H2 DATABASE - QUICK GUIDE

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H2 DATABASE - INTRODUCTION
H2 is an open-source lightweight Java database. It can be embedded in Java
applications or run in the client-server mode. Mainly, H2 database can be
configured to run as inmemory database, which means that data will not persist on
the disk. Because of embedded database it is not used for production development,
but mostly used for development and testing.

This database can be used in embedded mode or in server mode. Following are the
main features of H2 database −

 Extremely fast, open source, JDBC API

 Available in embedded and server modes; in-memory databases
 Browser-based Console application
 Small footprint − Around 1.5MB jar file size

Features of H2 Database

The main features of H2 Database are as follows −

 It is an extremely fast database engine.

 H2 is open source and written in Java.
 It supports standard SQL and JDBC API. It can use PostgreSQL ODBC
driver too.
 It has embedded and Server mode.
 H2 supports clustering and multi-version concurrency.
 It has strong security features.

Additional Features

Following are some additional features of H2 Database −

 H2 is a disk-based or in-memory databases and tables, read-only database

support, temporary tables.
 H2 provides transaction support readcommittedreadcommitted, 2-phase-
commit multiple connections, table level locking.
 H2 is a cost-based optimizer, using a genetic algorithm for complex queries,
zeroadministration.
  H2 contains scrollable and updatable result set support, large result set,
external result sorting, functions can return a result set.
 H2 supports encrypted database AESAES, SHA-256 password encryption,
encryption functions, and SSL.

Components in H2 Database

In order to use H2 Database, you need to have the following components −

 A web browser
 A H2 console server

This is a client/server application, so both server and client abrowserabrowser are

required to run it.

H2 DATABASE - INSTALLATION
H2 is a database written in Java. We can easily embed this database to our
application by using JDBC. We can run this on many different platforms or any
version of Java Runtime Environment. However, before installing the database,
there should be Java installed in the system.

Verify Java Installation

If JDK is installed in the system, try the following command to verify the Java
version.

java –version

If JDk is successfully installed in the system, then we will get the following output.

java version "1.8.0_91"

Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_91-b14)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.91-b14, mixed mode)

If JDK is not installed in the system, then visit the following link to Install JDK.

Install H2 Database

We can run this database on many different platforms. In this chapter, we will
learn about H2 Database installation on Windows.

Following are the steps to install H2 Database on Windows operating system.

Step 1: Download H2 Setup File

Download the latest version of H2 Database from the given link. In this link, you
will get the latest version of H2 database in two types. One is Windows Installer
type thatis.exefilethatis.exefile and second is Platform-Independent zip file for other
operating systems.

Click the Windows installer for downloading the Windows supportable H2

database after downloading the .exe file. In this case, we are using H2 Database
with the version 1.4.192.

Step 2: Install H2 Database

After downloading we get the H2 Windows installer

file i.e.h2−setup−yyyy−mm−dd.exei.e.h2−setup−yyyy−mm−dd.exe in the Downloads
directory. To start the installation process of H2 Database, double click on the
installer file.

The following screen is the first step in the installation process. Provide a path
where we want to install the H2 database server as shown in the following
screenshot.

As seen in the above screenshot, by default it will

take C:\ProgramFiles x86x86\H2 as the destination folder. Click next to proceed
to the next step. The following screen pops up.

In the above screenshot, click the Install button to start the installation process.
After installation, we get the following screenshot.

Click Finish to complete the installation process.

Step 3: Verify H2 Database Installation

After installation, let us verify the database installation in the system. Click
Windows → type H2 Console → Click H2 console icon. Connect to the
URL http://localhost:8082. At the time of connecting, the H2 database will ask
for database registration as shown in the following screenshot.
Fill all the details in the above dialog box such as Saved Settings, Settings Name,
Driver Class, JDBC URL, User Name, and Password. In the JDBC URL, specify
the database is located and the database name. User Name and Password are the
fields for user name and password of the database. Click Connect.

The Database welcome page pops up as shown in the following screenshot.

H2 DATABASE - SELECT
Select command is used to fetch record data from a table or multiple tables. If we
design a select query, then it returns data in the form of result table called result
sets.

Syntax

The basic syntax of SELECT statement is as follows −

SELECT [ TOP term ] [ DISTINCT | ALL ] selectExpression [,...]

FROM tableExpression [,...] [ WHERE expression ]
[ GROUP BY expression [,...] ] [ HAVING expression ]
[ { UNION [ ALL ] | MINUS | EXCEPT | INTERSECT } select ] [ ORDER BY order
[,...] ]
[ [ LIMIT expression ] [ OFFSET expression ] [ SAMPLE_SIZE rowCountInt ] ]
[ FOR UPDATE ]

To fetch all the available fields, use the following syntax.

