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Costa Rica
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For cities in other countries, see Costa Rica, Sinaloa and Costa Rica,
Mato Grosso do Sul.
Coordinates: 10°N 84°W
Republic of Costa Rica

República de Costa Rica (Spanish)
Flag of Costa Rica
Flag
Coat of arms of Costa Rica
Coat of arms
Anthem: "Noble patria, tu hermosa bandera" (Spanish)
"Noble motherland, your beautiful flag"
MENU0:00
Location of Costa Rica
Location of Costa Rica
Capital
and largest city San José
9°56′N 84°5′W
Official languages Spanish
Recognized regional languages
Mekatelyu Bribri Patois
Ethnic groups (2011[2])
83.6% White/Castizo or Mestizo
6.7% Mulatto
2.4% Amerindian
1.1% Black (of African descent)
6.2% Others[1]
Religion Roman Catholicism
Demonym
Costa Rican Tico(a)
Government Unitary presidential constitutional republic
• President
Luis Guillermo Solís
• 1st Vice-President
Helio Fallas Venegas
• 2nd Vice-President
Ana Helena Chacón Echeverría
Legislature Legislative Assembly
Independence declared
• from Spain
September 15, 1821
• from First Mexican Empire
July 1, 1823
• from the Federal
Republic of
Central America
1838
• Recognized by Spain
May 10, 1850
• Constitution
November 7, 1949[2]
Area
• Total
51,100 km2 (19,700 sq mi) (126th)
• Water (%)
0.7
Population
• 2016 estimate
4,857,274[3] (123rd)
• Density
220/sq mi (84.9/km2) (107th)
GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate
• Total
$90.157 billion[4]
• Per capita
$17,930[4]
GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate
• Total
$61.064 billion[4]
• Per capita
$12,144[4]
Gini (2015) Negative increase 48.2[5]
high
HDI (2015) Increase 0.776[6]
high ∙ 66th
Currency Costa Rican colón (CRC)
Time zone CST (UTC−6)
Drives on the right
Calling code +506
ISO 3166 code CR
Internet TLD .cr
.co.cr
Costa Rica (/ˌkɒstə ˈriːkə/ (About this sound listen); Spanish: [ˈkosta
ˈrika]; "Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish:
República de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by
Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to
the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of
Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.9 million,[3] in a land area
of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles); over 300,000 live in
the capital and largest city, San José,[7] which had a population of an
estimated 333,980 in 2015.[7]
Costa Rica has been known for its stable democracy, in a region that
has had some instability, and for its highly educated workforce, most
of whom speak English.[8] The country spends roughly 6.9% of its
budget (2016) on education, compared to a global average of 4.4%.[8]
Its economy, once heavily dependent on agriculture, has diversified to
include sectors such as finance, corporate services for foreign
companies, pharmaceuticals, and ecotourism. Many foreign companies
(manufacturing and services) operate in Costa Rica's free trade zones
(FTZ) where they benefit from investment and tax incentives.[9]
In spite of impressive growth in the Gross domestic product (GDP), low

inflation, moderate interest rates and an acceptable unemployment
level, Costa Rica in 2017 was facing a liquidity crisis due to a growing
debt and budget deficit.[10] By August 2017, the Treasury was having
difficulty paying its obligations.[11][12] Other challenges facing the
country in its attempts to improve the economy by increasing foreign
investment include a poor infrastructure and a need to improve public
sector efficiency.[13][14]
Costa Rica was sparsely inhabited by indigenous peoples before

coming under Spanish rule in the 16th century. It remained a
peripheral colony of the empire until independence as part of the
short-lived First Mexican Empire, followed by membership in the United
Provinces of Central America, from which it formally declared
independence in 1847. Since then, Costa Rica has remained among the
most stable, prosperous, and progressive nations in Latin America.
Following the brief Costa Rican Civil War, it permanently abolished its
army in 1949, becoming one of only a few sovereign nations without a
standing army.[15][16][17]
The country has consistently performed favourably in the Human

Development Index (HDI), placing 69th in the world as of 2015, among
the highest of any Latin American nation.[18] It has also been cited by
the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) as having
attained much higher human development than other countries at the
same income levels, with a better record on human development and
inequality than the median of the region.[19]
Costa Rica also has progressive environmental policies. It is the only

country to meet all five UNDP criteria established to measure
environmental sustainability.[20] It was ranked 42nd in the world, and
third in the Americas, in the 2016 Environmental Performance Index,
[21] and was twice ranked the best performing country in the New
Economics Foundation's (NEF) Happy Planet Index, which measures
environmental sustainability,[22][23] and was identified by the NEF as
the greenest country in the world in 2009.[24] Costa Rica plans to
become a carbon-neutral country by 2021.[25][26][27] By 2016, 98.1%
of its electricity was generated from green sources[28] particularly
hydro, solar, geothermal and biomass.[29]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Pre-Columbian period
1.2 Spanish colonization
1.3 Independence
1.4 Economic growth in the 19th Century
1.4.1 20th century
2 Geography
2.1 Climate
2.2 Flora and fauna
2.3 Rivers
3 Economy
3.1 Debt and deficit issues
3.1.1 Liquidity crisis
3.2 Trade and foreign investment
3.3 Tourism
4 Governance
4.1 Administrative divisions
4.2 Foreign relations
5 Demographics
5.1 Largest cities
5.2 Religion
5.3 Languages
6 Culture
6.1 Cuisine
6.2 Sports
7 Education
8 Health
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
History
Main article: History of Costa Rica
A stone sphere created by the Diquis culture at the National Museum

of Costa Rica. The sphere is the icon of the country's cultural identity.
Pre-Columbian period
Historians have classified the indigenous people of Costa Rica as
belonging to the Intermediate Area, where the peripheries of the
Mesoamerican and Andean native cultures overlapped. More recently,
pre-Columbian Costa Rica has also been described as part of the
Isthmo-Colombian Area.
Stone tools, the oldest evidence of human occupation in Costa Rica,

are associated with the arrival of various groups of hunter-gatherers
about 10,000 to 7,000 years BCE in the Turrialba Valley. The presence
of Clovis culture type spearheads and arrows from South America
opens the possibility that, in this area, two different cultures
coexisted.[30]
Agriculture became evident in the populations that lived in Costa Rica

about 5,000 years ago. They mainly grew tubers and roots. For the first
and second millennia BCE there were already settled farming
communities. These were small and scattered, although the timing of
the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture as the main
livelihood in the territory is still unknown.[31]
The earliest use of pottery appears around 2,000 to 3,000 BCE. Shards
of pots, cylindrical vases, platters, gourds and other forms of vases
decorated with grooves, prints, and some modelled after animals have
been found.[32]
The impact of indigenous peoples on modern Costa Rican culture has

