Humanistic Perspectives On Personality

4/9/2018 Humanistic Perspectives on Personality | Boundless Psychology
Boundless Psychology
Personality
Humanistic Perspectives on Personality
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Maslow’s Humanistic Theory of Personality
Maslow’s humanistic theory of personality states that people achieve

their full potential by moving from basic needs to self-actualization.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Summarize Maslow’s humanistic theory of personality
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Key Points
As a leader of humanistic psychology, Abraham Maslow

approached the study of personality by focusing on
subjective experiences, free will, and the innate drive
toward self-actualization .
Maslow expanded the eld of humanistic psychology to

include an explanation of how human needs change
throughout an individual’s lifespan, and how these
needs in uence the development of personality.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs ranks human needs from

the most basic physical needs to the most advanced
needs of self-actualization. A person must acquire and
master each level of need before proceeding to the
next need.
Maslow studied the personalities of self-actualizers and

found they had many things in common; he believed
self-actualizers indicate a coherent personality
syndrome and represent optimal psychological health
and functioning.
Maslow’s ideas have been criticized for their lack of

scienti c rigor, as well as their Western cultural bias.
Key Terms
transcendence: Superior excellence; supereminence.
humanistic psychology: A psychological perspective

which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in
response to psychoanalytic theory and behaviorism;
this approach emphasizes an individual’s inherent drive
towards self-actualization and creativity.
self-actualization: According to humanistic theory, the

realizing of one’s full potential; can include creative
expression, quest for spiritual enlightenment, pursuit of
knowledge, or the desire to give to society.
Often called the “third force” in psychology, humanism was a reaction to

both the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis, with its emphasis on
psychological disturbance, and to the behaviorists’ view of humans
passively reacting to the environment. Two of the leading humanistic
theorists who made advancements in the eld of personality psychology
were Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Abraham Maslow’s Humanism
As a leader of humanistic psychology, Abraham Maslow approached the

study of personality psychology by focusing on subjective experiences
and free will. He was mainly concerned with an individual’s innate drive
toward self-actualization—a state of ful llment in which a person is
achieving at his or her highest level of capability. Maslow positioned his
work as a vital complement to that of Freud, saying: “It is as if Freud
supplied us the sick half of psychology and we must now ll it out with
the healthy half.”
In his research, Maslow studied the personalities of people who he

considered to be healthy, creative, and productive, including Albert
Einstein, Eleanor Roosevelt, Thomas Je erson, Abraham Lincoln, and
others. He found that such people share similar characteristics, such as

being open, creative, loving, spontaneous, compassionate, concerned
for others, and accepting of themselves.
Personality and the Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow is perhaps most well-known for his hierarchy of needs theory, in

which he proposes that human beings have certain needs in common
and that these needs must be met in a certain order. These needs range
from the most basic physiological needs for survival to higher-level self-
actualization and transcendence needs. Maslow’s hierarchy is most
often presented visually as a pyramid, with the largest, most fundamental
physiological needs at the bottom and the smallest, most advanced self-
actualization needs at the top. Each layer of the pyramid must be ful lled
before moving up the pyramid to higher needs, and this process is
continued throughout the lifespan.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: Abraham Maslow developed a human

hierarchy of needs that is conceptualized as a pyramid to represent how
people move from one level of needs to another. First physiological needs
must be met before safety needs, then the need for love and belonging,
then esteem, and nally self-actualization.
Maslow believed that successful ful llment of each layer of needs was
vital in the development of personality. The highest need for self-

actualization represents the achievement of our fullest potential, and
those individuals who nally achieved self-actualization were said to
represent optimal psychological health and functioning. Maslow
stretched the eld of psychological study to include fully-functional
individuals instead of only those with psychoses, and he shed a more
positive light on personality psychology.
Characteristics of Self-Actualizers
Maslow viewed self-actualizers as the supreme achievers in the human

race. He studied stand-out individuals in order to better understand what
characteristics they possessed that allowed them to achieve self-
actualization. In his research, he found that many of these people shared
certain personality traits.
Most self-actualizers had a great sense of awareness, maintaining a

near-constant enjoyment and awe of life. They often described peak
experiences during which they felt such an intense degree of
satisfaction that they seemed to transcend themselves. They actively
engaged in activities that would bring about this feeling of unity and
meaningfulness. Despite this fact, most of these individuals seemed
deeply rooted in reality and were active problem-seekers and solvers.
They developed a level of acceptance for what could not be changed
and a level of spontaneity and resilience to tackle what could be
changed. Most of these people had healthy relationships with a small
group with which they interacted frequently. According to Maslow, self-
actualized people indicate a coherent personality syndrome and
represent optimal psychological health and functioning.
Criticism of Maslow’s Theories
Maslow’s ideas have been criticized for their lack of scienti c rigor. As
with all early psychological studies, questions have been raised about
the lack of empirical evidence used in his research. Because of the
subjective nature of the study, the holistic approach allows for a great
deal of variation but does not identify enough constant variables in order
to be researched with true accuracy. Psychologists also worry that such
an extreme focus on the subjective experience of the individual does
little to explain or appreciate the impact of society on personality