SELECT * FROM table_name;

Example

Consider the CUSTOMER table having the following records −

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
To get the customer table along with the given data, execute the following queries.

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER (id number, name varchar(20), age number, address
varchar(20),
salary number);

INSERT into CUSTOMER values (1, 'Ramesh', 32, 'Ahmedabad', 2000);

INSERT into CUSTOMER values (2, 'Khilan', 25, 'Delhi', 1500);
INSERT into CUSTOMER values (3, 'kaushik', 23, 'Kota', 2000);
INSERT into CUSTOMER values (4, 'Chaitali', 25, 'Mumbai', 6500);
INSERT into CUSTOMER values (5, 'Hardik', 27, 'Bhopal', 8500);
INSERT into CUSTOMER values (6, 'Komal', 22, 'MP', 4500);
INSERT into CUSTOMER values (7, 'Muffy', 24, 'Indore', 10000);

The following command is an example, which would fetch ID, Name and Salary
fields of the customers available in the CUSTOMER table.

SELECT ID, NAME, SALARY FROM CUSTOMERS;

The above command produces the following result.

+----+----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | SALARY |
+----+----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+----------+

Use the following query to fetch all the fields of CUSTOMERS table.

SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS;

The above query produces the following result −

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

H2 DATABASE - INSERT
The SQL INSERT statement is used to add new rows of data to a table in the
database.

Syntax

Following is the basic syntax of INSERT INTO statement.

INSERT INTO tableName

{ [ ( columnName [,...] ) ]
{ VALUES
{ ( { DEFAULT | expression } [,...] ) } [,...] | [ DIRECT ] [ SORTED ]
select } } |
{ SET { columnName = { DEFAULT | expression } } [,...] }

Using this INSERT statement, we can insert a new record or new rows into a table.
When using DIRECT clause, the results are directly affected to the target table
without any intermediate step. However, while adding values for all the columns of
the table, make sure the order of the values is in the same order as the columns in
the table.

Example

Let us take an example and try to insert the following given records into the
Customer table.

ID Name Age Address Salary

1 Ramesh 32 Ahmedabad 2000

2 Khilan 25 Delhi 1500

 3 Kaushik 23 Kota 2000

4 Chaitail 25 Mumbai 6500

5 Hardik 27 Bhopal 8500

6 Komal 22 MP 4500

7 Muffy 24 Indore 10000

We can get all the given records into the customer table by executing the following
commands.

INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES (1, 'Ramesh', 32, 'Ahmedabad', 2000);

INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES (2, 'Khilan', 25, 'Delhi', 1500);
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES (3, 'kaushik', 23, 'Kota', 2000);
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES (4, 'Chaitali', 25, 'Mumbai', 6500);
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES (5, 'Hardik', 27, 'Bhopal', 8500);
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES (6, 'Komal', 22, 'MP', 4500);
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES (7, 'Muffy', 24, 'Indore', 10000);

H2 DATABASE - UPDATE
The UPDATE query is used to update or modify the existing records in a table. We
can use WHERE clause with UPDATE query to update the selected rows,
otherwise all the rows would be affected.

Syntax

Following is the basic syntax of the UPDATE query.

UPDATE tableName [ [ AS ] newTableAlias ] SET

{ { columnName = { DEFAULT | expression } } [,...] } |
{ ( columnName [,...] ) = ( select ) }
[ WHERE expression ] [ ORDER BY order [,...] ] [ LIMIT expression ]

In this UPDATE syntax, we can combine more than one condition by using AND
or OR clauses.

Example

Consider the CUSTOMER table having the following records.

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

If you want to get the customer table along with the given data, execute the
following queries.

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER (id number, name varchar(20), age number, address
varchar(20),
salary number);
INSERT into CUSTOMER values (1, 'Ramesh', 32, 'Ahmedabad', 2000);
INSERT into CUSTOMER values (2, 'Khilan', 25, 'Delhi', 1500);
INSERT into CUSTOMER values (3, 'kaushik', 23, 'Kota', 2000);
INSERT into CUSTOMER values (4, 'Chaitali', 25, 'Mumbai', 6500);
INSERT into CUSTOMER values (5, 'Hardik', 27, 'Bhopal', 8500);
INSERT into CUSTOMER values (6, 'Komal', 22, 'MP', 4500);
INSERT into CUSTOMER values (7, 'Muffy', 24, 'Indore', 10000);

The following command is an example, which would update ADDRESS for a

customer whose ID is 6 −

UPDATE CUSTOMERS SET ADDRESS = 'Pune' WHERE ID = 6;

Now, CUSTOMERS table would have the following records. We can check the
customer table records by executing the following query.

