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Session - I: Unit-V Microwave Tubes & Measurements

This document discusses microwave tubes and measurements over 7 sessions: 1. It introduces microwave tubes like klystrons and TWT amplifiers and limitations at high frequencies. 2. It covers multi-cavity klystrons and the principles of velocity modulation and electron bunching. 3. Reflex klystrons are discussed where feedback of output power to the input cavity maintains oscillation. 4. TWTs are introduced using slow wave structures for broadband applications. 5. Cylindrical magnetrons are presented as high power oscillators using crossed electric and magnetic fields. 6. Magnetron operation is recapped including resonant modes, mode separation, and derivation of

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89 views11 pages

Session - I: Unit-V Microwave Tubes & Measurements

This document discusses microwave tubes and measurements over 7 sessions: 1. It introduces microwave tubes like klystrons and TWT amplifiers and limitations at high frequencies. 2. It covers multi-cavity klystrons and the principles of velocity modulation and electron bunching. 3. Reflex klystrons are discussed where feedback of output power to the input cavity maintains oscillation. 4. TWTs are introduced using slow wave structures for broadband applications. 5. Cylindrical magnetrons are presented as high power oscillators using crossed electric and magnetic fields. 6. Magnetron operation is recapped including resonant modes, mode separation, and derivation of

Uploaded by

Evanora Java
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT-V

MICROWAVE TUBES & MEASUREMENTS

Session - I
Introduction:
- Microwave tubes - Linear beam- ‘O’type
Presentation & discussion:
- Need for microwave tubes
For amplification, oscillation
- Types
Cavity structure – two cavity klystron, four and multiple cavity, reflex klystron
Slow wave structure – TWT amplifier
- Significances
Oscillator and amplifier for high frequency
Presentation & discussion:-
High frequency limitations:
- Circuit reactance
o Inter electrode capacitance
o Lead inductance
- Transit time effects
- Cathode emission & plate heat dissipation area
- Power loss due to skin effect, radiation & dielectric loss
- Gain bandwidth product

Conclusion & Summary: recall by key words


- Cavity tube
- Slow wave structure
- Inter electrode capacitance
- Cathode emission
- Transit time effect
- Skin effect
- Plate heat dissipation area
Session – II
Introduction:
- Multi-cavity Klystron
Two cavity, four cavity and multiple cavity structures
Presentation & video:-
Principle :
 Electrons drift with velocity along the field free space b/w two cavities
 Effect of velocity modulation produces bunching of electron beam (or) current
modulation
 Electrons passing at Vs=0, have unchanged velocity
 Electron passing at positive half cycle have travels faster than at Vs=0
 Electron passing at negative half cycle travels slower than at Vs=0
 At distance ΔL, along the beam from the buncher cavity, the beam electrons have drifted
into dense clusters

Structure –Operation:

- Video presentation of working concept


- http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=endscreen&v=tXfdv37gTU8
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TsBTI3tO5-8&feature=related
Derivation:
- Beam current density – output current – power
Conclusion & summary: list by key words
- Velocity modulation
- Buncher cavity
- Catcher cavity
- Current modulation
- Power output
- Oscillator & amplifier
Session – III
Introduction:
- Reflex Klystron
If a fraction of output power is fed back to input cavity,
loop gain is maintained as unity
phase shift of multiple of 2π
Then klystron will oscillate.

Video Presentation:
- Animated video of Principle & operation & velocity modulation of Reflex Klystron
oscillator
Derivation:
- Output power – efficiency – electronic admittance
Conclusion & summary: recall by key words
- Electronic admittance
- Velocity modulation
- Cavity gap
- Bunching parameter
- Round trip dc transit time, applications
Session – IV
Introduction:
- Travelling wave tube (TWT)
 Uses slow wave structure of non-resonant
 Helix TWT is widely used for broadband applications
 For high average power purpose like radar transmitter, coupled cavity TWT is widely
used
Video Presentation:

- Animated video of Amplification process & convention current


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLa9e2sz5L8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0m7r2J4jj6o
Derivation:
- Axial electric field – wave modes – gain

Conclusion & summary: List by key words


- Slow wave structure
- Comparison b/w klystron & TWT
- Frequency pulling & pushing
- FWO, BWO
- Difference b/w TWT & klystron
- Applications

