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AC Power

1) Instantaneous power delivered to a load is the product of instantaneous voltage and current. For an AC circuit, average power is one-half the product of peak voltage, peak current, and the cosine of the phase difference between voltage and current. 2) RMS values of voltage and current are used to calculate apparent power. Power factor is the ratio of real power to apparent power and indicates how effectively the current is carrying power. Power factor can range from 0 to 1. 3) Complex power represents apparent power as the sum of real power and reactive power. The power triangle graphically illustrates the relationship between real power, reactive power, and apparent power based on the phase difference between voltage and current.

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silveriser
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183 views

AC Power

1) Instantaneous power delivered to a load is the product of instantaneous voltage and current. For an AC circuit, average power is one-half the product of peak voltage, peak current, and the cosine of the phase difference between voltage and current. 2) RMS values of voltage and current are used to calculate apparent power. Power factor is the ratio of real power to apparent power and indicates how effectively the current is carrying power. Power factor can range from 0 to 1. 3) Complex power represents apparent power as the sum of real power and reactive power. The power triangle graphically illustrates the relationship between real power, reactive power, and apparent power based on the phase difference between voltage and current.

Uploaded by

silveriser
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Instantaneous Power

Let us consider the following circuit.

R
i

+
v − L

if v = Vm sin(ωt + θ), the steady state current is

i = Im sin(ωt + φ)

Vm ωL
where Im = p and φ = − tan−1 .
2
R + (ωL) 2 R
The instantaneous power delivered to any load is the product of
the instantaneous voltage across the load and the current through
it.

p(t) = v (t)i(t)
p(t) = Vm sin(ωt + θ)Im sin(ωt + φ)
Vm Im
p(t) = (cos(θ − φ) − cos(2ωt + θ + φ))
2
Vm Im Vm Im
p(t) = cos(θ − φ) − cos(2ωt + θ + φ)
2 2
First component is constant. Second component varies with time
but twice the supply frequency. Since the second term is cosine
Vm Im
whose average value is zero, the average power is cos(θ − φ).
2
p, v , i

Vm
Im v

i p
ωt
θ−φ

Figure: Voltage, current and power in RL circuit


Average Power
1
P = Vm Im cos(θ − φ)
2
Average power P is product of one half of maximum voltage,
maximum current and the cosine of the phase angle difference
between voltage and current. Its unit is watts (W).
1. Resistor: Vm and Im are in phase.
1 1
P = Vm Im cos(0) = Vm Im
2 2
2. Ideal Inductor : Vm leads Im by 90◦ .
1
P = Vm Im cos(90◦ ) = 0
2
3. Ideal Capacitor : Im leads Vm by 90◦ .
1
P = Vm Im cos(90◦ ) = 0
2
Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
RMS value of any periodic current is the dc current that delivers
the same average power to a resistor as periodic current.
i(t)
I
+
v (t) − R
V R

Z T
1
P= i 2 (t)R P = I 2R
T 0
1 T 2
Z
2
I R= i (t)R
T 0
s
1 T 2
Z
I = i (t)
T 0
Similarly s
Z T
1
V = v 2 (t)
T 0

Average power is
1
P = Vm Im cos(θ − φ)
2
For sinusoids,
Vm Im
V =√ , I =√
2 2
where V and I are rms voltage and current respectively.

∴ P = VI cos(θ − φ)
Apparent Power and Power Factor

If the voltage and the current were dc quantities, the power


delivered to a load is
|S| = VI
As dc values and RMS are equal,

|S| = VRMS IRMS

where |S| is called as the apparent power. Its unit is


volt-ampere (VA).
The ratio of real power (P) to apparent power is called as the
power factor (pf).

VI cos(θ − φ)
pf = = cos(θ − φ)
VI
Since cos(θ − φ) can never be greater than unity, P ≤ |S|.
1. Resistor:
θ − φ = 0◦
pf = cos(0◦ ) = 1
2. Ideal Inductor:
θ − φ = 90◦
pf = cos(90◦ ) = 0
3. Ideal Capacitor:
θ − φ = −90◦
pf = cos(−90◦ ) = 0

I RL Circuit: Let (θ − φ) = 60◦ . pf = cos(60◦ ) = 0.5.


I RC Circuit: Let (θ − φ) = −60◦ . pf = cos(−60◦ ) = 0.5

In order to differentiate these two cases, power factor in RL


circuit is mentioned lagging pf and in RC circuit as leading
pf.
Complex Power
Let us define voltage (rms) and current (rms) in frequency domain.

V = V ∠θ, I = I ∠φ

The complex power S is


S = VI∗
S = V ∠θ I ∠ − φ
= VI ∠(θ − φ)
S = VI cos(θ − φ) + VI sin(θ − φ)
The real part of S is called the average power (P). The imaginary
part of S is called reactive power (Q).

S = P + Q

The unit of reactive power (Q) is volt ampere reactive (VAr).


Im

S Q

(θ − φ)
P Re

Figure: Power triangle for an inductive load

If the power triangle lies in the first quadrant ((θ − φ) > 0), power
factor is lagging (inductive load).
Im

P
−(θ − φ) Re

Q
S

Figure: Power triangle for a capacitive load

If the power triangle lies in the fourth quadrant ((θ − φ) < 0),
power factor is leading (capacitive load).
Example
Find the average power, reactive power and power factor of the
circuit.

+
230 ∠0 − (4 + 3)Ω

230∠0
I ∠φ = = 46∠ − 36.87◦ A
4 + 3
P = VI cos(φ) = 230 × 46 × cos(−36.87◦ ) ≈ 8.5 kW
Q = VI sin(φ) = 230 × 46 × sin(−36.87◦ ) ≈ 6.3 kVAr
pf = cos(φ) = cos(−36.87◦ ) = 0.8 lagging

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