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS;

The above query produces the following result.

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | Pune | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

To modify all ADDRESS and SALARY column values in CUSTOMERS table,

we need not use the WHERE clause. The UPDATE query would be as follows −

UPDATE CUSTOMERS SET ADDRESS = 'Pune', SALARY = 1000.00;

Now, CUSTOMERS table would have the following records. We can check the
customer table records by executing the following query.

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS;

The above query produces the following result −

+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Pune | 1000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+

H2 DATABASE - DELETE
The SQL DELETE query is used to delete the existing records from a table. We
can use WHERE clause with DELETE query to delete selected records, otherwise
all the records will be deleted.

Syntax

Following is the generic query syntax of the delete command.

DELETE [ TOP term ] FROM tableName [ WHERE expression ] [ LIMIT term ]

The above syntax deletes the rows from a table. If TOP or LIMIT is specified, at
most the specified number of rows are
deleted nolimitifnullorsmallerthanzeronolimitifnullorsmallerthanzero.

Example

Consider the CUSTOMER table having the following records.

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

The following command will delete the details of the customer, whose ID is 6.

DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE ID = 6;

After execution of the above command, check the Customer table by executing the
following command.

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS;

The above command produces the following output −

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

If we want to DELETE all the records from CUSTOMERS table, we do not use
WHERE clause. The DELETE query would be as follows.

DELETE FROM CUSTOMER;

After executing the above command, no records will be available in the Customer
table.
 H2 DATABASE - BACKUP
BACKUP is the command used to take database backup into a separate .zip file.
Objects are not locked, and when it takes backup the transaction log is also copied.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.

Syntax

Following is the generic syntax of the Backup command.

BACKUP TO fileNameString;

Example

In this example, let us take a backup of the current database into backup.zip file.
Use the following command for the same.

BACKUP TO 'backup.zip';

On executing the above command, you will get the backup.zip file in your local
file system.

H2 DATABASE - CALL
CALL is a SQL command which belongs to H2 database server. This command is
used to calculate a simple expression. It returns the result of the given expression
in a single column field. When it returns an array of results, then each element in
the array is displayed as a column value.

Syntax

Following is the generic syntax of the CALL command.

CALL expression;

We can use the arithmetic expression in this syntax.

Example

Let us take an example and execute an arithmetic expression 15∗2515∗25 using call
command.

CALL 15*25;
The above command produces the following output.

375

375

H2 DATABASE - EXPLAIN
EXPLAIN command displays the execution plan for a statement. When we execute
a statement using EXPLAIN ANALYZE command, the query plan will include the
actual row scan count for each table.

Syntax

Following is the generic syntax of the EXPLAIN command.

EXPLAIN { [ PLAN FOR ] | ANALYZE } { select | insert | update | delete |

merge}

Along with this syntax we can use select, insert, delete, and merge.

Example

This example explains the query plan details of the customer with ID 1.

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER WHERE ID = 1;

The above command produces the following output −

H2 DATABASE - MERGE
MERGE command is used to update the existing rows and insert new rows into a
table. The primary key column plays an important role while using this command;
it is used to find the row.

Syntax
Following is the generic syntax of the MERGE command.

MERGE INTO tableName [ ( columnName [,...] ) ]

[ KEY ( columnName [,...] ) ]
{ VALUES { ( { DEFAULT | expression } [,...] ) } [,...] | select }

In the above syntax, the KEY clause is used to specify the primary key column
name. Along with VALUES clause, we can use primitive values to insert or we can
retrieve and store another table values into this table using the select command.

Example

In this example, let us try to add a new record into Customers table. Following are
the details of the new record in the table.

Column Name Value

ID 8

NAME Lokesh

AGE 32

ADDRESS Hyderabad

SALARY 2500
Using the following query, let us insert the given record into the H2 database
query.

MERGE INTO CUSTOMER KEY (ID) VALUES (8, 'Lokesh', 32, 'Hyderabad', 2500);

The above query produces the following output.

Update count: 1

Let us verify the records of the Customer table by executing the following query.

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER;

The above query produces the following output.

ID Name Age Address Salary

1 Ramesh 32 Ahmedabad 2000

2 Khilan 25 Delhi 1500

3 Kaushik 23 Kota 2000

4 Chaitali 25 Mumbai 6500

5 Hardik 27 Bhopal 8500

 6 Komal 22 MP 4500

7 Muffy 24 Indore 10000

8 Lokesh 32 Hyderabad 2500

Now let us try to update the record using the Merge command. Following are the
details of the record to be updated.

