CLASS: XI

CHEMISTRY

Numericals

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CHAPTER # 1
INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
AVOGADRO’s NUMBER
1. Calculate the number of molecules in 90gm of H2O.
2. Calculate the number of molecules in 9gms of H2O.
3. How many molecules are present in 25 gms of CaCO3?
4. Calculate the number of atoms in 9.2gm of Na.
5. Calculate the number of atoms in 1gm of Silver.
6. Calculate the number of atoms in 12 gms of Mg.
7. How many atoms of hydrogen are there in 2.57 x 10-6 gram of hydrogen?
8. 4. 2gm diamond is studded in a ring. Diamond is a pure carbon. How many atoms of carbon
are present in the ring?
9. Calculate the mass in grams in 1000 molecules of H2O.
10. Calculate the mass in grams of 1 atom of Gold (Au=197 a.m.u).
11. Calculate the mass in grams of 1 molecule of oxygen
12. How many atoms are there in 3.2gm of Na?
13. How many molecules are there in 2.4gm of O2?

MOLES
1. Calculate the number of moles in 80gm of CH4.
2. Calculate the number of moles in 100gm of Na.
3. Calculate the number of moles in 2400gm of CO2.
4. Calculate the number of moles in 55gm of O2.
5. Calculate the mass in grams in 3 moles of Glucose.
6. What is the mass of each of the following:
* 1.25 mole of NaCl
* 2.42 mole of NaNO3
* 1.5 mole of HCl
* 3.0 mole of NaOH
7. Calculate the moles of the following in 500gm of NH3, HCl, Na2CO3, H2SO4, MgBr2, CaCO3, Xe
and C.
8. How many moles of Na are present in 5gm of Na?
9. Calculate the number of moles in 2400gm of:
*CO2 *Oxygen *CaCO3 Br2.
𝒎
MOLAR VOLUME ( 𝑽 = 𝑽𝒏 )
𝑴

1. 80gm of CH4 collects at S.T.P. Calculate volume occupied.

2. Calculate the volume occupied by 10gm of H2 collects at S.T.P.
3. 10 dm3 of CO2 collects over water at S.T.P. Calculate its mass in gram.
4. 500cm3 cylinder contains Cl2 gas at S.T.P. Calculate its mass in grams.
5. Find the mass and number of molecules in 18000cm3 of H2S gas at S.T.P.
6. Calculate no. of moles, molecules & volume in dm3 of 0.32 gm of
(i) CH2 (ii) SO2 gases at STP

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EMPIRICAL FORMULA
1. Calculate the E.F of the compound which contains 90% C and 10% H.

2. An organic compound contains 38.73% C , 9.72% H and 51.55% O. Calculate its E.F.

3. An organic compound contains 51.80% C , 13.12% H and 35.08% O. Calculate its E.F.

4. Calculate E.F which contain 66.70% C, 7.41% H and 25.90% N.

5. An organic compound contains 24.24% C , 4% H and 71.71% Cl. Calculate its E.F.

6. A given compound contains 75.2% carbon, 10.75% hydrogen and 14.05%

oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.

(Atomic weight: C = 12, O = 16, H = 1)

7. An organic compound contains 40.68%C, 8.47%H, 23.73%N and 27.12%O. Find its
empirical formula.

8. An organic compound composed of C, H and N. 0.419 gm of compound on combustion gave

0.88gm CO2 and 0.27gm H2O. Find out its empirical formula.

9. A given compound contains C = 60%, H = 13.0% and O = 27%. Calculate its Empirical
Formula

10. A compound contains 19.8%C, 2.5%H, 66.1%O and 11.6%N. Find out empirical formula of
the compound.

11. 0.2398gm of an organic compound on complete combustion produces 0.3506gm of CO2 and
0.1446gm of H2O. Calculate its E.F.

12. 2.76gm of an inorganic compound contains 1.56gm of Potassium , 0.24gm of Carbon and
0.96gm of Oxygen. Determine its E.F.

13. Caproic acid contains Carbon , Hydrogen and Oxygen. On combustion analysis of 0.450gm
sample of Caproic Acid gives 0.418gm of H2O and 1.023gm of CO2. What is the E.F of the
acid.

14. Caffeine is most widely used as a legal psychoactive drug. In an industrial analytical centre,
a sample of 30g caffeine was analyzed and found to contain 14.844g Carbon, 1.557g
Hydrogen, 8.665g of Nitrogen and the rest is Oxygen. What is its empirical formula?

15. 1.06gm of an organic compound on combustion gave 1.49 gm of CO2 and 0.763gm H2O. It
also has 23.73% N. Find its empirical formula.

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16. Find the empirical formulae of the following compounds from their percentage composition
by mass:
* N = 26.17% H = 7.48% Cl = 66.35%

* Ca = 71.43% O = 28.57%

MOLECULAR FORMULA
1. E.F of an organic compound is CH2O, if its molecular mass is 60. Calculate its M.F.

2. E.F of an organic compound is C3H4O, if its molecular mass is twice of its empirical formula
mass. Calculate its M.F.

3. E.F of an organic compound is CH, if its molecular mass is 78. Calculate its M.F.

4. The molecular mass of a compound is 180 & its empirical formula is CH2O.
Find molecular formula.

5. 1.0 gm of the sample of Hydrogen is burnt in the excess of Oxygen to yield 3.03gm of CO2
and 1.55gm of H2O. if the molecular mass of the compound is 58 a.m.u, find its E.F and M.F.

6. 1.367gm of an organic compound containing C , H and O was combusted in air yield

3.002gm of CO2 and 1.640gm of H2O. What is its M.F if its molecular mass is 120.

7. Acetic acid contains C , H and O. If 4.24gm of sample of acetic acid on complete combustion
gives 6.21gm of CO2 and 2.54gm of H2O. The molecular mass of acetic acid is 60. Find its E.F
and M.F.

8. Combustion of 6.38mg of Ethylene glycol gives 9.06mg of CO2 and 5.58mg of H2O. Its
molecular mass is 62. Calculate its E.F and M.F.

9. Ethylene Glycol is used as automobile antifreeze, contains only Carbon , Hydrogen and
Oxygen. combustion analysis of a 23.46 gm of sample yields 20.42gm of H2O and 33.27gm of
CO2. What is the molecular formula of the compound if it has a molecular mass of 62.0 a.m.u.

10. Adipic acid is used in the manufacture of Nylon. The acid contains 49.3%C, 6.9%H and
43.6%O by mass. The molecular mass of the acid is 146 a.m.u. Find the molecular formula of
the Adipic Acid.

11. Caproic acid contains Carbon , Hydrogen and Oxygen. On combustion analysis of 0.450gm
sample of Caproic Acid gives 0.418gm of H2O and 1.023gm of CO2. What is the molecular
formula if its molecular mass is 116 a.m.u.

12. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) contains 40.92%C, 4.58%H and 54.50%O by mass. The molecular
mass of the acid is 176 a.m.u. Find the molecular formula of the Ascorbic Acid.

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13. An organic compound containing C = 65.45%, H = 5.45% and O = 29.09%. If molecular
weight of compound is 110, calculate molecular formula.

14. An organic compound contains 12.8%C, 2.1% and 85.1% Br. If the mass of the compound is
188, find the molecular formula.

15. An organic compound contains 66.70%C, 7.41% H and 25.90% N2. The molecular mass of
the compound is 108. Find out its molecular formula.

16. An organic compound contains 32%C, 6.67%H, 18.66%N and 42.67%O. Its molecular mass
is 75 a.m.u. Find out the molecular formula of the compound.

17. A compound was found to contain 40%C and 6.7%H. Its molecular mass was 60. Find out its
molecular formula.

18. An organic compound contains 75.2%C, 10.15%H and oxygen. Its molecular mass is 115.
Find its molecular formula.

19. A hydrocarbon has 20% H, 80% find Emp. & Mol formula if the molecular mass is 30.

20. The analysis of a compound shows, C = 24.24%, H = 4.04% and Cl = 71.71%. If the molecular
mass of the compound is 49.5, find its molecular formula.

21. An organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen has 26.7%C, 2.2%H by
weight. Find the Molecular formula of the compound, if molecular mass of the compound is
90 a.m.u.

