Why chemistry?

Atoms Molecule

2 Cellular level
1 Chemical level
Introduction to Chemistry
Chemical reactions and ionic bonding Cardiovascular
syste m
3 Tissue level
Heart
Blood
vessels Blood vessel (organ)

9/16/09 Smooth muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Epithelial
tissue

4 Organ level

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Overview Chemistry: basic concepts

• Chemistry • Chemistry: the science that studies the structure

– Basic concepts (matter and energy) and nature of matter
– Bohr model of the atom
• Matter: anything that occupies space
– Solid
• Chemical reactions and ionic bonding
– Liquid
– Octet rule and valence electron shell
– Gaseous
– Ionic bonding

Chemistry: basic concepts Composition of Matter

• Energy: the ability to do work • Atoms: unique particles that can not be
broken down into simpler substances by
– Kinetic - Potential
ordinary chemical means
• Elements: a group of identical atoms

Oxygen
copper
No energy = dead gold

silver Helium water

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 Periodic Table Common elements in your body
• Oxygen (O)
• Carbon (C)
• Hydrogen (H)
• Nitrogen (N)

Appendix E

The Bohr model of the atom The Bohr model of the atom

3 subatomic particles Atomic mass = number of protons + number of neutrons

Nucleus Nucleus
2 protons (p+)
2 neutrons (n0) Electron Electron
2 electrons (e–) cloud cloud

Helium (He)
(a) Planetary model (b) Orbital model
(2p+; 2n0; 2e–)

1.Proton 2. Neutron 3. Electron What is the atomic mass of helium?

(+) (0) (-) 2 protons + 2 neutrons = 4 amu
Fig 2.1 Fig 2.1

Periodic Table Isotopes

of Hydrogen
Atomic number Proton
(number of protons) Neutron
Electron

Atomic
symbol
Hydrogen (1H) Deuterium (2H) Tritium (3H)
Atomic mass (1p+; 0n0; 1e–) (1p+; 1n0; 1e–) (1p+; 2n0; 1e–)
(# of protons +
# of neutrons) Same number of protons,
# of neutrons = atomic mass – number of protons different number of neutrons
# of electrons = # of protons
Fig 2.3

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 Isotopes The Bohr model of the atom:
electrons

PET scan Atoms must form chemical bonds.

Bonding is determined by the electrons.

The Bohr model of the atom: The Bohr model of the atom:
electron shells electron shells
1st electron shell or energy level 1st and 2nd electron shell
1st, 2nd and 3rd electron shells Octet Rule
8e 8e 1st level = 2 electrons
2e 2e
8e
2nd level = 8 electrons
2e
3rd level = 8 electrons

Helium (He) Neon (Ne)

(2p+; 2n0; 2e–) (10p+; 10n0; 10e–) Argon (Ar)
(18p+; 18n0; 18e–)

Fig 2.5a

Review the Bohr model: Review the Bohr model:

Let’s draw a carbon (C) atom Let’s draw a carbon (C) atom

1. Find C on the periodic table 2. Number of protons?

3. Number of neutrons? (atomic mass = # of protons + #
of neutrons)
Draw protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
4. Number of electrons? (= number of protons)
5. Fill the electron shells using the octet rule.

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 Summary of chemistry Overview
• All living things consist of matter which • Chemistry
consist of atoms and have energy. – Basic concepts (matter and energy)
• The atom consists of protons, neutrons – Bohr model of the atom
and electrons.
• Electrons reside in electron shells. • Chemical reactions and ionic bonding
– Octet rule and valence electron shell
– Ionic bonding

Chemical reactions:
Chemical reactions
why do they occur?

Octet rule: atoms want 8 electrons in their

outer shell (except shell 1 wants 2 e’s).

atom

Valence (outer) electrons

Chemical reactions:
valence electron shell Noble Gases: the ideal
Stable (unreactive) vs. Unstable (reactive)
Filled outer shell
Outermost shell complete incomplete Stable, not reactive
4e
“Happy”
8e
2e 2e
1e 2e All atoms want to be like a noble gas

1e
1st level = 2 electrons 6e
2e
8e
2e
2nd level = 8 electrons
3rd level = 8 electrons

Fig 2.5

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 3 ways to become “noble”:
Ionic bonds
types of chemical bonds
• The complete transfer of one or more
electrons from one atom to another
• Ionic bond
• Covalent bond
• Hydrogen bond

“electron glue” Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl)

(11p+; 12n0; 11e–) (17p+; 18n0; 17e–)

Fig 2.6a

Ionic bonds Ionic bonds

• The complete transfer of one or more
Ionic compounds: several cations and
electrons from one atom to another
anions held together by ionic bonds

Cation (+) Anion (-)

CI–
11p+; 10 e– 17p+; 18 e–
Na+
Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl–)

Sodium chloride (NaCl) salt (NaCl) crystals

Fig 2.6b Fig 2.6c

Summary of chemical reactions

Chemical and Structural Formulas
and ionic bonding
• Chemical Formula: NaCl H 2O
• Chemical reactions are a force of
O
attraction between atoms to complete
• Structural Formula: Na Cl outer electron shells.
H H
• Ionic bonds involves a complete transfer of
electrons which creates an electrical
attraction between anions and cations.

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 Next time

Two more types of chemical bonding:

covalent and hydrogen bonding.