Column Name Value

ID 8

NAME Loki

AGE 32

ADDRESS Hyderabad
 SALARY 3000

Use the following query to insert the given record into the H2 database query.

MERGE INTO CUSTOMER KEY (ID) VALUES (8, 'Loki', 32, 'Hyderabad', 3000);

The above query produces the following output.

Update count: 1

Let us verify the records of the Customer table by executing the following query.

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER;

The above query produces the following output −

ID Name Age Address Salary

1 Ramesh 32 Ahmedabad 2000

2 Khilan 25 Delhi 1500

3 Kaushik 23 Kota 2000

4 Chaitali 25 Mumbai 6500

 5 Hardik 27 Bhopal 8500

6 Komal 22 MP 4500

7 Muffy 24 Indore 10000

8 Loki 32 Hyderabad 3000

H2 DATABASE - SHOW
SHOW is a command used to display the list of Schemas, Tables, or Columns of
the table.

Syntax

Following is the generic syntax of the SHOW command.

SHOW { SCHEMAS | TABLES [ FROM schemaName ] |

COLUMNS FROM tableName [ FROM schemaName ] }

Example

The following command can be used to get the list of tables in the current
database.

SHOW TABLES;

The above command produces the following output.

 TABLE_NAME TABLE_SCHEMA

CUSTOMER PUBLIC

EMP PUBLIC

H2 DATABASE - CREATE
CREATE is a generic SQL command used to create Tables, Schemas, Sequences,
Views, and Users in H2 Database server.

Create Table

Create Table is a command used to create a user-defined table in the current

database.

Syntax

Following is the generic syntax for the Create Table command.

CREATE [ CACHED | MEMORY ] [ TEMP | [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] TEMPORARY ]

TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] name
[ ( { columnDefinition | constraint } [,...] ) ]
[ ENGINE tableEngineName [ WITH tableEngineParamName [,...] ] ]
[ NOT PERSISTENT ] [ TRANSACTIONAL ]
[ AS select ]

By using the generic syntax of the Create Table command, we can create different
types of tables such as cached tables, memory tables, and temporary tables.
Following is the list to describe different clauses from the given syntax.

 CACHED − The cached tables are the default type for regular tables. This
means the number of rows is not limited by the main memory.
 MEMORY − The memory tables are the default type for temporary tables.
This means the memory tables should not get too large and the index data is
kept in the main memory.
  TEMPORARY − Temporary tables are deleted while closing or opening a
database. Basically, temporary tables are of two types −
o GLOBAL type − Accessible by all connections.
o LOCAL type − Accessible by the current connection.

The default type for temporary tables is global type. Indexes of temporary
tables are kept in the main memory, unless the temporary table is created
using CREATE CACHED TABLE.

 ENGINE − The ENGINE option is only required when custom table

implementations are used.
 NOT PERSISTENT − It is a modifier to keep the complete table data in-
memory and all rows are lost when the database is closed.
 TRANSACTIONAL − It is a keyword that commits an open transaction
and this command supports only temporary tables.

Example

In this example, let us create a table named tutorials_tbl using the following given
data.

Sr.No Column Name Data Type

1 ID Int

Varchar5050
2 Title

3 Author Varchar2020

4 Submission_date Date

The following query is used to create a table tutorials_tbl along with the given
column data.

CREATE TABLE tutorials_tbl (

id INT NOT NULL,
title VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
 author VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
submission_date DATE,
);

The above query produces the following output.

(0) rows effected

Create Schema

Create Schema is a command used to create a user-dependent schema under a

particular authorization underthecurrentlyregistereduserunderthecurrentlyregistereduser.

Syntax

Following is the generic syntax of the Create Schema command.

CREATE SCHEMA [ IF NOT EXISTS ] name [ AUTHORIZATION ownerUserName ]

In the above generic syntax, AUTHORIZATION is a keyword used to provide the

respective user name. This command is optional which means if we are not
providing the user name, then it will consider the current user. The user that
executes the command must have admin rights, as well as the owner.

This command commits an open transaction in this connection.

Example

In this example, let us create a schema named test_schema under SA user, using
the following command.

CREATE SCHEMA test_schema AUTHORIZATION sa;

The above command produces the following output.

(0) rows effected

Create Sequence

Sequence is concept which is used to generate a number by following a sequence

for id or any random column values.

Syntax

Following is the generic syntax of the create sequence command.