22. What is the molecular formula of a compound that contain 80% C , 20% H? Its molecular
mass is 30.

23. An organic compound producing air pollution contain 8.73% carbon, 77.45% Cl and 13.2%
F. find the molecular formula of the compound if its molecular mass is 137.5.

24. An organic compound contain 33.35% of C and 3.705% of H and 12.09% of N

The molecular mass of compound is 108. Determine empirical & molecular formula.

25. Caffeine is most widely used legal psychoactive drug. The elemental composition of caffeine
is C=49.48%, H=5.19% , N=28.85% and the rest is oxygen. If the molecular mass of caffeine
is 194a.m.u. Find its molecular formula

26. An organic compound contains26.7% Carbon, 2.2% Hydrogen and 71.1% Oxygen. 0.45gm of
this compound in gaseous state at STP occupies a volume of 112cm 3. Find out its molecular
formula.

27. The empirical formula of a compound is CO2H. If 1.8gm of this compound in gaseous state
occupies 448cm3 at STP. Find its molecular formula.

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STOCHIOMETRY
Mass-Mass Relationship

1. Calculate the mass of CO2 obtained by the complete combustion of 25gm of CaCO3.
CaCO3 CaO + CO2

2. Calculate the mass of KCl obtained by the decomposition of 100gm of KClO3.

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

3. Find the weight of oxygen obtained from 49gm of KClO3.

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

4. 73.5 gm of KClO3 is decomposed on heating as follows:

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
Find the mass of KCl produced?

5. Find the mass of KClO3 required to prepare 3.2gm of O2

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
6. How many grams of CO2 is obtained by burning 50gm of C4H10.
2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O

7. Calculate the mass of CaCO3 obtained by 100 gm of CaO.

CaO + CO2 CaCO3

8. Calculate the mass of CaCO3 obtained by 100 gm of CO2.

CaO + CO2 CaCO3

9. Calculate the mass of O2 obtained by the decomposition of 100gm of KClO3.

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

10. How many grams of H2 required to completely react with 56gm of N2

N2 + 3H2 2NH3

11. What weight of NH3 will be required to produce 100 gm of NO?

4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O

12. Calculate the weight of carbon, required to produce 88gm of CO2.

C + O2 CO2

13. Calculate the mass of H2SO4 required to convert 16.35gm of Zn into ZnSO4.
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2

14. Chlorine is produced on large scale by electrolysis of NaCl. Calculate the mass of NaCl
required to produce 142gm of Cl2.
2NaCl + 2H2O Cl2 + H2 + 2NaOH

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15. Calculate the mass of HCN obtained when 51gm of NH3 reacts according to the given
equation.
2NH3 + 3O2 + 2CH4 2HCN + 6H2O

16. 0.264gm of Mg was burnt in pure O2. How much MgO will be formed?
2Mg + O2 2MgO

17. The fermentation of glucose C6H12O6 produces Ethyl Alcohol and CO2
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
How many grams of glucose is needed to produce 60gm of C2H5OH?

Mass-Volume Relationship
1. Calculate the volume of Oxygen at S.T.P required to completely burn 100gm of CH4.
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

2. Calculate the volume of CO2 gas at S.T.P obtained by the combustion of 20gm of CH4.
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

3. Find the volume of NH3 at S.T.P produced by the complete reaction of 56gm of N2.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
4. 100gm of KNO3 is heated to redness. What volume of Oxygen is produced at S.T .P.
2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2

5. HCN is obtained when 51gm of NH3 reacts according to the given equation .Calculate the
volume of O2
2NH3 + 3O2 + 2CH4 2HCN + 6H2O

6. HCN is obtained when 51gm of NH3 reacts according to the given equation. Calculate the
volume of CH4
2NH3 + 3O2 + 2CH4 2HCN + 6H2O

7. Determine the volume of O2 at S.T.P required to burn 50gm of C4H10.

2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O

8. Calculate the volume of NO2 produced at S.T.P when a sample of 54gm of N2O5 is heated.
2N2O5 4NO2 + O2

9. Calculate the volume of O2 produced at S.T.P when a sample of 54gm of N2O5 is heated.
2N2O5 4NO2 + O2

10. Calculate the mass of CO2 produced by complete combustion of 100dm3 of C2H2 at S.T.P.
2C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2O

11. Calculate the volume of O2 required for the reaction at S.T.P when 51gm of NH3 reacts
according to the given equation.
2NH3 + 3O2 + 2CH4 2HCN + 6H2O

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12. The fermentation of glucose C6H12O6 produces Ethyl Alcohol and CO2
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
How many grams of glucose is needed to produce 15.8dm3 of CO2 at S.T.P?

13. A 73.5 gm of KClO3 is decomposed on heating as follows:

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
Calculate the volume of O2 formed at S.T.P?

14. Calculate the volume of CH4 required for the reaction at S.T.P when 51gm of NH3 reacts
according to the given equation.
2NH3 + 3O2 + 2CH4 2HCN + 6H2O

15. What volume of H2 at S.T.P can be produced by the reaction of 6.54gm Zn with HCl?
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + 2H2

16. 54 g of solid dinitrogen pentoxide, N2O5 is decomposed on heating as:

2N2O5 4NO2 + O2

Find the volumes of NO2 at S.T.P.

17. The fermentation of glucose C6H12O6 produces Ethyl Alcohol and CO2
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

What volume of CO2 is occupied if 60gm of C2H5OH is produced at S.T.P?

18. Calculate the volume of oxygen gas at S.T.P required to burn 30gm of CH4
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O

19. 51.3gm of KClO3 is decomposed on heating as follows:

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
Calculate the volume of O2 formed at S.T.P?

Volume-Volume Relationship

1. Calculate the volume of CO2 obtained at S.T.P by complete combustion of 100 dm3 of C2H4.
C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O

2. What volume of O2 at S.T.P required to burn 500 dm3 of C2H4.

C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O

3. Calculate the volume of NH3 required to produce 100 dm3 of NO at S.T.P.

4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O

4. Calculate the volume of NH3 produced from 11.2dm3 N2 at S.T.P.

N2 + 3H2 2NH3

5. What volume of O2 at STP is required to burn 500litres of C2H4.

C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O

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6. What volume of CO2 at STP will be produced by burning 500litres of C2H4.
C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O

7. Calculate the volume of O2 at STP required to burn 900dm3 of H2S.

2H2S + 3O2 2H2O + 2SO2

8. Calculate the volume of SO2 is produced at STP by burning 900dm3 of H2S.

2H2S + 3O2 2H2O + 2SO2

9. What volume of O2 at STP is required to burn 100litres of CO?

2CO + O2 2CO2

10. What volume of CO2 is produced at STP when 100litres of CO is burned open in the air?

2CO + O2 2CO2

11. What volume of oxygen gas at standard conditions is required to produce 5000litres of SO2
S + O2 SO2

LIMITING REACTANT
1. In a given reaction 76.2gm of Fe reacts with 86.7gm of S. Which of the two is a limiting
reactant? Calculate the mass of FeS obtained.
Fe + S FeS
2. If 100gm of each NH4Cl and Ca(OH)2 heated together, how many grams of NH3 are
produced.
2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 2NH3 + CaCl2 + 2H2O

3. How many grams of Sodium of Thiosulphate Na2S2O3 will be produced when 200 gm of
each Na2S , Na2CO3 and SO2 are react together.
2Na2S + Na2CO3 + 4SO2 3Na2S2O3 + CO2

4. 6.0gm of Carbon and 100gm of O2 react together. Calculate the amount of CO2
produced.
C + O2 CO2
5. If a mixture of 10.0gm of Al and 50.0gm of Fe2O3 are reacted together. Calculate the
amount of Fe produced.
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe

6. What is the minimum mass of Al(OH)3 that can be obtained by the reaction of 13.4g of
AlCl3 with 10g of NaOH according to the following equation;
AlCl3  3 NaOH  Al  OH  3  3 NaCl

7. For the reaction 3Mg + N2 Mg3N 2

11.5 gm of Mg & 1.5 gm of nitrogen react to gather. What is the limiting reactant?