development. Furthermore, the hierarchy of needs has been accused of
cultural bias—mainly re ecting Western values and ideologies. Critics
argue that this concept is considered relative to each culture and society
and cannot be universally applied.
Rogers’ Humanistic Theory of Personality
Carl Rogers’ humanistic personality theory emphasizes the importance

of the self-actualizing tendency in forming a self-concept.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Summarize Rogers’ humanistic theory of personality
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Key Points
Carl Rogers was an in uential humanistic psychologist

who developed a personality theory that emphasized
the importance of the self-actualizing tendency in
shaping human personalities.
Rogers believed that humans are constantly reacting to

stimuli with their subjective reality ( phenomenal eld ),
which changes continuously. Over time, a person
develops a self- concept based on the feedback from
this eld of reality.
In the development of self-concept, positive regard is

key. Unconditional positive regard is an environment
that is free of preconceived notions of value.
Conditional positive regard is full of conditions of worth
that must be achieved to be considered successful.
Human beings develop an ideal self and a real self

based on the conditional status of positive regard. How
closely one’s real self matches up with their ideal self is
called congruity.
Rogers believed that fully functioning people could

achieve “the good life,” in which they constantly aim to
ful ll their potential and allow their personalities to
emanate from their experiences.
Like Maslow’s theories, Rogers’ were criticized for their

lack of empirical evidence in research.
Key Terms
holistic: Relating to the whole instead of a separation

into parts.
humanistic psychology: A psychological perspective

which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in
response to psychoanalytic theory and behaviorism;
this approach emphasizes an individual’s inherent drive
towards self-actualization and creativity.
congruity: An instance or point of agreement or

correspondence between the ideal self and the real self
in Rogers’ humanistic personality theory.
phenomenal eld: Our subjective reality, all that we are

aware of, including objects and people as well as our
behaviors, thoughts, images, and ideas.
Carl Rogers was a prominent psychologist and one of the founding

members of the humanist movement. Along with Abraham Maslow, he
focused on the growth potential of healthy individuals and greatly
contributed to our understanding of the self and personality. Both
Rogers’ and Maslow’s theories focus on individual choices and do not
hold that biology is deterministic. They emphasized free will and self-
determination, with each individual desiring to become the best person
they can become.
Humanistic psychology emphasized

the active role of the individual in
shaping their internal and external
worlds. Rogers advanced the eld
by stressing that the human person
is an active, creative, experiencing
being who lives in the present and
subjectively responds to current
perceptions, relationships, and
encounters. He coined the term
actualizing tendency, which refers
to a person’s basic instinct to
succeed at his or her highest
possible capacity. Through person-
centered counseling and scienti c
therapy research, Rogers formed Carl Rogers: Carl Rogers was a
his theory of personality prominent humanistic
psychologist who is known for his
development, which highlighted theory of personality that
free will and the great reservoir of emphasizes change, growth, and
the potential for human good.
human potential for goodness.
Personality Development and the Self-Concept
Rogers based his theories of personality development on humanistic

psychology and theories of subjective experience. He believed that
everyone exists in a constantly changing world of experiences that they
are at the center of. A person reacts to changes in their phenomenal
eld, which includes external objects and people as well as internal
thoughts and emotions.
Rogers believed that all behavior

is motivated by self-actualizing
tendencies, which drive a person
to achieve at their highest level.
As a result of their interactions
with the environment and others,
The phenomenal eld: The an individual forms a structure of
phenomenal eld refers to a the self or self-concept—an
person’s subjective reality, which
includes external objects and organized, uid, conceptual
people as well as internal thoughts pattern of concepts and values

and emotions. The person’s
motivations and environments both related to the self. If a person has
act on their phenomenal eld. a positive self-concept, they tend
to feel good about who they are
and often see the world as a safe and positive place. If they have a
negative self-concept, they may feel unhappy with who they are.
Ideal Self vs. Real Self
Rogers further divided the self into two categories: the ideal self and the
real self. The ideal self is the person that you would like to be; the real
self is the person you actually are. Rogers focused on the idea that we
need to achieve consistency between these two selves. We experience
congruence when our thoughts about our real self and ideal self are very
similar—in other words, when our self-concept is accurate. High
congruence leads to a greater sense of self-worth and a healthy,
productive life. Conversely, when there is a great discrepancy between
our ideal and actual selves, we experience a state Rogers called
incongruence, which can lead to maladjustment.
Unconditional Positive Regard
In the development of the self-concept, Rogers elevated the importance