CREATE SEQUENCE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newSequenceName [ START WITH long ]
[ INCREMENT BY long ]
[ MINVALUE long | NOMINVALUE | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE long | NOMAXVALUE | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ CYCLE long | NOCYCLE | NO CYCLE ]
[ CACHE long | NOCACHE | NO CACHE ]

This generic syntax is used to create a sequence. The datatype of a sequence

is BIGINT. In this the sequence, values are never re-used, even when the
transaction is roll backed.

Example

In this example, let us create a sequence named SEQ_ID, using the following
query.

CREATE SEQUENCE SEQ_ID;

The above query produces the following output.

(0) rows effected

H2 DATABASE - ALTER
ALTER is a command used to change the table structure by adding different
clauses to the altercommand. Based on the scenario, we need to add respective
clause to the alter command. In this chapter, we will discuss various scenarios of
alter command.

Alter Table Add

Alter Table Add is a command used to add a new column to a table along with the
respective data type. This command commits the transaction in this connection.

Syntax

Following is the generic syntax of the Alter Table Add command.

ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] tableName ADD [ COLUMN ]

{ [ IF NOT EXISTS ] columnDefinition [ { BEFORE | AFTER } columnName ]
| ( { columnDefinition } [,...] ) }

Example

In this example, we will add a new column start_date to the table tutorials_tbl.
The datatype for start_date is Date. Following is the query to add a new column.
ALTER TABLE tutorials_tbl ADD start_date DATE;

The above query produces the following output.

(6) rows effected

Alter Table Add Constraint

Alter table add constraint is a command used to add different constraints to the
table such as primary key, foreign key, not null, etc.

The required indexes are automatically created if they don’t exist yet. It is not
possible to disable checking for unique constraint. This command commits an open
transaction in this connection.

Syntax

Following is the generic syntax of the Alter table add constraint command.

ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] tableName ADD constraint [ CHECK | NOCHECK ]

Example

In this example, let us add a primary key constraint tutorialstblpktutorialstblpk to the

column id of the table tutorials_tbl, using the following query.

ALTER TABLE tutorials_tbl ADD CONSTRAINT tutorials_tbl_pk PRIMARYKEY(id);

The above query produces the following output.

(6) row (s) effected

Alter Table Rename Constraint

This command is used to rename the constraint name of a particular relation table.
This command commits an open transaction in this connection.

Syntax

Following is the generic syntax of the Alter Table Rename Constraint command.

ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] tableName RENAME oldConstraintName TO

newConstraintName
While using this syntax, make sure that the old constraint name should exist with
the respective column.

Example

In this example, we will change the primary key constraint name of the
table tutorials_tbl from tutorials_tbl_pk to tutorials_tbl_pk_constraint.
Following is the query to do so.

ALTER TABLE tutorials_tbl RENAME CONSTRAINT

tutorials_tbl_pk TO tutorials_tbl_pk_constraint;

The above query produces the following output.

(1) row (s) effected

Alter Table Alter Column

This command is used to change the structure and properties of the column of a
particular table. Changing the properties means changing the datatype of a column,
rename a column, change the identity value, or change the selectivity.

Syntax

Following is the generic syntax of the Alter Table Alter Column command.

ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] tableName ALTER COLUMN columnName

{ { dataType [ DEFAULT expression ] [ [ NOT ] NULL ] [ AUTO_INCREMENT |
IDENTITY ] }
| { RENAME TO name }
| { RESTART WITH long }
| { SELECTIVITY int }
| { SET DEFAULT expression }
| { SET NULL }
| { SET NOT NULL } }

In the above syntax −

 RESTART − command changes the next value of an auto increment

column.
 SELECTIVITY − command sets the selectivity 1−1001−100 for a column.
Based on the selectivity value we can image the value of the column.
 SET DEFAULT − changes the default value of a column.
 SET NULL − sets the column to allow NULL.
 SET NOT NULL − sets the column to allow NOT NULL.
Example

In this example, we will rename the column of the

table tutorials_tbl from Title to Tutorial_Titleusing the following query.

ALTER TABLE tutorials_tbl ALTER COLUMN title RENAME TO tutorial_title;

The above query produces the following output.

(0) row(s) effected

In a similar way, we can perform different scenarios with the ALTER command.

H2 DATABASE - DROP
DROP is a command taken from the generic SQL grammar. This command is used
to delete a database component and its structure from the memory. There are
different scenarios with the Drop command that we will discuss in this chapter.

Drop Table

Drop Table is a command that deletes the respective table and its structure.

Syntax

Following is the generic syntax of the Drop Table command.

DROP TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] tableName [,...] [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]

The command will fail if we are using RESTRICT and the table having dependent
views exist. All dependent views are dropped, when we are using CASCADE
keyword.

Example

In this example, we will drop a table named test using the following query.