8. Calculate the mass of SO3 produced when 20gm of each reactant is added. Find out the
limiting reactant. 2SO2 + O2 2SO3

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CHAPTER # 2
THREE STATES OF MATTER

BOYLES’ LAW
1. What volume does a 400 cm³ sample of a gas occupy at 700 torr when the pressure is
changed to 2 atm? Assume the temperature is kept constant.
2. 10 dm³ vessel contains an ideal gas whose pressure is 500 mm of Hg. If at constant
temperature the gas is transferred into 1500 cm³ vessel , what should be its pressure?
3. A 4.63 dm³ of an ideal gas at 1.23 atm is expanded at constant temperature until the
pressure become 0.0414 atm. What is the final volume of the gas.
4. A 10.9 cm³ of an ideal gas at 765 torr is expanded at constant temperature until its volume
is 38.1 cm³. What is the final pressure.
5. 2 dm³ cylinder contains an ideal gas at 1 atm pressure . this cylinder is connected with the
help of valve with another 500 cm³ empty cylinder. What would be its pressure assume that
the temperature is kept constant.
6. A 500 cm3 vessel contains H2 gas at 400 torr & another 1.0 dm3 vessel contains O2 gas at 600
torr. If there gases are transferred to 2 dm3 empty vessel. Calculate total pressure of mixture
of these gasses.
7. 3 dm³ cylinder contains H2 gas at 100 mm of Hg . another 5 dm³ cylinder contains O2 gas at
200 mm of Hg . if both these gases are transferred into another 10 dm³ cylinder than what
would be the total pressure assume that the temperature is kept constant.
8. A 100 cm³ gas cylinder is filled with chlorine gas under 160 torr pressure . this cylinder is
connected by stop cork with another cylinder of 400 cm³ filled with Nitrogen gas under
pressure of 200 torr. What would be the total pressure when the stop cork is opened?

CHARLES’ LAW
1. Volume of a balloon is 3.8 dm³ when the temperature is 35°C. What would be its volume if
the balloon is put into a refrigerator whose temperature is 5°C. assume that the pressure is
kept constant.
2. Volume of an ideal gas at 27°C is 10 dm³. if at constant pressure ,temperature is raised to
127°C . What would be its volume.
3. An ideal gas occupies a volume of 1.28 dm³ at 25 °C. If the temperature is raised to 50 °C .
What is the new volume of the gas if the pressure of the container is kept constant?
4. A sample of an ideal gas has a volume of 128 cm³ at -27°C . To what temperature must the
gas be heated at constant pressure if the final volume is to be 214 cm³.
5. At what temp. in C, does a certain volume of gas at 27C become double?

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GENERAL GAS EQUATION

1. Calculate value of R for 1 mole of gas having volume 0.0224 dm 3 at 273K & 101300 Nm-2
pressure.
2. What is volume of 2.5 moles of H2 gas at S.T.P.
3. What volume will be occupied by 0.8 moles of Oxygen gas taken at 30°C and 800 torr
pressure?
4. A 0.176 moles of a gas occupies 8.64 dm³ at a pressure of 0.432 atm. What is the
temperature of the gas in degree Celsius?
5. A 5gm of Oxygen gas at 35°C is enclosed in a container having a capacity of 6 liters.
Calculate the pressure of the Oxygen gas.
6. What will be the volume occupied by 14gm of Nitrogen gas at 20°C and 740 torr pressure?
7. A 12.5 dm³ vessel contains 4 gm of CH4 , 1.8 gm of N2 and 10 gm of O2. What is the
pressure in the vessel at 0°C?
8. A 500 cm3vesssel contain 2 gm of He & 8 gm of CH4. What is the total pressure of the
mixture of these gases at 30C?
9. What is the density of Methane gas at 127°C and 3.50 atm pressure?
10. 1.40 dm³ of a gas measured at a temperature of 27°C and a pressure of 900 torr was found
to have a mass 2.273 gm. Calculate the molecular mass of the gas
11. Certain amount of a Oxygen collects over water in 10 dm³ cylinder at 27°C whose pressure
is 780 mm of Hg. Calculate the mass of dry oxygen gas in grams when the vapor pressure at
27°C is 20 torr.
12. 380cm3 of H2 gas was collected over water at 23C & 613 torr. Find volume of dry Hydrogen
at S.T.P.? (Vapour pressure of water at 23C = 21 torr)
13. The density of a certain gas is 1.26 gm/liter at 50°C and 747 torr pressure. Calculate the
molecular mass of the gas.
14. A 13.2 gm of a gas occupy a volume of 0.918 dm3 at 25oC & 8 atm pressure. Calculate mol.
Mass of gas?
15. Volume of an ideal gas at 27°C and 5 atm is 10 dm³. What is its volume at 127°C and 50 atm.
16. A certain mass of Nitrogen gas at 20°C and 740 torr pressure occupies 12.345 dm³.Calculate
its volume at S.T.P.
17. A given mass of gas occupies 76cm3 at 16C and 760 torr pressure. Calculate volume at STP.
18. A sample of an ideal gas occupies a volume of 68.1 cm³ at 945 torr and 18°C. What volume
would it occupy at 118°C and 745 torr?
19. A quantity of gas measures 500 ml of 35C & 600mm pressure. What would be the volume
of gas at 45C & 800 mm pressure?
20. Volume occupied by an ideal gas at 5 atm and 27° C is 500 cm³. What would be the volume
when the pressure is doubled and the temperature is decreased to 0°C.
21. 1.40dm3 volume of a gas collected at a temperature of 270C and 900torr, was found to have a
mass of 2.273g. Calculate the molecular mass of the gas.
(Molecular Mass = 33.77 amu)

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22. Potassium chlorate is often used to generate Oxygen gas in high school laboratory. If 183.7g
of KClO3 is completely burnt catalytically, what volume of Oxygen gas will be obtained at
390C and 1200 torr pressure?
2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2
23. 60 cm3 of Hydrogen gas were collected over water at 150C and 767 torr pressure. What
volume will the dry gas occupy at S.T.P? (aqueous tention at 150C is 15.7 torr.)

DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE

1. A mixture of gases at 760 torr contains 2 moles of Nitrogen and 4 moles of Carbon dioxide.
What is the partial pressure of each gas in the mixture?
2. A gaseous mixture contains 0.5 moles of Oxygen and 1 mole of Methane at 100 atm . Calculate
the partial pressure of each gas in the mixture?
3. A mixture of 0.2 mole of a gas “A” & 1.1 gm of another gas “B”(mol. Mass =44) exerts a pressure
of 750 torr. Calculate partial pressure of two gases.
4. A gaseous mixture contains 16 gm of Oxygen and 16 gm of Methane at 100 atm. Calculate
the partial pressure of each gas in the mixture.
5. A gaseous mixture contains 0.5 moles of Carbon dioxide and 1.5 moles of Sulphur dioxide . if
the partial pressure of Carbon dioxide is 0.5 atm than calculate the partial pressure of
Sulphur dioxide.
6. A gaseous mixture contain 0.2mole of O2 and 0.3mole of CO2 . if the partial pressure of oxygen
is 60 torr then find out the partial pressure of CO2.
(Ans: PCARBONDIOXIDE = 90torr)
7. A gaseous mixture of H2 and O2 at 600C has a total pressure of 2.5atmospheres. it contains
75 mole percent of Hydrogen. Calculate the partial pressures of both gases.
GRAHAM’S LAW OF DIFFUSION
1. Calculate the molecular mass of a gas whose rate of diffusion is twice the rate of diffusion of
CH4?
2. 200cm3 of gas “A” diffuse in same time as 300cm3 of gas “B”. If molecular mass of “B” is 32.
Calculate molecular mass of “A”.
3. CH4 takes 36 minutes to effuse from container. How long will He gas take to effuse from some
container?
4. He takes 5 s to effuse from a hole of 10 dm3 containers. How long would take for oxygen? To
effuse from the same container at the same temperature and pressure?
5. Calculate molecular mass of a gas whose rate diffusion is twice of that of CH4.
6. A 400 cm3 of He gas effuse from a porous container in 20 sec. How long will SO2 gas takes to
effuse from same container?
7. Compare the rates of diffusion of the following pair of gases:
 H2 and D2
 O2 and SO2
 H2 and O2
 CH4 and He
 He and SO2

