Experiment No: EE101-

FAMILIARIZATION WITH ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT

Name of Instructor:

Group Members:

Name:
Group No:
Performed on:
Submitted on:
In order to get familiarized with the laboratory equipments and get an idea of them this practical was
done. The laboratories, in which we are going to work, are introduced and main equipments and
instruments available in the laboratory are introduced.

Following labs were introduced:

o Electrical Measurements Laboratory
o Power Systems Laboratory
o Electrical Machines Laboratory
o High Voltage Laboratory

Following apparatuses were inducted:

o AC supply, DC supply, Variac, Rheostat, Moving coil voltmeter, Moving coil rectifier
voltmeter, Moving Iron voltmeter, Two way switches
o Rheostats, Resistor Box, Inductor, Inductor Box, Capacitor, Capacitor Box, Variac, Energy
meter, Insulator String
o DC motor and started, Variable Rheostat 1040 W / 1A, Synchoronus Generator, AC power
supply, DC power supply, 230/400V single phase transformer, Auto transformer, AC
voltmeters (0-300V) & (0-150V), Bulb loads
o High voltage AC equipment, Sphere gap, bare wire, earthing rod

Power Systems Laboratory

Aim: Identify the equipments in the laboratory and have hands on them.
Instruments inducted:
Rheostat, Resistor box, Inductor, Inductor box, Capacitor, Capacitor box, Variac
and Insulator string
Theory:
Resistor R [Unit: ohm (W)]
The relationship is v = R i,

Inductor L [Unit: henry (H)]

The relationship is

is the permeability, N the number of turns, l the length and A cross

sectionof core. Energy stored in an inductor = ½ L i2

Capacitor C [Unit: farad (F)]

 The relationship is

for a parallel plate capacitor; where is the permittivity, d the spacing

and A the cross section

Energy stored in an capacitor = ½ C v2
No energy is dissipated in a pure capacitor. However practical capacitors also have
some power loss.

There are two types of capacitor:

AC and DC type.
DC type is polarized type capacitor where one side of the capacitor is polarized.

Variac.
To obtain vairable voltage ie. to get different voltages from a constant given voltages we
use variac.

Insductor Box, Resistor box and Capacitor Box are used to obtain different values of
induction, resistance and capacitance.
Procedure: Above instruments are introduced, and brief descriptions were given. The nameplates of
the instruments were noticed.

Observations:
 Electrical Machines Laboratory

Aim: Identify the equipments in the laboratory and have hands on them.
Instruments inducted:
DC motor & starter, Variable rheostat 1040 , AC motor, synchronous generator, AC
power supply, DC power supply, 230/400V single phase transformer and Auto
transformer

Theory: Electrical Machines

DC Motor

DC motor field & armature wordings are connected to the DC power supply. In some
small DC motors permanent Magnets are used to create stator magnetic field. slip rings /
split rings are used to commutate the current flow to maintain the same sense of rotation.
In DC motors the windings are supplied current differently according to the need.

AC motor
The three-phase motor is the most commonly used motor. The operation is based on the fact
that the application of 3-phase voltage to 3 phase windings creates a rotating magnetic field.
However the single phase motors also available. There are two types of AC motors, they are
squirrel cage machines & wound rotor machines. In squirrel cage machines, a number of
conducting bars running parallel to the axis of the motor and two conducting rings on ends is
used as the rotor. The stator contains a pattern of copper coils arranged in winding. As
alternating current is passed through the windings, a moving magnetic field is formed near
the stator and the rotor. The absence of sliding parts in squirrel cage machines reduces the
maintenance constraints and increases the durability. They are widely used in industrial
applications like electric pumps, mills, fans and lathe machines. The wound rotor motor has
winding on the rotor, instead of the conduction cage. These windings are connected to
external resistance control circuit, via slip rings on the rotor shaft. By varying the resistance,
the behaviour of the motor can be adjusted
 The difference between a motor and a generator is basically very narrow. Only difference is their
tasks. Motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy while generator does the re-
verse. It is therefore generally a motor can be easily conveted into a generator probably without
any modifications
Procedure: Above instruments are introduced, and brief descriptions were given. The nameplates of the
instruments were noticed.
Observations:
 High Voltage Laboratory

Aim: Identify the equipments in the laboratory and have hands on them.
Instruments inducted:
High Voltage AC equipment, Sphere Gap, Line Wire, Earthing Rod
Theory: Advantage of the High Voltage Transmission. While transmitting electricity through a wire the
power loss in the way of heat is calculate as I R where I ~ Current and R - Resistance Therefore
if we reduce current, we can minimize the energy loss as heat, That's why we increase voltage
to minimize the current.

Generating high voltages can be used for testing high voltage equipments and high voltage
equipments and high voltage inductors that we use in general. High voltage generated under
lab conditions cannot be used to transurit power. The high volttage is generated from the power
supply to the lab. According to the equation P = VI, when the voltage increases the current will
decrease. So high voltage generated in the lab has only very low current, so that amount of
power is not useful to transmission purpose.Here we use an impulse generator to induce a
highvoltage
Corona: As the voltage supply was being gradually increase in Fig
1. 1 we can see a bluish light beam and hear hissing noise be-
cause of the ionized air near the conductor. This phenomenon
called as Corona

Flash Over: At a point of a voltage there was a sudden spark with

high noise. This is called "Flash over"
Procedure:
Befor entering the high voltage lab the safety measurs were noticed. We had to unplug the main
supply, carry an earthed rod. And everything is earthed. Earthed pole maintains our potential as
zero and with that we can remove the static electricity in the instruments parts.Impulse genera-
tor, corona discharge net, transformer and DC high volt generator were observed.
Observations:

Observed safety measures:

Warnings such as “High Voltage lab”, “Danger” observed. High Voltage area is separated from
control area and is protected with wired nets. Before entering the lab we had to remove the plug
and it ensured the maximum safety. Earthed rod ( which is used to remove static electricity) and
availability of properly earthed wire to every instrument increase the safety.
Aim: Identify the equipments in the laboratory and have hands on them.
Instruments inducted:
AC supply, DC supply, Variac, Rheostat, Moving coil voltmeter, Moving coil rectified
voltmeter, Moving iron voltmeter, CRO
Theory:
Moving coil voltmeter is measuring average current and therefore only suitable for DC. Since in
the case of AC upper cycle will be cancelled by the lower cycle. Moving iron voltmeter is used to
measure AC, however it is capable of measuring both. It measures the rms(root mean squared)
values. Moving coil rectified voltmeter measures the both. In the case of AC, firstly, it rectifies it
then measures the average. The scale is calibrated by multiplying the value with 1.1 (rms =
1.1*av) which gives the rms.

Procedure: The circuit as shown in the figure was constructed. Firstly measurments of all voltmeters were
taken with only AC supply, followed by DC supply and lastly with AC + DC supply. Wave forms also
observed with help of a CRO. AC supply is provided with a variac and DC supply with DC
convertor.

Circuit diagram:

Observations:
Moving Moving Moving Coil
Coil iron rectified
Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter
reading(v) reading(v) reading(v)
AC 0 30 30

DC 19 20 19

AC+DC 19 36 36