been relatively small compared to other nations, since the country
lacked a strong native civilization to begin with. Most of the native
population was absorbed into the Spanish-speaking colonial society
through inter-marriage, except for some small remnants, the most
significant of which are the Bribri and Boruca tribes who still inhabit
the mountains of the Cordillera de Talamanca, in the southeastern part
of Costa Rica, near the frontier with Panama.
Spanish colonization
The name la costa rica, meaning "rich coast" in the Spanish language,
was in some accounts first applied by Christopher Columbus, who
sailed to the eastern shores of Costa Rica during his final voyage in
1502,[33] and reported vast quantities of gold jewelry worn by natives.
[34] The name may also have come from conquistador Gil González
Dávila, who landed on the west coast in 1522, encountered natives,
and appropriated some of their gold.[35]
The Ujarrás historical site in the Orosí Valley, Cartago province. The
church was built between 1686 and 1693.
During most of the colonial period, Costa Rica was the southernmost
province of the Captaincy General of Guatemala, nominally part of the
Viceroyalty of New Spain. In practice, the captaincy general was a
largely autonomous entity within the Spanish Empire. Costa Rica's
distance from the capital of the captaincy in Guatemala, its legal
prohibition under Spanish law from trade with its southern neighbor
Panama, then part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada (i.e. Colombia),
and lack of resources such as gold and silver, made Costa Rica into a
poor, isolated, and sparsely-inhabited region within the Spanish
Empire.[36] Costa Rica was described as "the poorest and most
miserable Spanish colony in all America" by a Spanish governor in
1719.[37]
Another important factor behind Costa Rica's poverty was the lack of a
significant indigenous population available for encomienda (forced
labor), which meant most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work on
their own land, preventing the establishment of large haciendas
(plantations). For all these reasons, Costa Rica was, by and large,
unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to
develop on its own. The circumstances during this period are believed
to have led to many of the idiosyncrasies for which Costa Rica has
become known, while concomitantly setting the stage for Costa Rica's
development as a more egalitarian society than the rest of its
neighbors. Costa Rica became a "rural democracy" with no oppressed
mestizo or indigenous class. It was not long before Spanish settlers
turned to the hills, where they found rich volcanic soil and a milder
climate than that of the lowlands.[38]
Independence
Like the rest of Central America, Costa Rica never fought for
independence from Spain. On September 15, 1821, after the final
Spanish defeat in the Mexican War of Independence (1810–21), the
authorities in Guatemala declared the independence of all of Central
America. That date is still celebrated as Independence Day in Costa
Rica even though, technically, under the Spanish Constitution of 1812
that had been readopted in 1820, Nicaragua and Costa Rica had
become an autonomous province with its capital in León.
Upon independence, Costa Rican authorities faced the issue of

officially deciding the future of the country. Two bands formed, the
Imperialists, defended by Cartago and Heredia cities which were in
favor of joining the Mexican Empire, and the Republicans, represented
by the cities of San José and Alajuela who defended full independence.
Because of the lack of agreement on these two possible outcomes, the
first civil war of Costa Rica occurred. The battle of Ochomogo (es)
took place on the Hill of Ochomogo, located in the Central Valley in
1823. The conflict was won by the Republicans and, as a consequence,
the city of Cartago lost its status as the capital, which moved to San
José.[39][40][41]
The 1849 national coat of arms was featured in the first postal stamp
issued in 1862.
In 1838, long after the Federal Republic of Central America ceased to
function in practice, Costa Rica formally withdrew and proclaimed
itself sovereign. The considerable distance and poor communication
routes between Guatemala City and the Central Plateau, where most
of the Costa Rican population lived then and still lives now, meant the
local population had little allegiance to the federal government in
Guatemala. From colonial times to now, Costa Rica's reluctance to
become economically tied with the rest of Central America has been a
major obstacle to efforts for greater regional integration.[42]
Economic growth in the 19th Century

Coffee was first planted in Costa Rica in 1808,[43] and by the 1820s, it
surpassed tobacco, sugar, and cacao as a primary export. Coffee
production remained Costa Rica's principal source of wealth well into
the 20th century, creating a wealthy class of growers, the so-called
Coffee Barons.[44] The revenue helped to modernize the country.[45]
[46]
Most of the coffee exported was grown around the main centers of
population in the Central Plateau and then transported by oxcart to the
Pacific port of Puntarenas after the main road was built in 1846.[46] By
the mid-1850s the main market for coffee was Britain.[47] It soon
became a high priority to develop an effective transportation route
from the Central Plateau to the Atlantic Ocean. For this purpose, in the
1870s, the Costa Rican government contracted with U.S. businessman
Minor C. Keith to build a railroad from San José to the Caribbean port
of Limón. Despite enormous difficulties with construction, disease, and
financing, the railroad was completed in 1890.[48]
Most Afro-Costa Ricans descend from Jamaican immigrants who

worked in the construction of that railway and now make up about 3%
of Costa Rica's population.[49] U.S. convicts, Italians and Chinese
immigrants also participated in the construction project. In exchange
for completing the railroad, the Costa Rican government granted Keith
large tracts of land and a lease on the train route, which he used to
produce bananas and export them to the United States. As a result,
bananas came to rival coffee as the principal Costa Rican export,
while foreign-owned corporations (including the United Fruit Company
later) began to hold a major role in the national economy and
eventually became a symbol of the exploitative export economy.[50]
The major labor dispute between the peasants and the United Fruit
Company (The Great Banana Strike) was a major event in the country's
history and was an important step that would eventually lead to the
formation of effective trade unions in Costa Rica, as the company was
required to sign a collective agreement with its workers in 1938.[51]
[52]
20th century
Historically, Costa Rica has generally enjoyed greater peace and more
consistent political stability than many of its fellow Latin American
nations. Since the late 19th century, however, Costa Rica has
experienced two significant periods of violence. In 1917–19, General
Federico Tinoco Granados ruled as a military dictator until he was
overthrown and forced into exile. The unpopularity of Tinoco's regime
led, after he was overthrown, to a considerable decline in the size,
wealth, and political influence of the Costa Rican military. In 1948,
José Figueres Ferrer led an armed uprising in the wake of a disputed
presidential election between Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia (who had
been president between 1940 and 1944) and Otilio Ulate Blanco.[53]
With more than 2,000 dead, the resulting 44-day Costa Rican Civil War
was the bloodiest event in Costa Rica during the 20th century.
The victorious rebels formed a government junta that abolished the

military altogether, and oversaw the drafting of a new constitution by a
democratically elected assembly.[54] Having enacted these reforms,
the junta transferred power to Ulate on November 8, 1949. After the
coup d'état, Figueres became a national hero, winning the country's
first democratic election under the new constitution in 1953. Since
then, Costa Rica has held 14 presidential elections, the latest in 2014.
With uninterrupted democracy dating back to at least 1948, the
country is the region's most stable.
Geography
Main articles: Geography of Costa Rica and List of earthquakes in
Costa Rica
Costa Rica map of Köppen climate classification

Arenal Volcano
Costa Rica is located on the Central American isthmus, lying between
latitudes 8° and 12°N, and longitudes 82° and 86°W. It borders the
Caribbean Sea (to the east) and the Pacific Ocean (to the west), with a
total of 1,290 kilometres (800 mi) of coastline, 212 km (132 mi) on the
Caribbean coast and 1,016 km (631 mi) on the Pacific. Costa Rica also
borders Nicaragua to the north (309 km or 192 mi of border) and
Panama to the south-southeast (330 km or 210 mi of border). In total,
Costa Rica comprises 51,100 square kilometres (19,700 sq mi) plus
589 square kilometres (227 sq mi) of territorial waters.
The highest point in the country is Cerro Chirripó, at 3,819 metres

(12,530 ft); it is the fifth highest peak in Central America. The highest
volcano in the country is the Irazú Volcano (3,431 m or 11,257 ft) and
the largest lake is Lake Arenal. There are 14 known volcanoes in Costa
Rica, and six of them have been active in the last 75 years.[55] The
country has also experienced at least ten earthquakes of magnitude
5.7 or higher (3 of magnitude 7.0 or higher) in the last century.
Costa Rica also comprises several islands. Cocos Island (24 square
kilometres or 9.3 square miles) stands out because of its distance
from the continental landmass, 480 kilometres (300 mi) from
Puntarenas, but Isla Calero is the largest island of the country (151.6
square kilometres or 58.5 square miles). Over 25% of Costa Rica's
national territory is protected by SINAC (the National System of
Conservation Areas), which oversees all of the country's protected
areas. Costa Rica also possesses the greatest density of species in
the world.[56]
Climate
Because Costa Rica is located between 8 and 12 degrees north of the
Equator, the climate is tropical year round. However, the country has
many microclimates depending on elevation, rainfall, topography, and
by the geography of each particular region.
Costa Rica's seasons are defined by how much rain falls during a
particular period. The year can be split into two periods, the dry
season known to the residents as summer (verano), and the rainy
season, known locally as winter (invierno). The "summer" or dry
season goes from December to April, and "winter" or rainy season goes
from May to November, which almost coincides with the Atlantic
hurricane season, and during this time, it rains constantly in some
regions.
The location receiving the most rain is the Caribbean slopes of the
Cordillera Central mountains, with an annual rainfall of over 5,000 mm
(196.9 in). Humidity is also higher on the Caribbean side than on the
Pacific side. The mean annual temperature on the coastal lowlands is
around 27 °C (81 °F), 20 °C (68 °F) in the main populated areas of the
Cordillera Central, and below 10 °C (50 °F) on the summits of the
highest mountains.[57]
[hide]Climate data for Costa Rica