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8. A chemist (using diffusion apparatus) was working on a gas of unknown identity, using
diffusion apparatus. He noted that the rate of diffusion of unknown gas was 70.3 cm3/s
whereas CO2 is 60 cm3/s under similar conditions. What is the molecular mass and identity
of unknown gas?
9. At a certain temperature and pressure, NH3 diffuses 1.48 times more than HCl. If the density of
NH3 is 0.66g/dm3 then find the density of HCl.
(Density = 1.44gm/dm3) [2010]
10. Calculate the relative rate of diffusion of O2 and SO2 gases at constant temperature and
pressure.
(Ans: 1.44) [2010
Failure]

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CHAPTER # 3
ATOMIC STRUCTURE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
1. Write the electronic configuration of the following:

Cu(Z = 29) Mg+2 (Z = 12) Cl–1 (Z = 17) Na(Z=11)

B(Z=5) 13 Al 3 29 Cu 17 Cl 1

23
11 Na  32
16 S 19
9 F 31
15 P

19 K 8 O 2 Z = 19 Z = 21 Z=6
39
19 K Cr (Z = 24) Li+3 (Z = 3)
F (Z = 9) 7
3 Li  56
26 Fe

2. Find out the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in eachof the following:
23
11 Na  32
16 S 19
9 F 31
15 P

39
19 K 7
3 Li  56
26 Fe

3. Arrange the orbitals in order of ascending energy according to (n + l) Rule:

 3d, 4s, 4p, 4d, 5s, 6s, 5p
 3d 4s 4p 5s 5p.
 4d,7s, 4f.
 4p, 4s, 3d, 5s, 5p.
 3d, 4s, 4p, 4d, 5s, 6s, 5p.
4. What rules and principles are violated in the following electronic configurations?
 Is2 2s3
 Is2 2p2
 Is2 2s2 p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s3
 1s 2 2s1 2p5 1s2 ss3 2p6
 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py1
 1s1, 2s1, 2Px1, 2Py2, 2Pzo.
 1s2, 2s2, 2px2, 2py1, 2pzo.
 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3px2, 3pyo, 3pzo

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BOHR’s ATOMIC MODEL

1. Bohr’s radius is 0.529Å. Find the radius of the 3rd orbit Hydrogen atom.
2. Bohr’s radius is 0.529 Ao. Find radius of 2nd orbit of Hydrogen atom.
3. Calculate the wave number of the line in Lyman series when an electron jumps from 3rd
orbit to the 1st orbit (R11 = 109678cm–1)
4. Calculate the wave number of spectral lines of hydrogen gas when the electron jumps from
n = 4 to n = 2. (RH = 109, 678 cm-1).
5. Calculate the following.
 Angular momentum of electron in first energy level of hydrogen atom.
 Wave number of radiation emitted in Lyman series of hydrogen atom when electron
jumps 2nd to 1st orbit.
 The radius of third orbit of hydrogen atom using Bohr’s radius ao=0.529 Ao

6. Calculate the wave number of en electron, when it jumps from an orbit n=5 to an orbit n=1,
RH =109678cm-I

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CHAPTER # 5
ENERGETICS OF A CHEMICAL REACTION

HEAT OF FORMATION
1. Calculate the heat of formation of Acetic Acid from the following data:
i. 2C + 2H2+ O2 
 CH3COOH ΔHf = ?
ii. C + O2 
 CO2 ΔH = -394KJ/mole
iii. H2 + ½O2 
 H2O ΔH = -286 KJ/mole
iv. CH3COOH + 2O2 
 2CO2 + 2H2O ΔH = -870.8 KJ/mole

2. Calculate Hf :
i. 6 C + 3H2  C6H6 Hf = ?
ii. C + O2   CO2 H = -394 Kj.
iii. H2 + ½ O2   H2O H = -286 Kj.
iv. C6H6 + 15/2 O2 
 6CO2 + 3 H2O H = -3267 Kj.

3. Calculate the heat of formation of Methane from the following data:

i. C + 2H2 
 CH4 ΔHf = ?
ii. C + O2 
 CO2 ΔH = -394KJ/mole
iii. H2 + ½O2 
 H2O ΔH = -286 KJ/mole
v. CH4 + 2O2 
 CO2 + 2H2O ΔH = -890.3KJ/mole

4. Calculate Hf in C2H2:-

2C + H2   C2H2 Hf =?
i- C + O2   CO2 Hf = -394 Kj/mole
ii- H2 + ½ O2   H2O H = -286 Kj/mole
iii- C2H2 + 2 ½ O2   2CO2 + H2O H = -1200 Kj/mole

5. Calculate the heat of formation of Ethyl Alcohol from the following data:
i. 2C + 3H2 + ½ O2 
 C2H5OH ΔHf = ?
ii. C + O2 
 CO2 ΔH = -394KJ/mole
iii. H2 + ½O2 
 H2O ΔH = -286 KJ/mole
iv. C2H5OH+ 3O2 
 2CO2 + 3H2O ΔH = -1369.4 KJ/mole

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6. Calculate the heat of formation of Ethene from the following data:
i. 2C + 2H2 
 C2H4 ΔHf = ?
ii. C + O2 
 CO2 ΔH = -97KJ/mole
iii. H2 + ½O2 
 H2O ΔH = -65 KJ/mole
iv. C2H4 + 3O2 
 2CO2 + 2H2O ΔH = 340 KJ/mole

7. Calculate the heat of information of ethane at 25oC from the following:

i. 2C+ 3H2 
 C2H6 ∆H=? KJ/mole
ii. C + O2 
 CO2 ∆H=-394 KJ/mole
iii. H2+1/2 O2 
 H2O ∆H= -286 KJ/mole
iv. C2H6 + 7/2 O2 
 2CO2+3H2O ∆H= -1560 KJ/mole

8. Calculate the heat of formation of from the following data:

i. C + 2H2 +1/2O2 
 CH3OH ΔHf = ?
ii. C + O2 
 CO2 ΔH = -94.2Kcal/mole
iii. H2 + ½O2 
 H2O ΔH = -68.32 Kcal/mol
iv. CH3OH + O2 
 CO2 + 2H2O ΔH = -347.6Kcal/mole

9. Calculate the standard heat of formation of the methyl alcohol from its elements from the
following data:
i. C +2H2 + ½ O2 
 CH3OH ∆H=?
ii. C+ O2 
 CO2 ∆H=-394KJ/Mol
iii. H2 +1/2 O2 
 H2O ∆H=-286KJ/Mol
iv. CH3OH + 3/2 O2 
 CO2 +2H2O ∆H= -726 KJ/mol

10. Calculate the heat of formation of from the following data:

i. 3C + 4H2 
 C3H8 ΔHf = ?
ii. C + O2 
 CO2 ΔH = -94.1Kcal/mole
iii. H2 + ½O2 
 H2O ΔH = -68.3 Kcal/mole
iv. C3H8 + 5O2 
 3CO2 + 4H2O ΔH = -530.7Kcal/mole

11. Calculate the heat of formation (delta H) from the given reaction.
i. 3C +4H 
 C3H8 ∆H=?
ii. C + O2 
 CO ∆H= -394 KJ/Mol
iii. H2 +1/2 O2 
 H2O ∆H = -286 KJ/mol
iv. C3H8 +5O2 
 3 CO2 + 4H2O ∆H= -2200 KJ/mol

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12. Calculate heat of formation from the following data:
i. 4NH3 + 5O2  4NO + 6H2 ∆H=?
ii. ½ N2 + 3/2 H2  NH3 ∆H=-11.0Kcal/mole
iii. H2 + ½ O2  H2O ∆H=-57.8Kcal/mole
iv. ½ N2 + ½ O2  NO ∆H=+21.6Kcal/mole

13. Calculate the heat of formation from the following data:

i. 2C + 3H2 +1/2O2 
 C2H5OH ΔHf = ?
ii. C + O2 
 CO2 ΔH = -94.2Kcal/mole
iii. H2 + ½O2   H2O ΔH = -68.5 Kcal/mole
14. Calculate the heat of formation of from the following data:
i. H2 + O2 
 H2O2 ΔHf = ?
ii. H2 + ½O2 
 H2O ΔH = -68.32Kcal
iii. H2O + ½ O2 
 H2O2 ΔH = -23.48Kcal

15. Calculate the heat of formation of from the following data:

i. NH3 + HCl 
 NH4Cl ΔHf = ?
ii. NH3 + HCl 
 NH4Cl ΔH1 = 42.100Kcal
iii. H2O + ½ O2 
 H2O2 ΔH2 = 3.900Kcal

16. Calculate the heat of formation of N2O4 from the following data.
i. 2NO2   N2O4 ∆H=?
ii. 1/2N2 +O2  N2 ∆H=33.95 KJ/Mol
iii. N2 +2O2  N2O4 ∆H=9.3Kj/Mol

17. Determine H for following:

i. 2 Na + H2O + ½ O2 
 2 NaOH H = ?
ii. Na + ¼ O2   ½ Na2O H = -50 K. Cal.
iii. Na2O + H2O   2NaOH H = -56 K. Cal.