Session –V
Introduction:
Cylindrical magnetron oscillator:-
- Crossed field tube devices(M-type)
- DC electric field & DC magnetic field are perpendicular to each other
- It is high power microwave oscillator

Presentation:
- Principle - operation

- Cylindrical cathode of finite length of radius “a” at centre


- Cylindrical anode of radius “b”
- Anode is a slow wave structure
- Anode consisting of several reentrant cavities equi-spaced around the circumstance and
coupled together through anode cathode space by means of slots
- Dc voltage Vo b/w cathode & anode establishes radial electric field
- Dc magnetic flux(Bo) is maintained by means of permanent magnet(or) an
electromagnet
- Electron from cathode try to travel to anode but due to crossed field of E & H, it
experience a force F=-eE-e(vxB) & takes curved path
- Due to excitation b/w anodes, electron are accelerated during it motion & transfer energy
into cavity to grow output oscillation
- Featured animated video presentation from Simtel.
Derivation:
- Equation of electron motion – cyclotron angular frequency
- At zero magnetic field, electron take straight path from cathode to anode
- If Vo increased, electron take curved path
- At critical value of magnetic field Bc, electron take curved path (teach the anode)&
return back to cathode
- If magnetic field greater than critical value, then electron return to cathode without
reaching of anode
- Value of Bc is called as cut-off magnetic flux density
Conclusion & summary: recall by key words:
- Phase focus effect
- Strapping
- Cyclotron angular frequency
- Cross field tubes, Resonant cavities

Session –VI
Recap:
- Magnetron
Resonant modes:
 Each anode acts as resonant cavity
Phase shift b/w two adjacent cavity is

 It has opposite phase in successive cavities, excitation is maximum at 0, called as π mode

Mode separation:
 Each mode corresponds to different frequencies
 Separation of π mode from other mode is done by strapping method in which one ring is
connected to even numbered anode & other connected to odd numbered anode
 Magnetron usually designed to operate in π mode

Derivation:
- Power output – efficiency
- Hull cut off magnetic equation is

Hull cut off voltage is


 For oscillation in π mode Beam voltage is Voh = {2 πf (b2-a2)Bo}/ N
called as Hartree Voltage
 A plot b/w Hull cut off voltage (or) Hartree voltage Vs Bo gives region of oscillation

Presentation:
Types :-
- (i) Coaxial magnetron
- (ii) Voltage –tunable magnetron
- (iii) Inverted coaxial magnetron
- (iv) Frequency – agile tunable magnetron

- Magnetron can deliver a peak power output of 40MW with dc voltage of 50KV at 10GHz
- Average power is 800KW
- Efficiency is 40-70%
- Application:
- Radar transmitter
- industrial heating
- microwave ovens

Conclusion & summary: list by key words


- Hull cutoff voltage
- Hartee voltage
- Hull cutoff magnetic equations
- Π mode
- Average drift velocity
- Applications
Session –VII
Brainstorming & introduction:
- Impedance – Standing Wave Ratio(SWR)
Presentation:Measurement of impedance
- Slotted line method
- Reflectometer method
Presentation: Measurement of SWR
 VSWR is important as it determine the degree of impedance matching
 When ZLǂZo, standing waves arise
 VSWR is measured by detecting Vmax&Vmin
Low VSWR:-
 Probe moved from the load until peak voltage is obtained, adjust gain control meter to
read at 1.0 or 0 dB – gives Vmax
 Move probe toward sending end until minimum voltage is obtained, thus VSWR meter
gives direct reading of VSWR=Vmax/Vmin
 Repeated with other set of frequencies for average
High VSWR:-
 Probe moved to voltage minimum point and probe depth & gain control is adjusted to
read 3 dB in VSWR.
 Probe is moved to either sides of minimum to read 0 dB in meter. Position x1 & x2 are
noted
 Succesive voltage minimum point is noted = (λg/2)
S = λg / π(x1-x2)
Possible errors
- Probe thickness & depth of penetration produce reflection
- Mechanical slope may cause different values of VSWR
- Reduction in sharpness for 1KHZ signal

Conclusion & summary: list by key words


- VSWR
- ISWR
- Vmax&Vmin
- Tunable detector
- SWR & reflection coefficient
- Possible errors

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