and use of PWM v BN iB

LOAD
ib
instead of phase-shift modulation Vo
vCN
• Converter has two changeover iC ic
switches (SA, SB, SC) and SA’, SB’ and
SC’) and one of the poles has to be SA' SB' SC'
closed => 3*3 = 9 combinations for
the conducting switches

Fig. 4.45

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 53

Switching variables a, b, c, a’, b’, and c’ of switches SA through SC’ must satisfy the condition

𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑎′ + 𝑏 ′ + 𝑐 ′ = 1.

It can be seen that the above condition limits the number of allowable states of the rectifier to 9, namely:

state 1: a = b’ = 1 (conducting switches: SA & SB’),

state 2: a = c’ = 1 (conducting switches: SA & SC’),
state 3: b = c’ = 1 (conducting switches: SB & SC’),
state 4: b = a’ = 1 (conducting switches: SB & SA’),
state 5: c = a’ = 1 (conducting switches: SC & SA’),
state 6: c = b’ = 1 (conducting switches: SC & SB’),
state 7: a = a’ = 1 (conducting switches: SA & SA’),
state 8: b = b’ = 1 (conducting switches: SB & SB’),
state 9: c = c’ = 1 (conducting switches: SC & SC’).

E.g. in state 1, currents 𝑖𝐴 , 𝑖𝐵 , and 𝑖𝐶 equal Io, - Io, and 0, respectively. Thus, the space vector of input currents in
this state is

3 3
𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑜 − 𝑗 𝐼 .
2 2 𝑜

Current vectors associated with the remaining states can be determined similarly. States 7, 8, and 9 produce
zero vectors of input currents:

𝐼7 = 𝐼8 = 𝐼9 = 0.

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 54

 Reference current vector in the vector space
of input currents of a current-type PWM rectifier
jq
j 3 Io I 3

i*
I4 III II I2
I* a

IV b
1.5 Io
d
I

I5 I1
V VI

I6

Fig. 4.46

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 55

Durations of states X and Y, framing a sector in which the reference current vector is currently
located are given by
𝑇𝑋 = 𝑚𝑇𝑠𝑤 sin 60o − 𝛼
𝑇𝑌 = 𝑚𝑇𝑠𝑤 sin 𝛼

and the duration of a zero-vector state Z by

𝑇𝑍 = 𝑇𝑠𝑤 − 𝑇𝑋 − 𝑇𝑌 .

To minimize the number of commutations (switchings), the following state sequences are used in
individual sectors of the dq plane:

sector I: states 1 – 2 – 7 – 2 – 1 – 7 … (i.e. not 1-2-7-1-2-7 …)

sector II: states 2 – 3 – 9 – 3 – 2 – 9 …
sector III: states 3 – 4 – 8 – 4 – 3 – 8 …
sector IV: states 4 – 5 – 7 – 5 – 4 – 7 …
sector V: states 5 – 6 – 9 – 6 – 5 – 9 …
sector VI: states 6 – 1 – 8 – 1 – 6 – 8 …

Within a switching cycle each state appears twice, and each appearance lasts half of the allotted
time. Figure 4.47. represents a situation when m = 0.65 and 𝛽 = 70o ,
Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 56
Example waveforms of switching variables in one switching
cycle of a current-type PWM rectifier

STATE: 2 3 9 3 2 9
a
0

b
0
c
1

a'
0

b'
0
c'
1

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

t / Tsw

Fig. 4.47

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 57

Control scheme of a current-type PWM rectifier

RECTIFIER

vA

vB

LOAD
a...c'

b SVPWM
VOLTAGE VECTOR
CALCULATOR MODULATOR
m

Fig. 4.48

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 58

 Waveforms of output voltage and current
in a current-type PWM rectifier: (a) m = 0.75,
(b) m = 0.35 (fsw/fo = 24, RLE load)

vo

io

0 t

(a)

vo

io

0 t

(b)

Fig. 4.49
Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 59
Waveforms of the input current and its fundamental in a current-type PWM rectifier:
(a) m = 0.75, (b) m = 0.35 (fsw/fo = 24, RLE load)

Fig. 4.50

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 60

 Waveforms of (a) output voltage and current,
(b) input current and its fundamental
in a current-type PWM rectifier in the inverter mode

Fig. 4.51

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 61

Harmonic spectra of input current in a current-type PWM rectifier:
(a) fsw/fo = 24, (b) fsw/fo = 48

Fig. 4.52
Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 62
 Voltage-type PWM rectifier