DROP TABLE test;

The above query produces the following output.

(6) row (s) effected

Drop Schema
Drop Schema is a command that drops a respective schema from the database
server. It will not work from the current schema.

Syntax

DROP SCHEMA [ IF EXISTS ] schemaName

Example

In this example, we will drop a schema named test_schema using the following
query.

DROP SCHEMA TEST_SCHEMA;

The above query produces the following output.

(0) row(s) effected

Drop Sequence

Drop Sequence is a command used to drop a sequence from the table structure.

Syntax

Following is the generic syntax of the Drop Sequence command.

DROP SEQUENCE [ IF EXISTS ] sequenceName

This command commits an open transaction in this connection.

Example

In this example, we will drop a sequence named sequence_id. Following is the

command.

DROP SEQUENCE sequence_id;

The above command produces the following output.

(0) row (s) effected

Drop View
Drop View is a command used to drop the existing view. All dependent views are
dropped as well if the CASCADE clause is used.

Syntax

Following is the generic syntax of the Drop View command.

DROP VIEW [ IF EXISTS ] viewName [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]

Example

In this example, we will drop a view named sample_view using the following
query.

DROP VIEW sample_view;

The above query produces the following output.

(0) row (s) effected

H2 DATABASE - TRUNCATE
TRUNCATE is a command used to delete the data from the table. Unlike DELETE
FROM without WHERE clause, this command cannot be rolled back. This
command commits an open transaction in this connection.

Syntax

Following is the generic syntax of the truncate command.

TRUNCATE TABLE tableName

Example

In this example, we will truncate a table named test using the following query.

TRUNCATE TABLE test;

The above query produces the following output.

(6) row (s) effected

H2 DATABASE - COMMIT
COMMIT is a command from the SQL grammar used to commit the transaction.
We can either commit the specific transaction or we can commit the currently
executed transaction.

Syntax

There are two different syntaxes for COMMIT command.

Following is the generic syntax for the commit command to commit the current
transaction.

COMMIT [ WORK ]

Following is the generic syntax for the commit command to commit the specific
transaction.

COMMIT TRANSACTION transactionName

Example 1

In this example, let us commit the current transaction using the following
command.

COMMIT

The above command produces the following output.

Committed successfully

Example 2

In this example, we will commit the transaction named tx_test using the following
command.

COMMIT TRANSACTION tx_test;

The above command produces the following output.

Committed successfully

H2 DATABASE - GRANT
Grant is a command coming from the SQL grammar used to grant the rights to a
table, to a user, or to a role. Admin rights are required to execute this command.
This command commits an open transaction in this connection.

In this chapter, we will discuss the different scenarios of Grant command.

Grant Right

Grant Right is a command to provide admin rights to a table, to a user, or to a role.

Syntax

Following is the generic syntax of the Grant command.

GRANT { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | ALL } [,...] ON

{ { SCHEMA schemaName } | { tableName [,...] } }
TO { PUBLIC | userName | roleName }

Example

In this example, we will grant the test table as read-only using the following
command.

GRANT SELECT ON TEST TO READONLY

The above command produces the following output.

Grant successfully

Grant Alter Any Schema

Grant Alter Any Schema is a command to grant schema altering rights to a

respective user.

Syntax

Following is the generic syntax of the Grant Alter Any Schema command.

GRANT ALTER ANY SCHEMA TO userName

Example

In this example, we will grant altering privileges of a schema to a user

named test_user. Make sure that test_user exists. Following is the query to grant
altering privileges.
GRANT ALTER ANY SCHEMA TO test_user;

The above query produces the following output.

Granted successfully to test_user

H2 DATABASE - SAVEPOINT
SAVEPOINT is a command used to temporarily save the transaction. It is better to
maintain savepoints in your transaction as it is helpful to roll back the transaction
to the respective Savepoint whenever necessary.

Syntax

Following is the generic syntax of the Savepoint command.

SAVEPOINT savepointName

Example

In this example, we will create a Savepoint named Half_Done using the following
command.

SAVEPOINT Half_Done;

The above command produces the following output.

Savepoint created

H2 DATABASE - ROLLBACK
ROLLBACK is a command from the SQL grammar used to roll back the
transaction to a Savepoint or to the previous transaction. By using this command,
we can either roll back to the specific Savepoint or we can roll back to the previous
executed transaction.

Syntax

There are two different syntaxes for ROLLABCK command.

Following is the generic syntax for the rollback command.

ROLLBACK [ TO SAVEPOINT savepointName ]

Following is the generic syntax of the Rollback command to the specific
transaction.

ROLLBACK TRANSACTION transactionName

Example 1

In this example, we will roll back the current transaction to a Savepoint

named sp1_test using the following command.