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 27
(81) 27
(81) 28
(82) 28
(82) 27
(81) 27
(81) 27
(81) 27
(81) 26
(79) 26
(79) 26
(79) 26
(79) 26.8
(80.5)
Average low °C (°F) 17
(63) 18
(64) 18
(64) 18
(64) 18
(64) 18
(64) 18
(64) 18
(64) 17
(63) 18
(64) 18
(64) 18
(64) 17.8
(63.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 6.3
(0.248) 10.2
(0.402) 13.8
(0.543) 79.9
(3.146) 267.6
(10.535) 280.1
(11.028) 181.5
(7.146) 276.9
(10.902) 355.1
(13.98) 330.6
(13.016) 135.5
(5.335) 33.5
(1.319) 1,971
(77.6)
Percent possible sunshine 40 37 39 33 25 20 21 22
20 22 25 34 28.2
Source: [58]
Flora and fauna
Further information: Wildlife of Costa Rica
Red-eyed Tree Frog (Agalychnis callidryas)
Heliconius doris Linnaeus butterfly of Costa Rica

Costa Rica is home to a rich variety of plants and animals. While the
country has only about 0.03% of the world's landmass, it contains 5%
of the world's biodiversity.[59][60] Around 25% of the country's land
area is in protected national parks and protected areas,[61][62] the
largest percentage of protected areas in the world (developing world
average 13%, developed world average 8%).[63][64][65] Costa Rica has
successfully managed to diminish deforestation from some of the
worst rates in the world from 1973 to 1989, to almost zero by 2005.[63]
One national park, the Corcovado National Park, is internationally

renowned among ecologists for its biodiversity (including big cats and
tapirs) and is where visitors can expect to see an abundance of
wildlife.[66][67] Corcovado is the one park in Costa Rica where all four
Costa Rican monkey species can be found.[68] These include the
white-headed capuchin, the mantled howler, the endangered Geoffroy's
spider monkey,[68][69] and the Central American squirrel monkey,
found only on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and a small part of
Panama, and considered endangered until 2008, when its status was
upgraded to vulnerable. Deforestation, illegal pet-trading, and hunting
are the main reasons for its threatened status.[70]
Tortuguero National Park – the name Tortuguero can be translated as

"Full of Turtles" – is home to spider, howler, and white-throated
capuchin monkeys; the three-toed sloth and two-toed sloth; 320
species of birds; and a variety of reptiles. The park is recognized for
the annual nesting of the endangered green turtle, and is the most
important nesting site for the species. Giant leatherback, hawksbill,
and loggerhead turtles also nest there. The Monteverde Cloud Forest
Reserve is home to about 2,000 plant species,[71] including numerous
orchids. Over 400 types of birds and more than 100 species of
mammals can be found there.[71]
Over 840 species of birds have been identified in Costa Rica. As is the
case in much of Central America, the avian species in Costa Rica are a
mix of North and South American species. The country's abundant fruit
trees, many of which bear fruit year round, are hugely important to the
birds, some of whom survive on diets that consist only of one or two
types of fruit. Some of the country's most notable avian species
include the resplendent quetzal, scarlet macaw, three-wattled bellbird,
bare-necked umbrellabird, and the keel-billed toucan.[72] The Instituto
Nacional de Biodiversidad is allowed to collect royalties on any
biological discoveries of medical importance. Costa Rica is a center of
biological diversity for reptiles and amphibians, including the world's
fastest running lizard, the spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura similis).[73]
Rivers
Further information: List of rivers of Costa Rica
Economy
An Intel microprocessor facility in Costa Rica that was, at one time,

responsible for 20% of Costa Rican exports and 5% of the country's
GDP.
Main article: Economy of Costa Rica
The country has been considered economically stable with moderate
inflation, estimated at 2.6% in 2017,[74] and moderately high growth in
GDP, which increased from US$41.3 billion in 2011 to US$52.6 billion in
2015.[75] The estimated GDP for 2017 is US$61.5 billion and the
estimated GDP per capita (purchasing power parity) is US$12,382.[74]
The growing debt and budget deficit are the country's primary
concerns.[10]
That is a primary reason why the major credit rating agencies –

Standard & Poor's, Moody's and Fitch – have downgraded Costa Rica’s
risk ratings. For example, Moody's Investors Service in early 2017
reduced the rating to Ba2 from Ba1, with a negative outlook due to the
"rising government debt burden and persistently high fiscal deficit,
which was 5.2% of GDP in 2016" and the "lack of political consensus to
implement measures to reduce the fiscal deficit [which] will result in
further pressure on the government's debt ratios".[76] The country is
currently debating major fiscal reform legislation to cut the budget
deficits and stop the growth in debt,[2] one of the highest in Latin
America.
Many foreign companies (manufacturing and services) operate in

Costa Rica's Free Trade Zones (FTZ) where they benefit from
investment and tax incentives.[9] Well over half of that type of
investment has come from the U.S.[77] According to the government,
the zones supported over 82 thousand direct jobs and 43 thousand
indirect jobs in 2015.[78] Companies with facilities in the America Free
Zone in Heredia, for example, include Intel, Dell, HP, Bayer, Bosch, DHL,
IBM and Okay Industries.[79][80]
Of the GDP, 5.5% is generated by agriculture, 18.6% by industry and

75.9% by services.(2016)[74] Agriculture employs 12.9% of the labor
force, industry 18.57%, services 69.02% (2016)[81] For the region, its
unemployment level is moderately high (8.2% in 2016, according to the
IMF).[74] Although 20.5% of the population lives below the poverty line
(2017),[82] Costa Rica has one of the highest standards of living in
Central America.[83]
High quality health care is provided by the government at low cost to

the users.[84] Housing is also very affordable. Costa Rica is recognized
in Latin America for the quality of its educational system. Because of
its educational system, Costa Rica has one of the highest literacy
rates in Latin America, 97%.[85] General Basic Education is mandatory
and provided without cost to the user.[86] A US government report
confirms that the country has "historically placed a high priority on
education and the creation of a skilled work force" but notes that the
high school drop-out rate is increasing. As well, Costa Rica would
benefit from more courses in languages such as English, Portuguese,
Mandarin and French and also in Science, Technology, Engineering and
Math (STEM).[85]
Debt and deficit issues

The International Monetary Fund stated in June 2017 that annual
growth in the economy was just over 4% and that the financial system
was sound.[87][88] The IMF expressed concern however, about
increasing deficits and public debt as well as the heavy dollarization of
bank assets and liabilities. Costa Rica's public debt is problematic,
especially as a percentage of the GDP, increasing from 29.8% in 2011
to 40.8% in 2015.[75] Of the proposed 2017 budget (US$15.9 billion),
debt payments account for one-third of the total and a full 46% of the
budget will require financing. That will increase the deficit and the
debt owed to foreign entities.[89] The value of the Costa Rican colone
per US$1 was 526.46₡ on March 27, 2015. At the end of July 2017, the
value was 563₡.[90] [91][92]
A 2017 study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