• Power stage is the same as in a source dc-

ac inverter, Chapter 7
SA SB SC
• Input side requires inductors and output Io
capacitor vAN
A iA A'
• Sometimes called boost PWM recitifier,
v BN
operating principle is similar to a boost B iB B'
N Vo
converter, output voltage must be higher vCN
C iC C'
than the peak of inpu line-to-line voltage
• Output voltage cannot change polarity but
SA' SB' SC'
output current can
• More popular (de facto industry standard)
than current-type PWM rectifer

Fig. 4.53

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 63

Phase A branch of a voltage-type PWM rectifier

Vo

SA
DA'

N' A' iA

va SA'
DA

Fig. 4.54

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 64

Only two states of the rectifier branch can be allowed: SA = ON and SB = OFF, or SA = OFF
and SB = ON. Thus, a single switching variable, a, defined as

0 𝑖𝑓 𝑆𝐴 = 𝑂𝐹𝐹 & 𝑆𝐴′ = 𝑂𝑁

𝑎=
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑆𝐴 = 𝑂𝑁 & 𝑆𝐴′ = 𝑂𝐹𝐹

is sufficient to describe the state of the branch. Similarly defined switching variables b and c
apply to the other two branches of the rectifier. Terminal voltages are given by

𝑣𝑎 𝑎
𝑣𝑏 = 𝑉𝑜 𝑏 .
𝑣𝑐 𝑐
Consequently,

𝑣𝑎𝑏 1 −1 0 𝑎
𝑣𝑏𝑐 = 𝑉𝑜 0 1 −1 𝑏
𝑣𝑐𝑎 −1 0 1 𝑐
and

𝑣𝑎𝑛 2 −1 −1 𝑎
𝑉𝑜
𝑣𝑏𝑛 = −1 2 −1 𝑏 .
3
𝑣𝑐𝑛 −1 −1 2 𝑐

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 65

 Input-voltage space vectors of a voltage-type
PWM rectifier: (a) line-to-line voltages, (b) line-to-
neutral voltages

jq
_
j V 3 Vo V6' jq

_
jV
_3
Vo
V2 2 V6
V2' V4'

_3
V
2 o V3 Vo
d d
V4

V3' V5'
V1 V5

V1'

(a) (b)

Fig. 4.55

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 66

 Reference voltage vector in the vector space of line-to-neutral
input voltages of a voltage-type PWM rectifier
jq

• SVPWM, Space-vector pulse width modulation _

_
V
j 3
V2 2 Vo V6
• Durations of states X and Y, framing a sector in which the
reference current vector is currently located are given by
𝑇𝑋 = 𝑚𝑇𝑠𝑤 sin 60o − 𝛼 III II
a b
𝑇𝑌 = 𝑚𝑇𝑠𝑤 sin 𝛼 v* I
V*
V3 Vo
• and the duration of a zero-vector state Z by d
𝑇𝑍 = 𝑇𝑠𝑤 − 𝑇𝑋 − 𝑇𝑌 V4
IV VI

V1 V5

Fig. 4.56

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 67

 Principle of voltage-oriented control
of a voltage-type PWM rectifier

jq
jQ jiq

• For unity power factor voltage and current

space vectors must be aligned D

i
• Because of this Q-component of current ji Q jvq vD
iD
must be forced to zero
 v
t
d
id vd

Fig. 4.57

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 68

Voltage-oriented control system
of the voltage-type PWM rectifier
RECTIFIER

vA iA

vB iB

LOAD
ABC a, b, c
dq
SVPWM
MODULATOR

id iq vd*
vq*
vd
dq dq
vq
DQ DQ

vQ* vD*
iQ
+-
*
iQ

iD
+-
*
i
Vo* D
-
+

Vo

Fig. 4.58
Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 69
The phasor 𝑆 of complex power can be calculated as

𝑆 = 3𝑉𝐴𝑁 𝐼𝐴∗ = 𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄

An analogous equation for a vector,𝑠, of complex power is

2
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑖∗ = 𝑝 + 𝑗𝑞
3

Substituting 𝑣𝑑 + 𝑗𝑣𝑞 for 𝑣 and 𝑖𝑑 − 𝑗𝑖𝑞 for 𝑖∗ yields

2
𝑝 = (𝑣𝑑 𝑖𝑑 + 𝑣𝑞 𝑖𝑞 )
3
2
𝑞 = (𝑣𝑞 𝑖𝑑 − 𝑣𝑑 𝑖𝑞 ).
3
Applying the 𝐴𝐵𝐶 → 𝑑𝑞 transformation, the instantaneous real and reactive powers can now
be expressed as
𝑝 = 𝑣𝐴𝑁 𝑖𝐴 + 𝑣𝐵𝑁 𝑖𝐵 + 𝑣𝐶𝑁 𝑖𝐶