of unconditional positive regard, or unconditional love. People raised in
an environment of unconditional positive regard, in which no
preconceived conditions of worth are present, have the opportunity to
fully actualize. When people are raised in an environment of conditional
positive regard, in which worth and love are only given under certain
conditions, they must match or achieve those conditions in order to
receive the love or positive regard they yearn for. Their ideal self is
thereby determined by others based on these conditions, and they are
forced to develop outside of their own true actualizing tendency; this
contributes to incongruence and a greater gap between the real self and
the ideal self.
“The Good Life”
Rogers described life in terms of principles rather than stages of

development. These principles exist in uid processes rather than static
states. He claimed that a fully functioning person would continually aim

to ful ll his or her potential in each of these processes, achieving what
he called “the good life.” These people would allow personality and self-
concept to emanate from experience. He found that fully functioning
individuals had several traits or tendencies in common:
1. A growing openness to experience–they move away from

defensiveness.
2. An increasingly existential lifestyle–living each moment fully, rather

than distorting the moment to t personality or self-concept.
3. Increasing organismic trust–they trust their own judgment and their

ability to choose behavior that is appropriate for each moment.
4. Freedom of choice–they are not restricted by incongruence and

are able to make a wide range of choices more uently. They
believe that they play a role in determining their own behavior and
so feel responsible for their own behavior.
5. Higher levels of creativity–they will be more creative in the way

they adapt to their own circumstances without feeling a need to
conform.
6. Reliability and constructiveness–they can be trusted to act

constructively. Even aggressive needs will be matched and
balanced by intrinsic goodness in congruent individuals.
7. A rich full life–they will experience joy and pain, love and
heartbreak, fear and courage more intensely.
Criticisms of Rogers’ Theories
Like Maslow’s theories, Rogers’ were criticized for their lack of empirical
evidence used in research. The holistic approach of humanism allows for
a great deal of variation but does not identify enough constant variables
to be researched with true accuracy. Psychologists also worry that such
an extreme focus on the subjective experience of the individual does
little to explain or appreciate the impact of society on personality
development.
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How does Maslow's hierarchy of needs explain human motivation?

How does Maslow's hierarchy of needs explain human motivation?

What are the differences between Rogers' concepts of the ideal self and real self?

What are the differences between Rogers' concepts of the ideal self and real self?

4/9/2018 Humanistic Perspectives on Personality | Boundless Psychology

Maslow’s Humanistic Theory of Personality

Maslow’s humanistic theory of personality states that people achieve

Summarize Maslow’s humanistic theory of personality

As a leader of humanistic psychology, Abraham Maslow

Maslow expanded the eld of humanistic psychology to

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs ranks human needs from

Maslow studied the personalities of self-actualizers and

Maslow’s ideas have been criticized for their lack of

transcendence: Superior excellence; supereminence.

humanistic psychology: A psychological perspective

self-actualization: According to humanistic theory, the

Often called the “third force” in psychology, humanism was a reaction to

Abraham Maslow’s Humanism

As a leader of humanistic psychology, Abraham Maslow approached the

In his research, Maslow studied the personalities of people who he

others. He found that such people share similar characteristics, such as

Personality and the Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow is perhaps most well-known for his hierarchy of needs theory, in

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: Abraham Maslow developed a human

vital in the development of personality. The highest need for self-

Maslow viewed self-actualizers as the supreme achievers in the human

Most self-actualizers had a great sense of awareness, maintaining a

Criticism of Maslow’s Theories

little to explain or appreciate the impact of society on personality

Rogers’ Humanistic Theory of Personality

Carl Rogers’ humanistic personality theory emphasizes the importance

Summarize Rogers’ humanistic theory of personality

Carl Rogers was an in uential humanistic psychologist

Rogers believed that humans are constantly reacting to

In the development of self-concept, positive regard is

Human beings develop an ideal self and a real self

Rogers believed that fully functioning people could

Like Maslow’s theories, Rogers’ were criticized for their

holistic: Relating to the whole instead of a separation

humanistic psychology: A psychological perspective

congruity: An instance or point of agreement or

phenomenal eld: Our subjective reality, all that we are

Carl Rogers was a prominent psychologist and one of the founding

Humanistic psychology emphasized

Personality Development and the Self-Concept

Rogers based his theories of personality development on humanistic

Rogers believed that all behavior

people as well as internal thoughts pattern of concepts and values

Ideal Self vs. Real Self

Unconditional Positive Regard

In the development of the self-concept, Rogers elevated the importance

“The Good Life”

Rogers described life in terms of principles rather than stages of

states. He claimed that a fully functioning person would continually aim

1. A growing openness to experience–they move away from

2. An increasingly existential lifestyle–living each moment fully, rather

3. Increasing organismic trust–they trust their own judgment and their