Development warned that reducing the foreign debt must be a very
high priority for the government. Other fiscal reforms were also
recommended to moderate the budget deficit.[13] The IMF also
recommended debt reduction, with specific suggestions.[88]
Liquidity crisis
In early August 2017, President Luis Guillermo Solís admitted that the
country was facing a "liquidity crisis" and promised that a higher VAT
tax and higher income tax rates were being considered by his
government. Such steps are essential, Luis Guillermo Solís told the
nation, because it was facing difficulties in paying its obligations and
guaranteeing the provision of services."[93] Solís explained that the
Treasury will prioritize payments on the public debt first, then salaries,
and then pensions. The subsequent priorities include transfers to
institutions “according to their social urgency.” All other payments will
be made only if funds are available.[12]
Trade and foreign investment

Costa Rica has free trade agreements with many countries, including
the US. There are no significant trade barriers that would affect
imports and the country has been lowering its tariffs in accordance
with other Central American countries.[94] The country's Free Trade
Zones provide incentives for manufacturing and service industries to
operate in Costa Rica. In 2015, the zones supported over 82 thousand
direct jobs and 43 thousand indirect jobs in 2015 and average wages in
the FTZ were 1.8 times greater than the average for private enterprise
work in the rest of the country.[78] In 2016, Amazon.com for example,
had some 3,500 employees in Costa Rica and planned to increase that
by 1,500 in 2017, making it an important employer.[8]
The central location provides access to American markets and direct

ocean access to Europe and Asia. The most important exports in 2015
(in order of dollar value) were medical instruments, bananas, tropical
fruits, integrated circuits and orthopedic appliances.[95] Total imports
in that year were US$15 billion. The most significant products
imported in 2015 (in order of dollar value) were refined petroleum,
automobiles, packaged medications, broadcasting equipment and
computers. The total exports were US$12.6 billion for a trade deficit of
US$2.39 billion in 2015.[95]
A coffee plantation in the Orosí Valley

Pharmaceuticals, financial outsourcing, software development, and
ecotourism have become the prime industries in Costa Rica's
economy. High levels of education among its residents make the
country an attractive investing location. Since 1999, tourism earns
more foreign exchange than the combined exports of the country's
three main cash crops: bananas and pineapples especially,[96] but
also other crops, including coffee.[97] Coffee production played a key
role in Costa Rica's history and in 2006, was the third cash crop
export.[97] As a small country, Costa Rica now provides under 1% of
the world’s coffee production.[46] In 2015, the value of coffee exports
was US$305.9 million, a small part of the total agricultural exports of
US$2.7 billion.[96] Coffee production increased by 13.7% percent in
2015-16, declined by 17.5% in 2016-17, but was expected to increase by
about 15% in the subsequent year.[98]
Costa Rica has developed a system of payments for environmental

services.[63] Similarly, Costa Rica has a tax on water pollution to
penalize businesses and homeowners that dump sewage, agricultural
chemicals, and other pollutants into waterways.[99] In May 2007, the
Costa Rican government announced its intentions to become 100%
carbon neutral by 2021.[100] By 2015, 93 percent of the country's
electricity came from renewable sources.[101] In 2016, the country
produced 98% of its electricity from renewable sources and ran
completely on renewable sources for 110 continuous days.[102]
In 1996, the Forest Law was enacted to provide direct financial

incentives to landowners for the provision of environmental services.
[63] This helped reorient the forestry sector away from commercial
timber production and the resulting deforestation, and helped create
awareness of the services it provides for the economy and society
(i.e., carbon fixation, hydrological services such as producing fresh
drinking water, biodiversity protection, and provision of scenic beauty).
[63]
A 2016 report by the U.S. government report identifies other challenges

facing Costa Rica as it works to expand its economy by working with
companies from the US (and probably from other countries).[85] The
major concerns identified were as follows:
The ports, roads, railways and water delivery systems would benefit
from major upgrading, a concern voiced by other reports too.[103]
Attempts by China to invest in upgrading such aspects were "stalled
by bureaucratic and legal concerns".
The bureaucracy is "often slow and cumbersome".
Tourism
Poás Volcano Crater is one of the country's main tourist attractions.

Costa Rica stands as the most visited nation in the Central American
region,[104] with 2.9 million foreign visitors in 2016, up 10% from 2015.
[105] In 2015, the tourism sector was responsible for 5.8% of the
country's GDP, or $3.4 billion.[106] The lead country of origin to enter
Costa Rica in 2016 was the United States with 1,000,000 visitors,
followed by Europe with 434,884 arrivals.[107] According to Costa Rica
Vacations, once tourists arrive in the country, 22% go to Tamarindo,
18% go to Arenal, 17% pass through Liberia (where the Daniel Oduber
Quiros International Airport is located), 16% go to San José, the
country’s capital (also passing through Juan Santamaria Airport), while
18% chose Manuel Antonio and 7% Monteverde.[108]
By 2004, tourism was generating more revenue and foreign exchange

than bananas and coffee combined.[97][109] In 2016, the World Travel
& Tourism Council's estimates indicated a direct contribution to the
GDP of 5.1% and 110,000 direct jobs in Costa Rica; the total number of
jobs indirectly supported by tourism was 271,000.[110]
A pioneer of ecotourism, Costa Rica draws many tourists to its

extensive series of national parks and other protected areas.[111] In
the 2011 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index, Costa Rica ranked
44th in the world and second among Latin American countries after
Mexico in 2011.[112] By the time of the 2017 report, the country had
reached 38th place, slightly behind Panama.[113] The Ethical Traveler
group's ten countries on their 2017 list of The World’s Ten Best Ethical
Destinations includes Costa Rica. The country scored highest in
environmental protection among the winners.[114]
Governance
Main article: Politics of Costa Rica
Administrative divisions
Provinces of Costa Rica

Main article: Administrative divisions of Costa Rica
Costa Rica is composed of seven provinces, which in turn are divided
into 81 cantons (Spanish: cantón, plural cantones), each of which is
directed by a mayor. Mayors are chosen democratically every four
years by each canton. There are no provincial legislatures. The
cantons are further divided into 473 districts (distritos). The provinces
are:
Alajuela
Cartago
Guanacaste
Heredia
Limón
Puntarenas
San José
Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of Costa Rica
The extent of Costa Rica's western EEZ in the Pacific
Barack Obama and Laura Chinchilla with Costa Rican children in San
José
Costa Rica is an active member of the United Nations and the
Organization of American States. The Inter-American Court of Human
Rights and the United Nations University of Peace are based in Costa
Rica. It is also a member of many other international organizations
related to human rights and democracy, such as the Community of
Democracies. A main foreign policy objective of Costa Rica is to foster
human rights and sustainable development as a way to secure stability
and growth.[115]
Costa Rica is a member of the International Criminal Court, without a

Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the United States
military (as covered under Article 98). Costa Rica is an observer of the
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.
On September 10, 1961, some months after Fidel Castro declared Cuba
a socialist state, Costa Rican President Mario Echandi ended
diplomatic relations with Cuba through Executive Decree Number 2.
This freeze lasted 47 years until President Óscar Arias Sánchez re-
established normal relations on 18 March 2009, saying, "If we have
been able to turn the page with regimes as profoundly different to our
reality as occurred with the USSR or, more recently, with the Republic
of China, how would we not do it with a country that is geographically
and culturally much nearer to Costa Rica?" Arias announced that both
countries would exchange ambassadors.[116]
Costa Rica has a long-term disagreement with Nicaragua over the San
Juan River, which defines the border between the two countries, and
Costa Rica's rights of navigation on the river.[117] In 2010, there was
also a dispute around Isla Calero, and the impact of Nicaraguan
dredging of the river in that area.[118]
On July 14, 2009, the International Court of Justice in the Hague
upheld Costa Rica's navigation rights for commercial purposes to
subsistence fishing on their side of the river. An 1858 treaty extended
navigation rights to Costa Rica, but Nicaragua denied passenger travel
and fishing were part of the deal; the court ruled Costa Ricans on the
river were not required to have Nicaraguan tourist cards or visas as
Nicaragua argued, but, in a nod to the Nicaraguans, ruled that Costa
Rican boats and passengers must stop at the first and last Nicaraguan
port along their route. They must also have an identity document or
passport. Nicaragua can also impose timetables on Costa Rican
traffic. Nicaragua may require Costa Rican boats to display the flag of
Nicaragua, but may not charge them for departure clearance from its
ports. These were all specific items of contention brought to the court
in the 2005 filing.[119]
On June 1, 2007, Costa Rica broke diplomatic ties with Taiwan,

switching recognition to the People's Republic of China. Costa Rica
was the first of the Central American nations to do so. President Óscar
Arias Sánchez admitted the action was a response to economic
exigency.[120] In response, the PRC built a new, $100 million, state-of-
the-art football stadium in Parque la Sabana, in the province of San
José. Approximately 600 Chinese engineers and laborers took part in
this project, and it was inaugurated in March 2011, with a match
between the national teams of Costa Rica and China.
Costa Rica finished a term on the United Nations Security Council,

having been elected for a nonrenewable, two-year term in the 2007
election. Its term expired on December 31, 2009; this was Costa Rica's
third time on the Security Council. Elayne Whyte Gómez is the
Permanent Representative of Costa Rica to the UN Office at Geneva
(2017) and President of the United Nations Conference to Negotiate a
Legally Binding Instrument to Prohibit Nuclear Weapons.[121]
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Costa Rica
[show]Costa Rican Censuses
The 2011 census counted a population of 4.3 million people[122]
distributed among the following groups: 83.6% whites or mestizos,
6.7% mulattoes, 2.4% Native American, 1.1% black or Afro-Caribbean;
the census showed 1.1% as Other, 2.9% (141,304 people) as None, and
2.2% (107,196 people) as unspecified.[1] By 2016, the UN estimation for
the population was around 4.9 million.[3]
In 2011, there were over 104,000 Native American or indigenous

inhabitants, representing 2.4% of the population. Most of them live in
secluded reservations, distributed among eight ethnic groups:
Quitirrisí (es) (in the Central Valley), Matambú or Chorotega
(Guanacaste), Maleku (northern Alajuela), Bribri (southern Atlantic),
Cabécar (Cordillera de Talamanca), [[]] (southern Costa Rica, along the
Panamá border), Boruca (southern Costa Rica) and Térraba (es)
(southern Costa Rica).
The population includes European Costa Ricans (of European

ancestry), primarily of Spanish descent,[2] with significant numbers of
Italian, German, English, Dutch, French, Irish, Portuguese, and Polish
families, as well a sizable Jewish community. The majority of the Afro-
Costa Ricans are Creole English-speaking descendants of 19th century
black Jamaican immigrant workers.
Costa Rican school children

The 2011 census classified 83.6% of the population as white or
Mestizo; the latter are persons of combined European and Amerindian
descent. The Mulatto segment (mix of white and black) represented
6.7% and indigenous people made up 2.4% of the population.[2] Native
and European mixed blood populations are far less than in other Latin
American countries. Exceptions are Guanacaste, where almost half
the population is visibly mestizo, a legacy of the more pervasive unions
between Spanish colonists and Chorotega Amerindians through several
generations, and Limón, where the vast majority of the Afro-Costa
Rican community lives.
Costa Rica hosts many refugees, mainly from Colombia and Nicaragua.
As a result of that and illegal immigration, an estimated 10–15%
(400,000–600,000) of the Costa Rican population is made up of
Nicaraguans.[123][124] Some Nicaraguans migrate for seasonal work
opportunities and then return to their country. Costa Rica took in many
refugees from a range of other Latin American countries fleeing civil
wars and dictatorships during the 1970s and 1980s, notably from Chile
and Argentina, as well as people from El Salvador who fled from
guerrillas and government death squads.[125]
According to the World Bank, in 2010 about 489,200 immigrants lived in

the country, many from Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador, Honduras,
Guatemala, and Belize, while 125,306 Costa Ricans live abroad in the
United States, Panama, Nicaragua, Spain, Mexico, Canada, Germany,
Venezuela, Dominican Republic, and Ecuador.[126] The number of
migrants declined in later years but in 2015, there were some 420,000
immigrants in Costa Rica[127] and the number of asylum seekers
(mostly from Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua) rose to
more than 110,000, a fivefold increase from 2012.[128] In 2016, the
country was called a "magnet" for migrants from South and Central
America and other countries who were hoping to reach the U.S.[129]
[130]
Largest cities
Further information: List of cities in Costa Rica
vte
Largest cities or towns in Costa Rica
Census 2000
Rank Name Province Pop.
San José
San José
Puerto Limón
Puerto Limón 1 San José San José 333 980 (2015) Alajuela
Alajuela
Heredia
Heredia
2 Puerto Limón Limón 55 667
3 Alajuela Alajuela 42 889
4 Heredia Heredia 40 840
5 Cinco Esquinas San José 36 627
6 Desamparados San José 36 437
7 Liberia Guanacaste 34 469
8 Puntarenas Puntarenas 32 460
9 San Vicente San José 31 693
10 Barranca Puntarenas 31 386
Religion
Religion in Costa Rica[131][132]
Catholicism (70.5%)
Protestantism (13.8%)
Irreligion (11.3%)
Buddhism (2.1%)
Other religions (2.2%)
Main article: Religion in Costa Rica
Basílica de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles (Basilica of Our Lady of the

Angels), during 2007 pilgrimage
Christianity is Costa Rica's predominant religion, with Roman
Catholicism being the official state religion according to the 1949
Constitution, which at the same time guarantees freedom of religion. It
is the only state in the Americas which established Roman Catholicism
as its state religion; other such countries are microstates in Europe:
Liechtenstein, Monaco, the Vatican City and Malta.
According to the most recent nationwide survey of religion, conducted

in 2007 by the University of Costa Rica, 70.5% of Costa Ricans are
Roman Catholics (44.9% practicing Catholics), 13.8% are Evangelical
Protestants (almost all are practicing), 11.3% report that they do not
have a religion, and 4.3% belong to another religion. The rate of
secularism is high by Latin American standards.
Due to small, but continuous, immigration from Asia and the Middle
East, other religions have grown, the most popular being Buddhism,
with about 100,000 practitioners (over 2% of the population).[132] Most
Buddhists are members of the Han Chinese community of about 40,000
with some new local converts. There is also a small Muslim community
of about 500 families, or 0.001% of the population.[133]
The Sinagoga Shaarei Zion synagogue[134] is near La Sabana

Metropolitan Park in San José. Several homes in the neighborhood east
of the park display the Star of David and other Jewish symbols.[135]
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints claims more than

35,000 members, and has a temple in San José that served as a
regional worship center for Costa Rica.[136] However, they represent
less than 1% of the population.[137][138]
Languages
Main article: Languages of Costa Rica
The primary language spoken in Costa Rica is Spanish, which features
characteristics distinct to the country, a form of Central American
Spanish. Costa Rica is a linguistically diverse country and home to at
least five living local indigenous languages spoken by the descendants
of pre-Columbian peoples: Maléku, Cabécar, Bribri, Guaymí, and
Buglere.
Of native languages still spoken, primarily in indigenous reservations,

the most numerically important are the Bribri, Maléku, Cabécar and
Ngäbere languages; some of these have several thousand speakers in
Costa Rica while others have a few hundred. Some languages, such as
Teribe and Boruca, have fewer than a thousand speakers. The Buglere
language and the closely related Guaymí are spoken by some in
southeast Puntarenas.[139]
A Creole-English language, Jamaican patois (also known as

Mekatelyu), is an English-based Creole language spoken by the Afro-
Carib immigrants who have settled primarily in Limón Province along
the Caribbean coast.[139]
About 10.7% of Costa Rica's adult population (18 or older) also speaks
English, 0.7% French, and 0.3% speaks Portuguese or German as a
second language.[140]
Culture
Costa Rican breakfast with gallo pinto
Las Carretas (oxcarts) are a national symbol.