1
𝑞= 𝑣𝐵𝐶 𝑖𝐴 + 𝑣𝐶𝐴 𝑖𝐵 + 𝑣𝐴𝐵 𝑖𝐶 .
3

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 70

Direct power control system
of a voltage-type PWM rectifier
RECTIFIER

vA iA

vB iB

LOAD
Vo -

+
*
a, b, c Vo

POWER
CALCULATOR x STATE
SELECTOR
q p

y z
vA vB
V'o
ABC
dq
Vo
vd vq p
- q

p + p*
-

+
SECTOR q q*
IDENTIFIER

Fig. 4.59

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 71

TABLE 4.1 State Selection in the Voltage-Type PWM Rectifier with Direct Power Control

x: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
y=0 z=0 6 4 4 5 5 1 1 3 3 2 2 6
z=1 2 6 6 4 4 5 5 1 1 3 3 2
y=1 z=0 0 4 7 5 0 1 7 3 0 2 7 6
z=1 0 0 7 7 0 0 7 7 0 0 7 7

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 72

 Waveforms of input voltage and current
in a voltage-type PWM rectifier at unity power factor

Fig. 4.60

Chapter 4, AC-DC 73
Converters
Waveforms of output voltage and current
in a voltage-type PWM rectifier

Fig. 4.61

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 74

 Vienna Rectifier I

• Three-level converter, each phase can D1A D 1B D 1C

be connected +, midpoint and –
• More detailed discussion in Chapter 7 vAN
A iA
LA C1
A'
• Voltage stresses only half of dc SA Io
• Originally proposed by Johann Kolar
when he was working in Vienna,
Austria (nowadays at ETH Zurich) vBN LB
B iB

LOAD
B' M
N SB Vo

vCN LC C2
C iC C'
SC
D2A D 2B D 2C

Fig. 4.62

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 75

 Voltage Space Vectors of Vienna Rectifier
jq _
jV3

|
020 120 2 220

• Three change-over switches or

switching poles with three positions,
therefore 3*3*3=27 combinations
021 121 110 210
010 221

-1 122 211 1
d
022 011 100 200

012 001 212 201

112 101

_
- j V3
002 102 202

|
2

Fig. 4.63

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 76

 Control System of Vienna Rectifier

ik Lk C1
M
N
C2

xk
vkN
x k = f (x'k , i*k ) sgn{ i*k }

x'k

^
1 / VLN

ik  ik
-
+
i*' vC2
k
+ i0
vM -

+ +

i*k ^ vo / 2
^
vkN / VLN I*L vo vo
-
+

v*
o
Fig. 4.64

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 77

 Vienna Rectifier II

D 1A D 1B D 1C
C1
Io
vAN LA
A iA A'
SA

vBN LB

LOAD
B iB B' M
N SB V

vCN LC
C iC C'
SC
C2

D 2A D 2B D 2C

Fig. 4.65

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 78

Common applications of rectifiers

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 79

Electromechanical representation of a dc machine

ia DC MACHINE

Ra LOAD
T n

va La

Ea

Fig. 4.66

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 80

 Plane of operation, operating area,
and operating quadrants of a rotating electric machine

n
GENERATING n MOTORING
COUNTERCLOCKWISE T CLOCKWISE

II I
T
III IV

MOTORING GENERATING
COUNTERCLOCKWISE CLOCKWISE

Fig. 4.67

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 81

 DC motor supplied from a rectifier
with a mechanical switch: first-quadrant operation

A B C

ia

io
af < 90
o

Ra Tn
vo va La

Ea

Fig. 4.68

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 82

 DC motor supplied from a rectifier
with a mechanical switch: second-quadrant operation

A B C

ia

io
af > 90
o

Ra n
vo va La

Ea T

Fig. 4.69

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 83

 High-voltage dc transmission system

RCT1 RCT2
L1 L2
TR1 TR2
DC LINE
SYSTEM 1

SYSTEM 2
L3 L4

Fig. 4.70

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 84

 Switching pattern in Example 4.5

a
0

b
0
c
1

a'
0
b'
0

c'
0

0 50 100 150 200

t s

Fig. 4.71

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 85