ROLLBACK sp1_test;

The above command produces the following output.

Rollback successfully

Example 2

In the following example, we will roll back the complete transaction

named tx_test using the given command.

ROLLBACK TRANSACTION tx_test;

The above command produces the following output.

Rollback successfully

H2 DATABASE - JDBC CONNECTION

H2 is a JAVA database. We can interact with this database by using JDBC. In this
chapter, we will see how to create a JDBC connection with H2 database and the
CRUD operations with the H2 database.

Generally, there are five steps to create a JDBC connection.

Step 1 − Registering the JDBC database driver.

Class.forName ("org.h2.Driver");

Step 2 − Opening the connection.

Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection ("jdbc:h2:~/test", "sa","");

Step 3 − Creating a statement.

Statement st = conn.createStatement();

Step 4 − Executing a statement and receiving Resultset.

Stmt.executeUpdate("sql statement");

Step 5 − Closing a connection.

conn.close();

Before moving on to create a full program, we need to add h2-1.4.192.jar file to

CLASSPATH. We can get this jar from the folder C:\Program
Files x86x86\H2\bin.

Create Table

In this example, we will write a program for create table. Consider a table
named Registrationhaving the following fields.

S.No Column Name Data Type NOT NULL Primary Key

1 ID Number Yes Yes

Varchar255255 No No

2 First

3 Last Varchar255255 No No

4 Age Number No No

Following is an example program named H2jdbcCreateDemo.

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;
public class H2jdbcCreateDemo {
// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "org.h2.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:h2:~/test";

// Database credentials
static final String USER = "sa";
static final String PASS = "";

public static void main(String[] args) {

Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
try {
// STEP 1: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName(JDBC_DRIVER);

//STEP 2: Open a connection

System.out.println("Connecting to database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL,USER,PASS);

//STEP 3: Execute a query

System.out.println("Creating table in given database...");
stmt = conn.createStatement();
String sql = "CREATE TABLE REGISTRATION " +
"(id INTEGER not NULL, " +
" first VARCHAR(255), " +
" last VARCHAR(255), " +
" age INTEGER, " +
" PRIMARY KEY ( id ))";
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
System.out.println("Created table in given database...");

// STEP 4: Clean-up environment

stmt.close();
conn.close();
} catch(SQLException se) {
 //Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
} catch(Exception e) {
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null) stmt.close();
} catch(SQLException se2) {
} // nothing we can do
try {
if(conn!=null) conn.close();
} catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
} //end finally try
} //end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}
}

Save the above program into H2jdbcCreateDemo.java. Compile and execute the
above program by executing the following commands in the command prompt.

\>javac H2jdbcCreateDemo.java
\>java H2jdbcCreateDemo

The above command produces the following output.

Connecting to database...
Creating table in given database...
Created table in given database...
Goodbye!

After this execution, we can check the table created using the H2 SQL interface.

Insert Records

In this example, we will write a program for inserting records. Let us insert the
following records into the table Registration.
 ID First Last Age

100 Zara Ali 18

101 Mahnaz Fatma 25

102 Zaid Khan 30

103 Sumit Mital 28

Following is an example program named H2jdbcInsertDemo.

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class H2jdbcInsertDemo {

// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "org.h2.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:h2:~/test";

// Database credentials
static final String USER = "sa";
static final String PASS = "";

public static void main(String[] args) {

 Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
try{
// STEP 1: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName(JDBC_DRIVER);

// STEP 2: Open a connection

System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL,USER,PASS);
System.out.println("Connected database successfully...");

// STEP 3: Execute a query

stmt = conn.createStatement();
String sql = "INSERT INTO Registration " + "VALUES (100, 'Zara',
'Ali', 18)";

stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
sql = "INSERT INTO Registration " + "VALUES (101, 'Mahnaz',
'Fatma', 25)";

stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
sql = "INSERT INTO Registration " + "VALUES (102, 'Zaid', 'Khan',
30)";

stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
sql = "INSERT INTO Registration " + "VALUES(103, 'Sumit',
'Mittal', 28)";

stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
System.out.println("Inserted records into the table...");

// STEP 4: Clean-up environment

stmt.close();
conn.close();
} catch(SQLException se) {
// Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
} catch(Exception e) {
 // Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
// finally block used to close resources
try {
if(stmt!=null) stmt.close();
} catch(SQLException se2) {
} // nothing we can do
try {
if(conn!=null) conn.close();
} catch(SQLException se) {
se.printStackTrace();
} // end finally try
} // end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}
}

Save the above program into H2jdbcInsertDemo.java. Compile and execute the
above program by executing the following commands in the command prompt.