Main article: Culture of Costa Rica
Costa Rica was the point where the Mesoamerican and South
American native cultures met. The northwest of the country, the
Nicoya peninsula, was the southernmost point of Nahuatl cultural
influence when the Spanish conquerors (conquistadores) came in the
16th century. The central and southern portions of the country had
Chibcha influences. The Atlantic coast, meanwhile, was populated with
African workers during the 17th and 18th centuries.
As a result of the immigration of Spaniards, their 16th-century Spanish

culture and its evolution marked everyday life and culture until today,
with Spanish language and the Catholic religion as primary influences.
The Department of Culture, Youth, and Sports is in charge of the

promotion and coordination of cultural life. The work of the department
is divided into Direction of Culture, Visual Arts, Scenic Arts, Music,
Patrimony and the System of Libraries. Permanent programs, such as
the National Symphony Orchestra of Costa Rica and the Youth
Symphony Orchestra, are conjunctions of two areas of work: Culture
and Youth.[citation needed]
Dance-oriented genres, such as soca, salsa, bachata, merengue,

cumbia and Costa Rican swing are enjoyed increasingly by older rather
than younger people. The guitar is popular, especially as an
accompaniment to folk dances; however, the marimba was made the
national instrument.
In November 2017, National Geographic magazine named Costa Rica as

the happiest country in the world.[141] The article included this
summary: "Costa Ricans enjoy the pleasure of living daily life to the
fullest in a place that mitigates stress and maximizes joy".[142] It is
not surprising then that one of the most recognizable phrases among
"Ticos" is "Pura Vida", pure life in a literal translation. It reflects the
inhabitant's philosophy of life,[143] denoting a simple life, free of
stress, a positive, relaxed feeling.[144] The expression is used in
various contexts in conversation.[145] Often, people walking down the
streets, or buying food at shops say hello by saying Pura Vida. It can be
phrased as a question or as an acknowledgement of one's presence. A
recommended response to "How are you?" would be "Pura Vida."[146]
In that usage, it might be translated as "awesome", indicating that all
is very well[147]. When used as a question, the connotation would be
"everything is going well?" or "how are you?".[143]
Costa Rica rates 12th on the 2017 Happy Planet Index in the World
Happiness Report by the UN[148] but the country is said to be the
happiest in Latin America. Reasons include the high level of social
services, the caring nature of its inhabitants, long life expectancy and
relatively low corruption.[149][150]
Cuisine
Further information: Costa Rican cuisine
Costa Rican cuisine is a blend of Native American, Spanish, African
and many other cuisine origins. Dishes such as the very traditional
tamale and many others made of corn are the most representative of
its indigenous inhabitants, and similar to other neighboring
Mesoamerican countries. Spaniards brought many new ingredients to
the country from other lands, especially spices and domestic animals.
And later in the 19th century, the African flavor lent its presence with
influence from other Caribbean mixed flavors. This is how Costa Rican
cuisine today is very varied, with every new ethnic group who had
recently become part of the country's population influencing the
country's cuisine.[151][unreliable source?]
Sports
Main articles: Costa Rica at the Olympics and Association football in
Costa Rica
Claudia Poll won Costa Rica's first Olympic gold medal in 1996.
Costa Rica entered the Summer Olympics for the first time in 1936
with the fencer Bernardo de la Guardia and the Winter Olympics for the
first time in 1980 with the skier Arturo Kinch. All four of Costa Rica's
Olympic medals were won by the sisters Silvia and Claudia Poll in
swimming, with Claudia winning the only gold medal in 1996.
Football is the most popular sport in Costa Rica. The national team has
played in four FIFA World Cup tournaments and reached the quarter-
finals for the first time in 2014.[152][153] Its best performance in the
regional CONCACAF Gold Cup was runner-up in 2002. Paulo Wanchope,
a forward who played for three clubs in England's Premier League in
the late 1990s and early 2000s, is credited with enhancing foreign
recognition of Costa Rican football.[citation needed]
Education
Main article: Education in Costa Rica
The literacy rate in Costa Rica is approximately 97 percent and English
is widely spoken primarily due to Costa Rica’s tourism industry.[85]
When the army was abolished in 1949, it was said that the "army would
be replaced with an army of teachers".[154] Universal public education
is guaranteed in the constitution; primary education is obligatory, and
both preschool and high school are free. Students who finish 11th
grade receive a Costa Rican Bachillerato Diploma accredited by the
Costa Rican Ministry of Education.
There are both state and private universities. The University of Costa
Rica has been awarded the title "Meritorious Institution of Costa Rican
Education and Culture".
A 2016 report by the U.S. government report identifies the current

challenges facing the education system, including the high dropout
rate among high school students. The country needs even more
workers who are fluent in English and languages such as Portuguese,
Mandarin and French. It would also benefit from more graduates in
Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) programs,
according to the report.[85]
Health
Main article: Health care in Costa Rica
According to the UNDP, in 2010 the life expectancy at birth for Costa
Ricans was 79.3 years.[155] The Nicoya Peninsula is considered one of
the Blue Zones in the world, where people commonly live active lives
past the age of 100 years.[156][157] The New Economics Foundation
(NEF) ranked Costa Rica first in its 2009 Happy Planet Index, and once
again in 2012. The index measures the health and happiness they
produce per unit of environmental input.[22][23] According to NEF,
Costa Rica's lead is due to its very high life expectancy which is
second highest in the Americas, and higher than the United States.
The country also experienced well-being higher than many richer
nations and a per capita ecological footprint one-third the size of the
United States.[158]
In 2002, there were 0.58 new general practitioner (medical)

consultations and 0.33 new specialist consultations per capita, and a
hospital admission rate of 8.1%. Preventive health care is also
successful. In 2002, 96% of Costa Rican women used some form of
contraception, and antenatal care services were provided to 87% of all
pregnant women. All children under one have access to well-baby
clinics, and the immunization coverage rate in 2002 was above 91% for
all antigens.[citation needed] Costa Rica has a very low malaria
incidence of 48 per 100,000 in 2000 and no reported cases of measles
in 2002. The perinatal mortality rate dropped from 12.0 per 1000 in
1972 to 5.4 per 1000 in 2001.[159]
Costa Rica has been cited in various journals as Central America's