18. Calculate H for the reaction:

3Mg  N 2  Mg3 N 2 H  ?
Given: i. 3Mg  2NH 3  Mg3 N 2  3H 2 H  371KJ
1 3
ii. N 2  H 2  NH 3 H  46 KJ
2 2

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

1. A system absorbs 2000J of heat from the surrounding and does 1200J of work on the
surrounding by expansion. Find the internal energy change (E) of the system.

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2. A system absorbs 200 J of heat from the surroundings and does 120 J of work on the
surroundings by expansion. Find the internal energy change of the system.

3. 600J of heat was given to a gas at 1.01 x 105N/m2 pressure. The internal energy was
increased by 300J; find the increase in volume.

4. 800 j of work is done on system which gives off 500 j of heat. Calculate E?

5. In a certain process 848 joule of heat is absorbed by a system while 394 joule of work is
done on system. What is change in internal energy of the process?

6. 3600 Kj heat is entered in a gas cylinder, calculate value of E:

i- If the volume is kept constant.
ii- If the volume is not constant work of -800 Kj was performed by gas.
iii- If gas is allowed to expand, value of work is +5200 Kj.
7. In a certain process 700 j of heat are absorbed by a system while 300 j of work is done on
system. What is change in internal energy?

8. In a certain process 500 j of work is done on system which gives off 200 j of heat. What is
value of E?

9. When 5400 j of heat is added to a system of gas at constant pressure 2 x 105 N/m2, its
internal energy increases by 1000 J. Calculate change in volume of system.

10. A system absorbs 200 J of heat from surroundings and does 1200 J of work on the
surroundings by expansions, find the internal energy change of system.

11. A certain amount of heat is supplied to a system its internal energy changes to 100J and
system does a work equivalent to 200J. Calculate the amount of heat supplied to the
system.

12. When 200 cal of work is done on the system it gives off 50 cal of heat. Calculate the change
in internal energy.

13. In a certain process when 2000J of heat energy is supplied to a gas cylinder and the
volume of a gas increases by 4.95X10-3 dm3 at constant pressure of 1.01 X 105 N/m2.
Calculate the work done by the system and the change in internal energy of the system.

CHAPTER # 6
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

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1. Write kc expression for the following reactions:-

 CaCO3 CaO + CO2
 N2 + 3H2 2 NH3
 BiCl3 + H2O BiOCl + 2 HCl.
 3 O2 2 O3
 2 SO2 + O2 2 SO3
 CaCO3 CaO + CO2
 PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2
 2HI H2 + I 2
 N2 + 3H2 2NH3
 CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
 CO + H2O CO2 + H2
EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT Kc
1. A quantity of PCl5 was heated in a 12 dm3 vessel at 2500C. At equilibrium the vessel contains
0.21 mole of PCl5 ,0.32 mole of PCl3 and 0.32 mole of Cl2. Compute Kc.
PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2
2. During decomposition of HI at equilibrium it was found that mixture contains 0.3 M H2 , 0.3
M I2 and 0.5 M HI is present. Calculate the value of KC.
2HI H2 + I2
3. Value of KC for the formation of NH3 is 10. If one litre cylinder contains 2 moles of N2 , 8
moles of H2 and 5 moles of NH3 . Predict the direction of reaction to achieve equilibrium.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
4. For the reaction PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2, the equilibrium mixture at definite temperature
has the partial pressure of gases PPCl5=0.36 atm , PCl2=0.82 atm and PPCL3=0.82 atm.
Calculate KP.

5. During the formation of Ammonia by given equation in one litre cylinder at 270C it is found
that at equilibrium 0.5 atm of N2 , 0.4 atm of H2 and 1 atm of NH3 are in the cylinder.
Calculate the value of KP. N2 + 3H2 2NH3
6. KC for the reaction is 0.0194 and the calculated ratio of the concentration of products to the
concentration of reactants is 0.0116. Predict the direction of reaction.

7. KC for the dissociation of HI at 350°C is 0.01. If 0.2 mole of H2 , 1.3 mole of I2 and 4 moles of
HI are present at equilibrium. Predict the direction of reaction.
2HI H2 + I2
8. KC for the dissociation of HI at 356°C is 1.3x10-2. If 0.5 mole/dm3 of H2 , 1.5 mole/dm3 of I2
and 5 mole/dm3 of HI are present at equilibrium. Predict the direction of reaction.
2HI H2 + I2
9. KC for the dissociation of HI at 448°C is 0.0194. If one litre vessel contains 0.2 mole of H2 ,
12 moles of I2 and 15 moles of HI are present at equilibrium. Predict the direction of
reaction.
2HI H2 + I2

10. Ammonia gas obtained by Haber process according to the given equation at 1000C in a
cylinder of one litre capacity at equilibrium it is found that cylinder contains 1.350 moles of
NH3 , 0.975 mole of H2 and 0.325 mole of N2 are present. Compute the value of KC.

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N2 + 3H2 2NH3
11. Certain amount of ethyl alcohol and acetic acid reacts in 1 dm3 vessel at room temperature
until equilibrium was established. At equilibrium it is found that vessel contains 30 gm of
CH3COOH , 23 gm of C2H5OH , 44 gm of CH3COOC2H5 and 9 gm of H2o. Calculate the vale of
KC .
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
12. 0.2 mole of N2 and 0.5 mole of H2 were reacted according to the given equation in 10 dm3
cylinder. At equilibrium it was found that 0.1 mole of NH3 are obtained. Calculate the value
of equilibrium constant.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
13. Oxidation of NO occurs in 10 litre cylinder. At equilibrium it is found that cylinder contains
23 gm of NO2 , 8 gm of O2 and 7.5 gm of NO. Calculate the value of KC.
2NO + O2 2NO2
14. 1 mole of HI was introduced in a vessel held at constant temperature. When equilibrium is
reached it was found that 0.1 mole of I2 have been formed. Calculate Kc.
2HI H2 + I2
15. 0.2 mole of N2 and 0.8 mole of H2 react to form ammonia in 1 dm3 cylinder . At equilibrium it
was found that 0.2 mole of NH3 are obtained. Calculate the value of equilibrium constant.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
16. 1 mole of PCl5 was introduced in a vessel of 10 dm3 capacity at constant temperature. At
equilibrium 0.465 mole of Cl2 gas was present. Calculate Kc.
PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2
17. 0.2 mole of A and 0.4 mole of B were reacted at certain temperature and allowed to attain
equilibrium. The equilibrium mixture contain 0.1 mole of AB. Calculate KC if volume of
container is 2 dm3.
A+B AB
18. 1 mole of PCl5 is heated in a container of 10 dm3. At equilibrium 0.535 moles of unused PCl5
is present. Find KC.
PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2
19. 1.5 moles of ethyl alcohol is mixed with 1.5 moles of acetic acid. When equilibrium was
attained it was found that 1 mole of ester is formed in 1 dm3 vessel. Calculate the value of Kc.
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
20. A quantity of PCl5 is heated in 6 dm vessel at 250 C till equilibrium is reached. The
3 0

equilibrium mixture contains 0.16 mole of PCl3 , 0.16 mole of Cl2 and 0.105 mole of PCl5.
Calculate Kc.
PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2
21. 1 mole of HI is introduced into a vessel held at constant temperature. When equilibrium was
reached it was found that 0.1 mole of I2 has formed. Find the value of equilibrium constant.
2HI H2 + I2
22. 1 mole of ethyl alcohol is mixed with 1 mole of acetic acid. When equilibrium was attained it
was found that 2/3 mole of each ester and water is formed. Calculate the value of Kc.
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

23. 4.6 gm of C2H5OH (ethyl alcohol) and 6.0 gm of CH3COOH (acetic acid) are kept at constant
temperature until equilibrium was established at which 2.0 gm of unused acid were
present. Calculate the value of KC. CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

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24. For the reaction N2 + 3H2 2NH3 , the equilibrium mixture contains 0.25M N2 , 0.15M
H2 at 250C. Calculate the concentration of NH3 at equilibrium when KC= 9.6 . the volume of
container is 1 dm3.