\>javac H2jdbcInsertDemo.java
\>java H2jdbcInsertDemo

The above command produces the following output.

Connecting to a selected database...

Connected database successfully...
Inserted records into the table...
Goodbye!

Read Record

In this example, we will write a program for reading records. Let us try to read all
records from the table Registration.

Following is an example program named H2jdbcRecordDemo.

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class H2jdbcReadDemo {

// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "org.h2.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:h2:~/test";

// Database credentials
static final String USER = "sa";
static final String PASS = "";

public static void main(String[] args) {

Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
try {
// STEP 1: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName(JDBC_DRIVER);

// STEP 2: Open a connection

System.out.println("Connecting to database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL,USER,PASS);

// STEP 3: Execute a query

System.out.println("Connected database successfully...");
stmt = conn.createStatement();
String sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Registration";
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

// STEP 4: Extract data from result set

while(rs.next()) {
// Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");
 // Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
// STEP 5: Clean-up environment
rs.close();
} catch(SQLException se) {
// Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
} catch(Exception e) {
// Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
// finally block used to close resources
try {
if(stmt!=null) stmt.close();
} catch(SQLException se2) {
} // nothing we can do
try {
if(conn!=null) conn.close();
} catch(SQLException se) {
se.printStackTrace();
} // end finally try
} // end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}
}

Save the above program into H2jdbcReadDemo.java. Compile and execute the
above program by executing the following commands in the command prompt.

\>javac H2jdbcReadDemo.java
\>java H2jdbcReadDemo

The above command produces the following output.

Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
ID: 100, Age: 18, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 101, Age: 25, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Goodbye!

Update Records

In this example, we will write a program to update records. Let us try to read all
records from the table Registration.

Following is an example program named H2jdbcUpdateDemo.

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class H2jdbcUpdateDemo {

// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "org.h2.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:h2:~/test";

// Database credentials
static final String USER = "sa";
static final String PASS = "";

public static void main(String[] args) {

Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
try {
// STEP 1: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName(JDBC_DRIVER);

// STEP 2: Open a connection

System.out.println("Connecting to a database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL,USER,PASS);
 // STEP 3: Execute a query
System.out.println("Connected database successfully...");
stmt = conn.createStatement();
String sql = "UPDATE Registration " + "SET age = 30 WHERE id in
(100, 101)";
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);

// Now you can extract all the records

// to see the updated records
sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Registration";
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

while(rs.next()){
// Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");

// Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
rs.close();
} catch(SQLException se) {
// Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
} catch(Exception e) {
// Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
// finally block used to close resources
try {
if(stmt!=null) stmt.close();
} catch(SQLException se2) {
 } // nothing we can do
try {
if(conn!=null) conn.close();
} catch(SQLException se) {
se.printStackTrace();
} // end finally try
} // end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}
}

Save the above program into H2jdbcUpdateDemo.java. Compile and execute the
above program by executing the following commands in the command prompt.

\>javac H2jdbcUpdateDemo.java
\>java H2jdbcUpdateDemo

The above command produces the following output.

Connecting to a selected database...

Connected database successfully...
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 101, Age: 30, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Goodbye!

Delete Records

In this example, we will write a program to delete records. Let us try to read all
records from the table Registration.

Following is an example program named H2jdbcDeleteDemo.

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class H2jdbcDeleteDemo {

// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "org.h2.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:h2:~/test";

// Database credentials
static final String USER = "sa";
static final String PASS = "";

public static void main(String[] args) {

Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
try {
// STEP 1: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName(JDBC_DRIVER);

// STEP 2: Open a connection

System.out.println("Connecting to database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL,USER,PASS);

// STEP 3: Execute a query

System.out.println("Creating table in given database...");
stmt = conn.createStatement();
String sql = "DELETE FROM Registration " + "WHERE id = 101";
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);

// Now you can extract all the records

// to see the remaining records
sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Registration";
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

while(rs.next()){
// Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");

// Display values
 System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
rs.close();
} catch(SQLException se) {
// Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
} catch(Exception e) {
// Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
// finally block used to close resources
try {
if(stmt!=null) stmt.close();
} catch(SQLException se2) {
} // nothing we can do
try {
if(conn!=null) conn.close();
} catch(SQLException se) {
se.printStackTrace();
} // end finally try
} // end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}
}

Save the above program into H2jdbcDeleteDemo.java. Compile and execute the
above program by executing the following commands in the command prompt.

\>javac H2jdbcDeleteDemo.java
\>java H2jdbcDeleteDemo

The above command produces the following output.

Connecting to a selected database...

Connected database successfully...
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Goodbye!