great health success story.[citation needed] Its healthcare system is
ranked higher than that of the United States, despite having a fraction
of its GDP.[160] Prior to 1940, government hospitals and charities
provided most health care. But since the 1941 creation of the Social
Insurance Administration (Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social –
CCSS), Costa Rica has provided universal health care to its wage-
earning residents, with coverage extended to dependants over time. In
1973, the CCSS took over administration of all 29 of the country's
public hospitals and all health care, also launching a Rural Health
Program (Programa de Salud Rural) for primary care to rural areas,
later extended to primary care services nationwide. In 1993, laws were
passed to enable elected health boards that represented health
consumers, social insurance representatives, employers, and social
organizations. By the year 2000, social health insurance coverage was
available to 82% of the Costa Rican population. Each health committee
manages an area equivalent to one of the 83 administrative cantons of
Costa Rica. There is limited use of private, for-profit services (around
14.4% of the national total health expenditure). About 7% of GDP is
allocated to the health sector, and over 70% is government funded.
Primary health care facilities in Costa Rica include health clinics, with
a general practitioner, nurse, clerk, pharmacist and a primary health
technician. In 2008, there were five specialty national hospitals, three
general national hospitals, seven regional hospitals, 13 peripheral
hospitals, and 10 major clinics serving as referral centers for primary
care clinics, which also deliver biopsychosocial services, family and
community medical services and promotion and prevention programs.
Patients can choose private health care to avoid waiting lists.[citation
needed]
Costa Rica is among the Latin America countries that have become
popular destinations for medical tourism.[161][162] In 2006, Costa Rica
received 150,000 foreigners that came for medical treatment.[161]
[162][163] Costa Rica is particularly attractive to Americans due to
geographic proximity, high quality of medical services, and lower
medical costs.[162]
Since 2012, smoking in Costa Rica is subject to some of the most
restrictive regulations in the world.
See also
flag New Spain portal
icon North America portal
icon Central America portal
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flag Costa Rica portal
Index of Costa Rica-related articles
Outline of Costa Rica
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"Costa Rica: Achievements of a Heterodox Health Policy". American
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doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.099598. PMC 2376989 Freely accessible. PMID
17901439.
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Costa Rica's Health Care System". The Georgetown Public Policy
Review (77).
Herrick, Devon M. (2007). Medical Tourism: Global Competition in
Health Care (PDF). National Center for Policy Analysis, Dallas, Texas.
pp. 4–6, 9. ISBN 1-56808-178-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on
2011-07-20.
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and 134–135. ISBN 978-0-230-60006-5.
"Medical Tourism Statistics and Facts". Health-Tourism.com. Retrieved
2011-03-02.
Further reading
Blake, Beatrice. "The New Key to Costa Rica" Berkeley, California:
Ulysses Press, 2009.
Edelman, Marc. Peasants Against Globalization: Rural Social
Movements in Costa Rica Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.
Eisenberg, Daniel. "In Costa Rica". Journal of Hispanic Philology, vol.
10 (1985 [1986]), 1–6.
https://www.academia.edu/31761991/6._In_Costa_Rica
Huhn, Sebastian: Contested Cornerstones of Nonviolent National Self-
Perception in Costa Rica: A Historical Approach, 2009.
Keller, Marius; Niestroy, Ingeborg; García Schmidt, Armando; Esche,
Andreas. "Costa Rica: Pioneering Sustainability". Excerpt (pp. 81–102)
from Bertelsmann Stiftung (ed.). Winning Strategies for a Sustainable
Future. Gütersloh, Germany: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2013.
Lara, Sylvia Lara, Tom Barry, and Peter Simonson. Inside Costa Rica:
The Essential Guide to Its Politics, Economy, Society and Environment
London: Latin America Bureau, 1995.
Lehoucq, Fabrice E. and Ivan Molina. Stuffing the Ballot Box: Fraud,
Electoral Reform, and Democratization in Costa Rica Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Lehoucq, Fabrice E. Policymaking, Parties, and Institutions in
Democratic Costa Rica, 2006.
Palmer, Steven and Iván Molina. The Costa Rica Reader: History,
Culture, Politics Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2004.
Sandoval, Carlos. Threatening Others: Nicaraguans and the Formation
of National Identities in Costa Rica Athens: Ohio University Press,
2004.
Wilson, Bruce M. Costa Rica: Politics, Economics, and Democracy:
Politics, Economics and Democracy. Boulder, London: Lynne Rienner
Publishers, 1998.
External links
Find more about
Costa Rica
at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Learning resources from Wikiversity
"Costa Rica". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Costa Rica at UCB Libraries GovPubs
Costa Rica at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Street Art of San Jose by danscape
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Raazait
New Member
Joined: 11 Feb 2018

Posts: 5
Location: Alberta, Canada
PostPosted: Sun Mar 11, 2018 9:56 am Post subject: Arban's for
beginners? Reply with quote
Hey all,
I am a classically trained pianist, and have been playing for over 10

years. Recently, I've picked up the trumpet, and would like to use it to
help explore other styles, namely jazz. I've heard a lot about the
Arban's book, and how it affected many horn players internationally. I
was wondering if purchasing Arban's would be appropriate for my
beginner skill level, and the style I'd like to learn. Thanks.
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Pete
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PostPosted: Sun Mar 11, 2018 10:31 am Post subject: Reply with
quote
The Arban's book is comprehensive in that it starts from beginner and
goes to advanced rather quickly. I have used it along with other books
such as Clarke's Tech. Studies, Colin Lip Flexibilities, Irons, etc. over
the years, along with my students.
The best thing to do is take a few trumpet lessons with someone who
can steer you in the right direction for what you want to accomplish.
Pete
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Croquethed
Veteran Member
Joined: 19 Dec 2013

Posts: 160
Location: United States
quote
Arban's may help you master the technical skills needed to play the
trumpet, which might help you play jazz if you are familiar with theory
through the piano.
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Tpt_Guy
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Joined: 16 Jul 2004

Posts: 475
Location: Sacramento, Ca
quote
The Arban method advances pretty quickly and doesn't really spend a
lot of time on ridumentary exercises. It's not really a good method (in
my opinion) for self teaching. Arban was Professor of Cornet at the
Paris Conservatory, and his method reflects that.
The Rubank series is pretty good. It moves forward at a decent rate

and is on a good gradient so the student can get a sense of
accomplishment moving through the exercises. After I made it through
the Beginning and Intermediate books, I went to the Arban-Prescott
book, which is selected exercises from Arban and not a massive
discouraging tome.
I've also read praise of the Mitchell books, though I've not yet had an
opportunity to look at them.
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zaferis
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Joined: 03 Nov 2011

Posts: 1322
Location: Beavercreek, OH
PostPosted: Sun Mar 11, 2018 12:32 pm Post subject: Reply with
quote
Agreed, Arban's great to have in the library as a comprehensive
resource.
I like the Walter Beeler Book 1, and pair it with Getchell Book 1 as the
student gains a little ability
Rubank's the old war horse, but effective as well.

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kehaulani
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Location: Texas, by way of Germany and Hawaii
quote
If you want to take a look at it for free there are PDFs on the internet.
Just do a search.
Regardind books, Hickman has a book for beginners and comeback

players that is paced very nicely. Also is a good series by Papa
Mitchell.
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TrumpetMD
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Joined: 22 Oct 2008

Posts: 1588
Location: Maryland
quote
Good advice here.
The Arban Method may be a standard. But it's not all-encompassing.

For example, as already stated, it has little information for beginners,
both in the form of exercises and written direction.
Rubank, is what I used back in the day. I still use it today, as review
material. There are many other good methods, too.
As someone also suggested, there are versions of The Arban Method in

the public domain, and free to download. Here's one link to it, in case
you want to determine for yourself if it's the book for you.
https://www.trumpetstudio.com/arban.html
Mike
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dstdenis
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Joined: 25 May 2013

Posts: 1940
Location: Atlanta GA
quote
Hey Raazait,
The Arban method is a great book, but it's too difficult for beginners.
The other books mentioned in this thread (Hickman, Mitchell, Beeler,
Getchell, Rubank, etc.) would be much better choices. You should
definitely work out of the Arban method at some point, but not first
thing.
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jerryv914
Regular Member
Joined: 16 Feb 2013

Posts: 33
quote
Modern Arban/St Jacomes
https://www.jwpepper.com/Modern-Arban-Saint-Jacome-Meth-
Tpt/729459.item#/submit
My First Arban
https://www.amazon.com/O5504-Trumpet-Introduction-Arbans-
Conservatory/dp/0825841909
Both adaptations of Arban for the beginner.. much more accessible at

first than the actual Arban. Excellent and highly recommended.
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Jordynbaxter
Regular Member
Joined: 08 Dec 2017