25. The value of KC for the reaction is 302. A one litre cylinder contains 0.1 mole of CO , 0.2 mole
of H2O and 0.3 mole of CO2 at 600K. Calculate the mole of H2 at equilibrium.
CO + H2O CO2 + H2
26. The value of KC for the decomposition of HI at 4580C is 2.06x10-2. At equilibrium [HI]=0.360
M and [I2] = 0.150 M. What is the equilibrium concentration of H2 at this temperature.
2HI H2 + I2
27. For the reaction H2 + I2 2HI , KC is 49. Calculate the concentration of HI at
equilibrium when initially 1 mole of H2 is mixed with one mole of I2 in one litre flask.

28. KC for the formation of NH3 according to the given equation at 1000C is 10. If the equilibrium
mixture contains 0.2 molar of N2 and 0.8 molar of H2 than calculate the equilibrium
concentration of NH3.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
29. How many moles of ester are formed at equilibrium when 3 moles of alcohol are mixed with
1 mole of alcohol. If KC =4
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
30. Calculate the number of moles of Cl2 produced at equilibrium when 1 mole of PCl5 is heated
at 2500C in a vessel having a capacity of 10 dm3 . if KC=0.041 mole/dm3
PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2
31. KC for the formation of NH3 according to the given equation is 6. If the equilibrium mixture
contains 2 molar of N2 and 8 molar of H2 than calculate the equilibrium concentration of
NH3.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
32. In an experiment one mole of HI is placed in a 5.0 litre vessel at 4580C. What is the
equilibrium moles of H2 , I2 and HI when the KC is 2.06x10-2.
2HI H2 + I2
33. 1 mole of HI is introduced in a vessel at constant temperature. Calculate the number of
moles of I2 at equilibrium . if KC=0.0156.
2HI H2 + I2
34. 2 moles of acetic acid and 3 moles of ethyl alcohol are mixed at constant temperature until
equilibrium is established. Calculate equilibrium moles of ethyl acetate if KC=4.
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

35. Kc for the reaction: CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O at room temperature
is 4, calculate the equilibrium concentration of CH3COOH2H5 when 1.66mol of CH3COOH &
2.17 mol of C2H5OH are allowed to come equilibrium

36. Equilibrium constant for reaction: N2 + O2 2 NO at 2000oC is 0.1. Calculate the

equilibrium conc. of reactants and product when initial conc. of N2 & O2 are 10 moles / dm3

SOLUBILITY PRODUCT

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1. The solubility of Mg(OH)2 at 250C is 0.00764 gm/dm3. What is the solubility product of
Mg(OH)2.
Mg(OH)2 Mg+2 + 2OH-
2. The solubility of Calcium Oxalate is 0.0016 gm/dm3 at 25oC. Find its solubility product.
CaC2O4 Ca+2 + C2O4-2
3. The solubility of AgCl at 25oC is 1.4X10-3 gm/dm3. Calculate KSP.
AgCl Ag+ + Cl-
4. Find KSP of CaCO3 when solubility of CaCO3 is 0.001 gm/dm3.
CaCO3 Ca+2 + CO3-2
5. At 25 C solubility of BaSO4 is 0.5gm/dm . Calculate its solubility product.
0 3

BaSO4 Ba+2 + SO4-2

6. The solubility product of PbI2 = 1X10-19 mole3/dm9 at 250C. Calculate its solubility.
PbI2 Pb+2 + 2I-
7. What is the solubility of PbCrO4 at 25OC. KSP for PbCrO4 = 2.8X10-13 mole2/dm6.
PbCrO4 Pb+2 + CrO4-2
8. What is the solubility of PbCrO4 at 30°C when KSP is 1.8 x 10-14 mole2/dm6
PbCrO4 Pb+2 + CrO4-2
9. The solubility product of BaSO4 is 1.0X10 mole2/dm6. Work out the solubility of salt if the
-10

molecular mass of BaSO4 = 233.

BaSO4 Ba+2 + SO4-2
10. The solubility product of AgCl is 9.6X10 mole2/dm6 at 25OC . Calculate the solubility of
-11

AgCl (atomic mass Ag=108 a.m.u , Cl=35.5 a.m.u)

AgCl Ag+ + Cl-
11. The solubility product of MgSO4 is 1.0x10-10 molar2 . Calculate its solubility in grams.
MgSO4 Mg+2 + SO4-2
12. The solubility product of PbCl2 at 25 C is 1.0x10-4 . Calculate its solubility in grams.
0

PbCl2 Pb+2 + 2Cl-

13. The solubility product of Calcium Oxalate is 1.5625 X10-10 mole2/dm6 at 25oC. Find its
solubility.
CaC2O4 Ca+2 + C2O4-2

14. Should AgCl precipitate from a solution prepared by mixing 400 cm3 of 0.1 M NaCl and 600
cm3 of 0.03M AgNO3? (KSP of AgCl is 1.6x10-10 mole2.dm-6).

15. Should PbCrO4precipitate from a solution prepared by mixing 100 cm3 of 2.5x10-4M
Pb(NO3)2 and 300 cm3 of 1.5x10-8M K2CrO4? (KSP of PbCrO4 is 1.8x10-14).

16. Should PbCrO4precipitate from a solution prepared by mixing 100 cm3 of 2.0x10-6M
Pb(CH3COO)2 and 900 cm3 of 1.5x10-8M Na2CrO4? (KSP of PbCrO4 is 1.8x10-14).

17. Should PbCrO4precipitate from a solution prepared by mixing 200 cm3 of 2.5x10-4M
Pb(NO3)2 and 600 cm3 of 1.5x10-8M K2CrO4? (KSP of PbCrO4 is 1.8x10-14).

18. Will PbCl2 precipitate from a solution prepared by mixing 1 dm3 of 0.05 M of Pb(NO3)2 and
1dm3 of 0.01 M of NaCl? (KSP of PbCl2 is 2x10-5).
CHAPTER # 7

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SOLUTION & ELECTROLYTES

pH & pOH

1. Calculate the pH of 0.002M HCl solution.

2. Calculate the pH of 0.0045M HNO+ solution.
3. Calculate the pH of 0.05M H2SO4 solution.
4. Calculate the pH of 4.2 X 10-4 M NaOH solution.
5. Calculate the pH of 4.6 X 10-3 M HCl solution.
6. Find the pH of 0.004 mol/dm3 of HCl fully dissociated at 25oC.
7. Calculate the pH of 0.002M CH3COOH solution.
8. What is the pH of0.004 M of HCl solution which is fully dissociated at 250C.
9. Calculate the H+ ion concentration of a solution having pH 5.4.
10. The pH of the solution is 8.4. Calculate the H+ and OH- ion concentration.
11. Calculate the H+ ion concentration of a solution having pH 2.
12. Calculate H+ ion concentration of a solution whose pH=5.6
13. What is the H+ and OH- ion concentration of a solution having pH = 7.86?