Posts: 28
Location: Glasgow UK
PostPosted: Mon Mar 12, 2018 1:10 am Post subject: Reply with
quote
I don't think the arban is much good for a complete beginner as most
people blowing their first notes will struggle to hit a C in the staff
never mind the 4th space Es that are on the first exercises in the arban
book.
I'm in a similar position to you i just started before christmas with an

interest in playing jazz (though i did play a bit when i was 10-12). I done
a few beginner lessons/etudes from jeff lewis trumpet and then started
on the arbans but as i say it was too high at the time, then someone
put me onto the hickmans 100 progressive lessons book which imo
advances at a really steady pace, i got through the first 3/4 in about a
week and then have been getting through about 1 a week since.
I also got a copy of the abrsm jazz trumpet grade 1 books, the heads
are all easy enough but my improv sucks. I know what i want to say in
my head but the vocabulary just isnt there yet. I just last week got the
willie thomas jazz anyone? book Bb book 1 and im on his jazz everyone
site which is really cool, though again lesson 1 has you playing G
above the staff which you might struggle with though i guess you play
an octave down just to work on the phrasing and articulations..
This is one beginner to another so take my advice for what it is and

good luck!
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Raazait
New Member
Joined: 11 Feb 2018

Posts: 5
Location: Alberta, Canada
PostPosted: Mon Mar 12, 2018 7:43 pm Post subject: Reply with
quote
Jordynbaxter wrote:
book.

good luck!
I'm a little past that level. I am able to hit the lower G with solid tone,
and can reach up to a high C (two above the staff), and sometimes a D
when i'm really feeling it. I can get through the range of those notes
quite comfortably, just struggling to smoothly transition embouchure
and mouthpiece placement through the ranges.
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Don Herman rev2

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Joined: 03 May 2005

Posts: 7955
Location: Monument, CO
PostPosted: Mon Mar 12, 2018 7:52 pm Post subject: Reply with
quote
Our own Eric Bolvin has a great aide to Arbans:
The Arban Manual https://bolvinmusic.com/product/arban-manual/
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Jordynbaxter
Regular Member
Joined: 08 Dec 2017

Posts: 28
Location: Glasgow UK
PostPosted: Mon Mar 12, 2018 11:31 pm Post subject:Reply with
quote
Raazait wrote:
Jordynbaxter wrote:
book.


good luck!
I'm a little past that level. I am able to hit the lower G with solid tone,
and can reach up to a high C (two above the staff), and sometimes a D
when i'm really feeling it. I can get through the range of those notes
quite comfortably, just struggling to smoothly transition embouchure
and mouthpiece placement through the ranges.
Ah apologis then just when you said beginner i assumed youd just
picked the horn up. I also got the lowel little book embouchure builder
which is helping.
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trumpetDS
Heavyweight Member
Joined: 16 Jan 2003

Posts: 561
Location: New Jersey
PostPosted: Tue Mar 13, 2018 4:55 am Post subject: Reply with
quote
For adult beginners who want to move along quickly, I use the Walter
Beeler Book 1&2. It hits all the fundamentals in a methodical order and
is laid out well. Each lesson has lip slurs, technical studies, some
range, some rhythm work, a duet, and usually a transcription or
original etude. It is like Rubank but with way better flow. Arban's is
fantastic of course but does not have any bridge from beginner to
advanced intermediate. To give a simplified crude example of what I
mean,it goes from basically 4th grade to 7-9th grade level and ignores
5th & 6th Graders.
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Billy B
Heavyweight Member
Joined: 12 Feb 2004
Posts: 5292
Location: Des Moines
PostPosted: Tue Mar 13, 2018 5:38 am Post subject: Reply with
quote
Just curious.
Why don't you explore Jazz and other styles through the piano?
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khedger
Veteran Member
Joined: 12 Mar 2008

Posts: 223
Location: Cambridge, MA
PostPosted: Tue Apr 03, 2018 1:04 pm Post subject: Reply with
quote
Tpt_Guy wrote:
The Arban method advances pretty quickly and doesn't really spend a
lot of time on ridumentary exercises. It's not really a good method (in
my opinion) for self teaching. Arban was Professor of Cornet at the
Paris Conservatory, and his method reflects that.
The Rubank series is pretty good. It moves forward at a decent rate

and is on a good gradient so the student can get a sense of
accomplishment moving through the exercises. After I made it through
the Beginning and Intermediate books, I went to the Arban-Prescott
book, which is selected exercises from Arban and not a massive
discouraging tome.
I've also read praise of the Mitchell books, though I've not yet had an
opportunity to look at them.
On the other hand, I'm a self-taught player (50+ years) and my bible
has always been the Arban book. It has EVERYTHING you need to
practice to develop trumpet technique. There are other methods and
books available that are good too, I'm just saying that the Arban is a
good solid place to start.
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Casi Casi Q Me Pago

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Republic of Costa Rica

In spite of impressive growth in the Gross domestic product (GDP), low

Costa Rica was sparsely inhabited by indigenous peoples before

The country has consistently performed favourably in the Human

Costa Rica also has progressive environmental policies. It is the only

A stone sphere created by the Diquis culture at the National Museum

Stone tools, the oldest evidence of human occupation in Costa Rica,

Agriculture became evident in the populations that lived in Costa Rica

The impact of indigenous peoples on modern Costa Rican culture has

Upon independence, Costa Rican authorities faced the issue of

Economic growth in the 19th Century

Most Afro-Costa Ricans descend from Jamaican immigrants who

The victorious rebels formed a government junta that abolished the

Costa Rica map of Köppen climate classification

The highest point in the country is Cerro Chirripó, at 3,819 metres

[hide]Climate data for Costa Rica

Red-eyed Tree Frog (Agalychnis callidryas)

Heliconius doris Linnaeus butterfly of Costa Rica

One national park, the Corcovado National Park, is internationally

Tortuguero National Park – the name Tortuguero can be translated as

An Intel microprocessor facility in Costa Rica that was, at one time,

That is a primary reason why the major credit rating agencies –

Many foreign companies (manufacturing and services) operate in

Of the GDP, 5.5% is generated by agriculture, 18.6% by industry and

High quality health care is provided by the government at low cost to

Debt and deficit issues

A 2017 study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

Trade and foreign investment

The central location provides access to American markets and direct

A coffee plantation in the Orosí Valley

Costa Rica has developed a system of payments for environmental

In 1996, the Forest Law was enacted to provide direct financial

A 2016 report by the U.S. government report identifies other challenges

Poás Volcano Crater is one of the country's main tourist attractions.

By 2004, tourism was generating more revenue and foreign exchange

A pioneer of ecotourism, Costa Rica draws many tourists to its

Provinces of Costa Rica

The extent of Costa Rica's western EEZ in the Pacific

Costa Rica is a member of the International Criminal Court, without a

On June 1, 2007, Costa Rica broke diplomatic ties with Taiwan,

Costa Rica finished a term on the United Nations Security Council,

In 2011, there were over 104,000 Native American or indigenous

The population includes European Costa Ricans (of European

Costa Rican school children

According to the World Bank, in 2010 about 489,200 immigrants lived in

Basílica de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles (Basilica of Our Lady of the

According to the most recent nationwide survey of religion, conducted

The Sinagoga Shaarei Zion synagogue[134] is near La Sabana

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints claims more than

Of native languages still spoken, primarily in indigenous reservations,

A Creole-English language, Jamaican patois (also known as

Costa Rican breakfast with gallo pinto

Las Carretas (oxcarts) are a national symbol.

As a result of the immigration of Spaniards, their 16th-century Spanish

The Department of Culture, Youth, and Sports is in charge of the

Dance-oriented genres, such as soca, salsa, bachata, merengue,

In November 2017, National Geographic magazine named Costa Rica as