MOLARITY
1. What will be the molarity of NaOH solution if 38.6 gm of NaOH solution is present in a 2.5
dm3 solution.
2. A 500cm3 of solution is prepared by dissolving 1.26 gm of HNO3 in H/O. Calculate the
molarity of solution.
3. Determine the weight of solute required to produce 5dm3 of 1.2 molar NaOH solution.
4. A 1.2 gm of CH3COOH is dissolved in H2O make 200cm3 of solution. Find
concentration of solution in molarity?
5. A 3.86 gm of NaOH is dissolved in 2.5 dm3 of solution. Find its molarity.
6. During acid base titration, hydrochloric acid is filled in burette upto zero mark and 200ml of
0.085M Na2CO3 solution is pipetted out into the conical flask using indicator.
 Name the indicator suitable for this titration and also mention the colour change.
 If burette reading at end point was noted to be 13.7ml, determine the molarity of
HCl

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MOLALITY
1. A solution is prepared by dissolving 4.9gm of H2SO4 in 250gm of H2O. Calculate the molality
of the solution.

OXIDATION NUMBER
1. Find the Oxidation Number of:
Cr in K2Cr2O7 S in Na2S2O3 P in H3PO4 Fe in Fe2(SO4)3

P in H3PO4 Mn in MnO4- Cl in Mg (ClO4)2 P in P2O7

Cr in K2Cr2O7 Mn in MnO4 Cr in Cr2 O7-2 N in NCl3

S in Na2S2O3 Cl in Mg (ClO4)2 P in PO4-3 Cr in Cr2 O7-2

O in OF2 C in C2H2O4 Cl in HClO3

BALANCING EQUATION BY ION-ELECTRON METHOD

Balance the following equations by ion-electron method:

ACIDIC MEDIUM
Cr2O72- + l2 → Cr+3 + lO3-
MnO4  C2O42  Mn2  CO2  Acidic medium 
- +2
MnO4 +Cl _________Mn + Cl2

MnO4- + Fe+2 __________ Mn2+ + Fe3+

Fe+2 + Cr2O7-2  Fe+3 + Cr+3

HNO3 + H2S  NO + S + H2O

NO2- + MnO4 + H+  NO3 + Mn+2 + H2O

BASIC MEDIUM

Cl2 + OH-  Cl- + ClO3 + H2O

Cr  OH  3  SO2
4  CrO42  SO32  Basic medium 
MnO4  SO32  Mn 2  SO42 (basic medium)
SO3-2 + MnO4- + OH-  SO4-2 + Mn+2 + H2O

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CHAPTER # 8
CHEMICAL KINETICS
RATE LAW
1. The reaction between marble chips and Hydrochloric Acid is given as:
CaCO3 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

What will be the effect on the rate of reaction if:

 Marble chips are replaced by ground marble?
 Temperature is raised to 350C? draw energy profile diagram.
2. For the decomposition of ethyl chloro carbonate (ClCO2C2H5) , K=1.3x10-3 sec-1at 200C. What is
the initial rate when the initial concentration of ClCO2C2H5 is 0.25M.
CICOOCH2CH3 CO2 + CH3CH2Cl

3. For decomposition of ethyle chlorocarbonate (CICO2C2H5)

CICOOCH2CH3 CO2 + CH3CH2Cl
K = 1.3 x 10-3 S-1 at 200oC. What is initial rate when initial concentration of Cl CO2 C2H5 is 0.30 M.

4. The rate constant for the decomposition of NO2 is 1.8x10-3 molar/sec.

2NO2 2NO + O2
What is the initial rate when the initial concentration of NO2 is 0.5 molar.

5. The rate constant for the decomposition of NO2 is 1.8x10-3 molar/sec.

2NO2 2NO + O2
What is the initial rate when the initial concentration of NO2 is 2 molar.

6. The rate constant (K) for the decomposition of Nitrogen dioxide.

2NO2 2NO + O2
is 1.8 x 10 dm mol , Sec Write down rate expression and,
-3 3 -1 -1

 Find initial rate when initial concentration of NO2 IS 0.75 M.

 Find rate constant (K) when initial concentration of NO2 is doubled.

7. For the reaction

2NO + O2 2NO2
Determine the rate expression for this reaction.
What is the effect on the rate of the reaction when :
 Concentration of NO becomes doubled.
 Concentration of O2 becomes doubled.
 Concentration of NO becomes half.

8. Calculate the rate constant for the reaction: A + B AB

When the initial concentration of both the reactants id 0.1 molar and the rate of the reaction is
3.02x10-4 molar/sec.

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9. For the decomposition of ethyl chloro carbonate (ClCO2C2H5) , K=1.3x10-3 sec-1at 200C. What is
the initial concentration of ClCO2C2H5 when the initial rate is 3.25x10-4M/sec.
CICOOCH2CH3 CO2 + CH3CH2Cl

10. For the decomposition of formic acid

HCOOH CO2 + H2O
The initial rate is 3.2x10-5 molar/sec and the initial concentration of HCOOH is 0.2M. Calculate
 Rate constant for the reaction.
 Rate when the concentration of HCOOH is doubled

11. For the reaction

CH3CHO CH4 + CO
Experimentally the reaction is found to be of 2 order. The rate at the certain temperature is
nd

0.18 molar/sec. when [CH3CHO]=0.10 molar. Determine

 The rate expression for the reaction.
 The rate constant for the reaction.
 The rate of the reaction when [CH3CHO] = 0.2 molar.

12. Rate of the decomposition of NO2 is 4.5x10-9 Msec-1. Calculate its rate constant where as its
initial concentration is 0.50 M.
2NO2 2NO + O2

13. For the chemical reaction: F2 + 2ClO2 2FlO2

Calculate the rate constant when initial concentration of F2is 0.1 mol/dm3, of ClO2 is 0.01 mol/d3
and the rate of reaction is 1.2x10-3 mol/dm3.sec

14. Rate of decomposition of NO2 is 0.5 M/sec if its initial concentration is 0.2 molar. Calculate its:
 rate constant for the reaction.
 Also calculate its rate when the concentration of NO2 becomes doubled.
2NO2 2NO + O2
15. For the reaction
A+B AB
Find the following:
 Rate constant when the initial concentration of each reactant is 0.2 molar and the rate of
the reaction is 9.04x10-4 molar/sec.
 Rate constant if the initial concentration of B is doubled.
 Rate constant if the initial concentration of A is doubled.
 Rate constant if the initial concentration of A is reduced to half.

16. For the given reaction the rate of the reaction is 1.1x10-4 molar/sec of [NO]=0.5M , [O2]=0.75M. Find
 Rate constant for the reaction: 2NO + O2 2NO2
 Rate of the reaction when the concentration of NO is increased by four times.

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THRESHOLD ENERGY
1. For the reaction
A + B AB
The threshold energy of the reaction is 31 KJ/mol. The average internal energy of A is 122
KJ/mol. Calculate the activation energy of A.

ORDER OF REACTION
1. For the given reaction A+B ----- product, determine the order of reaction from
the following data.

S.No A B Rate

1 0.1 0.1 1x10

2 0.2 0.1 4x10

3 0.1 0.3 3x10

2. Write the rate expression, find the value of rate constant and determine the
order of reaction using the following data:
[NO] [O2] Rate
i) 0.1M 0.1M 2x10-3M sec-1
ii) 0.2M 0.1M 8x10-3 M sec-1
iii) 0.1M 0.2M 4x10-3 M sec-1

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SCIENTIFIC REASONS
Chapter-2:

THREE STATES OF MATTER

Q.1 Why liquids and solids cannot be compressed as gases can?
Ans: The molecules of liquids and solids have very little space among molecules and hence

cannot by pushed close by pressure. Therefore they are not compressible as compared to
gases.

Q.2 Why solids do not flow as liquids and gases can do?
Ans: The viscosity in solids i.e. resistance to flow is greater than liquids and gases due to

greater intermolecular force of attractions. That’s why solids cannot flow as liquids and

gases can do.

Q.3. Why food cooked more quickly in a pressure cooker than a covered pot?

Ans: In a pressure cooker vapours produced as a result of heating are not allowed to escape,
whereas in covered pot they get chance to escape. Consequently these vapours develop
more vapour pressure causing increase in boiling point. Hence food cook more quickly.

Q.4. Why a falling drop of a liquid is spherical?

Ans: Surface Tension tends to reduce the surface area. When a drop falls, surface area turns it
into a sphere as it has least surface are of a given volume of a liquid.

Q.5 Why a drop of ink spreads on a blotting paper.

Ans: A blotting paper has more empty spaces called ‘pores’ among molecules. Hence a drop of ink
spreads more quickly to the blotting paper as compared to the ordinary paper. This
phenomenon is the example of capillary action.

Q.6 Explain evaporation is a cooling process. [OR] Evaporation causes cooling

Ans: During evaporation, high energy molecules escape from the surface and change to vapours.
The remaining molecules are of lower energy and gives cooling effect.

Q.7 Evaporation takes place at all temperatures.

Ans: Molecules of liquid collide each other and with wall of container. The molecules whose
kinetic energy is higher than average kinetic energy, escape from the surface of liquid. This
process is called Evaporation and remains continued at all temperature. However, it
increases with increase of temperature.

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Q.8 Boiling point of liquid remains constant although heat is continuous supplied to the
Liquid. [OR] Boiling needs continuous supply of heat.

Ans: At boiling point, all amount of heat supplied is utilized to break the intermolecular forces of
attraction and convert liquid into vapors. That’s why instead of continuous supply of heat
does not change the temperature.

Q. 9 Why do liquid show capillary action?

Ans: The rise of a liquid in a small tube is called Capillary Action. It is due to surface tension which
causes the reduction of surface area. The smaller bore of capillary tube, the greater capillary
action will be.

Q.10 Why honey is more viscous than water?

Ans. Honey has stronger intermolecular forces and it has irregular shape too, The both factors
cause increase in viscosity. That’s why honey is more viscous than water.

Q.11 Why mercury has its meniscus upward?

Ans. The shape of the surface of a liquid in a cylindrical container is called meniscus. Mercury has
its meniscus upward because it has stronger cohesion-forces and do not wet glass. Whereas
water has its meniscus downward due to strong cohesive forces between water molecules
and wets the glass.

Q.12 Why cleavage of the crystals is itself an anisotropic behavior?

Ans. Anisotropy is the property of a crystal to obey a certain property better in one direction
than the other. Cleavage is the breakage of the crystals along definite planes. Since cleavage
of the crystals can take place only in particular direction so it is anisotropic behavior.

Q.13 Why do the crystals showing isomorphism mostly have the same atomic ratios?

Ans. Isomorphism is the property of crystalline solids in which two or more than two crystalline
substances have some crystalline structure. This is mostly possible when the ratios of atoms
in the molecule are same.

Q.10 Why honey is more viscous than water?

Ans. Honey has stronger intermolecular forces and it has irregular shape too, The both factors
cause increase in viscosity. That’s why honey is more viscous than water.

Q.11 Why glycerin is distilled at reduced pressure?

Ans: Glycerin is distilled at reduced pressure to decrease its boiling point from 290oC (at 760 torr)
to 210oC (at 50 torr) and to avoid decomposition of glycerin.

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Chapter-3:
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Q.1 Why it is necessary to decrease pressure in the discharge tube to get cathode rays?
Ans: The pressure is decreased to allow the cathode and anode rays to move freely from one
electrode to another electrode. In this way possibility of collision between rays and gas
molecules are minimized.

Q.2 Whichever gas is used in the discharge tube, the nature of the cathode rays remains
the same, why? OR

Why cathode rays are independent of the gas present in discharge tube.

Ans: All the gases are consisted of atoms or molecules. They have electrons in outermost orbitals.
These electrons are detached by high voltage and due to collisions, they become free. They
are repelled by the cathode and attracted by anode. As all gases have electrons which are
identical in nature, size etc. therefore similar in nature and independent of gases enclosed.

Q.3 Why the positive rays are called canal rays?

Ans: The positive rays are detected by making cathode perforated. In this way they are allowed
to pass through canals of cathode, hence they are also called Canal Rays.

Q.4 Why the cationic radius is smaller than that of atomic radius?

Ans: Cationic radius is smaller than that of neutral atomic radius because on removal of an
electron the nuclear charge becomes more effective to pull the remaining electrons and
causes shrinkage in radius.

Q.5 Why the Anionic radius is larger than that of atomic radius?

Ans: Anionic radius is larger than that of neutral atomic radius because entry of extra electron in
outermost orbital causes greater electronic repulsion hence, radius is extended.

Q.6 What is Isoelectronic? Explain.

Ans: Ions that have same electronic configuration are called Isoelectronic. For example:

11Na+, 12Mg2+ and 13Al3+ have same electronic configuration i.e. Is2, 2s2, 2p6.

Q.7 The first I.P. of Na is lesser than of Mg. But second I.P of Na is extra ordinary high as
compared of Mg. Why?

Ans: The first electron of Na and Mg are removed from 3rd orbit. In a period Na comes first Mg
therefore, first I.P. of Na is lesser than of Mg. But second electron of Na is removed from 2nd
orbit whereas in Mg it is removed from 3rd orbit. As the 2nd orbit is nearer to the nucleus and
more energy is required to remove the electron, therefore second I.P. value of Na is extra
ordinary high as compared to Mg.

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Chapter-4:
CHEMICAL BONDING
Q.1 Why there is no distinction between a covalent bond and a coordinate covalent bond
after their formation?
Ans: When a coordinate covalent bond is formed in presence of a covalent bond then
distinction between these two bonds vanishes because every coordinate covalent bond has
some covalent character. Therefore after formation of coordinate covalent bond it is difficult
to distinguish them.

Q.2. NaCl does not conduct electricity in solid state, but it can conduct in molten or fused
state and also in solution form. Explain.
Ans: Electricity can be passed through the substances when charged particles are free to move.
In solid state NaCl has fixed oppositely charged ions in its crystal lattice and cannot conduct
electricity. While in molten or fused state and in solution form it has free ions to move and
can conduct electricity.

Q.3 The M.P., B.P. and other heats of vaporization, sublimation etc of Ionic compounds
are higher than that of covalent compounds. Explain.
Ans: Ionic compounds have close packing of oppositely charged ions. The positively charged
ions are surrounded by negative ions and vice versa. Due to which they have strong attraction
force and their M.P. B.P. and other heats of vaporization, sublimation etc. are higher than that
of covalent bond.

Q.4. Why water molecules expand on cooling from 4oC to 0oC?

Ans: When water molecules are cooled from 4oC to 0oC then hydrogen bonding of water
molecules establishes and crystal of ice starts to form. Therefore water molecules expand
on cooling showing anomalous behavior.

Q.5. The dipole moment of CO2 is zero whereas of SO2 is not?

Ans: The structure of CO2 is linear and dipole moment of right side is equal to that of left side,
hence net dipole moment becomes zero. Whereas SO2 has tirgonal structure in presence of
lone pair, that’s why its dipole moment is not cancelled by opposite dipole moment and it has
net dipole moment 1.6 debye.

Q.6. BF3 has trigonal structure, why it has zero dipole moment?
Ans. BF3 has trigonal structure with bond angle 120o. The dipole moment is a vector quantity.
The dipole acting upward becomes equal to the vector sum of dipole moments acting
downward. Hence it has zero dipole moment.

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Chapter-7:

SOLUTIONS AND ELECTROYLYES

Q.1. Why are molal concentrations are independent of temperature whereas molar

concentration not?

Ans: The mole of solute dissolved in 1 kg of solvent or solution is called Molality. In molality,

solute and solvent both are expressed in terms of mass or mole which is independent of
temperature. Whereas mole of solute dissolved in 1 dm3 of solvent or solution is called
Molarity. Volume of a solution is temperature dependent.

Chapter-8:

CHEMICAL KINETICS

Q.1. Why positive catalyst increase rate of reaction?

Ans: The positive catalysts reduce activation energy and provide greater surface area to
reactants to react together, consequently rate of reaction increases.

Q.2. Why powdered CaCO3 reacts more rapidly with HCl than a large piece of marble.

Ans: The powdered CaCO3 has more surface area as compared to large piece of marble. As
increase in surface area increases the rate of reaction therefore it reacts more rapidly.

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